I - Cataly Engabonwa: Indlela Ukuqulwa Kwamacala Kwamajukujwayezi Okwashintsha Ngayo Umthetho Wamalungelo Abantu

Uma ijaji lezakhamuzi ezivamile libuyisela isinqumo, yenza okungaphezu kokuxazulula impikiswano eyodwa, kodwa lithumela isibonakaliso esizwakalayo ngezishaya - mthetho, iziqu zomthetho, amagumbi, kanye nezinkantolo zesikhathi esizayo. Ukuhlobana phakathi kwecala lomahluleli nokusungulwa komthetho wamalungelo abathengi kuyanganakwa kakhulu. Ngokuhumusha imizwelo yomphakathi ibe yimiphumela engokomthetho eqinile, izahlulelo zejaji ziye zaphoqelela abenzi bomthetho ukuba bafake izicelo zokuvikela ezazingakholeki. Lesi sihloko sihlola izindlela ukuvikela amacala abathengisi amacala, sihlola izikhangiso zezindawo ezichaza kabusha izimo ezingokomthetho, futhi sicabangela izigijikijela eziqhubekayo phakathi kweminyango yezezomthetho nezenzo zomthetho.

Iqembu Labembutho Njengendlela Yokuhlola Intando Yeningi Amandla E - Corporate

ISichibiyelo seSembetic kuMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lejaji emacaleni omphakathi ahilela ama - dollar angaphezu kwamashumi amabili. Lokhu kuvikela kwaklanyelwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi, hhayi amajaji noma amabhuthi anezigwegwegwe kuphela, ziyoba nezwi elinamandla ezimpikiswaneni ezithinta ukuphila kwazo. Emongweni wabathengi, amajaji asebenza njengeseshende elibalulekile ngokumelene nokuphamba kwenkampani. Uma inkampani ithengisa umkhiqizo ongalungile, ukuhlanekezelwa kwesiqinisekiso, noma ukuhileleka ekusebenziseni iziphakamiso zenkohliso, isahlulelo singaveza imikhuba engenzeka abahluleli abangayiboni. Isisici sezeli sezekisi esisebenza ngokusebenza kwengqondo. Isinqumo senkantolo esihlangene, uma sihlanganisa izindleko zemali ezikhokhelo.[8] Ngokukancane, uma ibhizinisi befuna ukuguqula ukuziphatha nokulungisa izinqubo zemithetho.

Ukusuka Emfundweni Yomthetho: I - Seaderfurefuck Esemthethweni

Izinqumo zikaJury azizenzekeli zizenzekela, kodwa zingena enkingeni enamandla yokunikeza impendulo. Izinqumo eziphezulu-profile zikhanga imithombo yezindaba, zibangela inkulumo yasobala, futhi zidala ukucindezela kwezombangazwe. Abenzi bomthetho, abazimisele ukuphendula izikhalo ezihlobene, bakha izikweleti ezihlanganisa izimiso ezifakwe kulezo zinqumo. Ngokwesibonelo, umsizi wabahluleli wejaji elilawulayo ngenxa yokucindezeleka okungokomzwelo okubangelwa yimboni ekhona, ukuvezela izikhawu zomthetho wesiqinisekiso sokuqinisa izivikelo ezishiwoyo. Le nqubo ayithathi iminyaka eminingi − kodwa inhlebe: imiphumelo yezelo yamalahle esebenza njengesithathumbu lokulawula amalahle ebhomu enziwe ngentambo.

Enye indlela eyisisekelo iyindima yokujezisa. Isijeziso sokujezisa isijeziso sokujezisa ukuziphatha okubi futhi sivimbele umonakalo esikhathini esizayo. Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. iye yabeka imingcele engokomthetho ekwahluleni amadipoyidi, isinqumo esiqinile sokujezisa singathumela izishayo ezingeni lemboni. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokuba ijaji linikeze u-R3, i-4,9 yezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zemali ngokujezisa umonakalo ezinkampanini zikagwayi Engle isigaba sesigaba, sithi ukukhishwa kwemithetho yezentengo eziqinile zokukhangisa nokukhipha izimfuneko. Isinqumo asizange sikhiqinise ngokuqondile umthetho, kodwa sanikeza amandla ezombangazwe adingekayo ukuze kunqotshwe imboni yokusakaza.

Ukutadisha Indaba: I - Ford Pinto Nesiqalo Semfundiso Yokunemba

Kuwo 1970, icala leFord Pinto laba iqophelo lokuvikela abantu. Ngemva kokuba ijaji linikeze amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-25 ngesijeziso sokukhipha isijeziso (kamuva lancishiswa) isisulu esivuthayo esiPito yaqhumisa ngenxa yomklamo wemoto oyiphutha, isinqumo esadalulwayo sezindleko ze-Ford-benefit eyabeka inzuzo ephansi ekuphileni kwabantu. Ukukhala komphakathi kwaholela i-National Highway Safety Ad Administration ukuba ikhiphe izindinganiso eziqinile zokuphepha, futhi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zaqala ukwamukela izinkolelo ezithiwaye kakhulu zezezentengo yenzuzo yezentengo yezentengo yezentengo yezentengo. Nakuba isinqumo sejaji ekugcineni sashiswa ekudluliselelweni kwesicelo, kuhlanganise neziqondiso sezimoto eziqinile, nakwenziwa kakhulu.

Ama - cornery Angokomlando: Uvivinyo Oluyingxube Olwalwakha Umthetho Wabathengi

Izinqumo eziningana zejaji zangekhulu lama - 20 zayicaba indlela eqondile yomthetho ongokomlando wamalungelo abantu.

Ekuqaleni Kwekhulu Lama - 20: Ukungathembani Nokuphambana Okuhle

Phambi kwe-Federal Trade Commission ka-1914, abathengi babethembele kakhulu enkantolo kahulumeni evamile nasemacaleni abahluleli ukuze baphikise imikhuba yokulawula enye. Ezimweni ezinjenge Esonakele I-Oyili Co. ye-New Jersey v. ye-United States (1911), iNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu yasekela ukuqulwa kwecala ngenxa yokuvinjelwa kwemithetho kahulumeni ngemva kokuba izigebetho zenkantolo eziphansi zidale ukuhlasela kwenkampani impatho exhaphazayo nemisebenzi yokuhweba ngokukhohlisa. Ukusakazwa kwale le komiti yejaji kwaqinisekisa i-Commust Congress Commentssions (icensement: 11) ukuthi kwakudingeka i-ontarementmental Trected Act yezempication ye-oct.

Inkathi Yangemva Kwempi: Ukwanda Kwezimpi Ezihlaselwe

Phakathi nawo-1950 namakhulu ama-1960, izinqumo zejaji emacaleni esiqinisekiso zasunduza izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ukuba zisebenzise i-UFLTC Code (UCC) ezingxenyeni ze-dict. Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motors[] [1960]), i-New Jersey couragecteur inikeza indivaze ku-pastentiff elimele i-Frective Code comment comment, lalahla umzamo womzamkeli wediskilaim yonke imibandela. Ikhono yamajajiyo (ukuthi abathengisikhomba-'ukuvikela okungadingizayo). Lokhu kwazenza i-plocketlethiwe ukuvikela okuyisisekelo e-UCC procertivey 2-14.

Ngawo - 1980: Ukukhangisa Kwamanga Nomthetho Welanham

Izikhangiso zamanga ngaphansi kweLanham Act zaziboshelwa ngokwesiko ngemithetho eqinile. Nokho, izinqumo ezicatshangelwe amacala abancintisana nabancane (njenge-PPX Enterperises v. Ulwelwelwelu lwamakhambi []] luye lwavezwa ukuthi ukukhangisa okukhohlisayo akulimazanga abathengi kuphela kodwa futhi namabhizinisi athembekile. Izinkantolo zandisa ukuma, futhi ekugcineni zaguqula i-Lanham Act ukuvumela noma imuphi umuntu okholelwa ukuthi ulimala ngokukhangisa okungamangalela ukukho. Lokhu kwanda kuncike kakhulu ezinqumweni ezibonisa ukulimala kwangempela kwezwe lokukhomba amaphutha.

Imishini Yanamuhla: Izenzo Zekilasi Nemiphumela

Kubathengi banamuhla, izici ezimbili zesimiso sabahluleli zinethonya elikhulu: indlela yekilasi nekhono lokuthola isijeziso sengozi. Zombili zakha izisusa zokufuna abathengi ukuba baphishekele iziphakamiso ezingase zibe zincane kakhulu noma zibiza kakhulu, futhi zombili ziveza izinqumo ezishukumisa ukuvuselelwa kwemithetho.

Izenzo Zekilasi Nengozi Ehlukanisiwe

Ukuhlolwa kukaJury emikhubeni yekilasi kuvumela iqembu elimelela abathengi ukuba linikeze ubufakazi bokulimala okusakazeke kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Brown & Williamson ukuthatha isinyathelo sekilasi ngawo-1990 kwahilela izinkulungwane zababhemayo abaphila ukuphila kwabo kwafinyezwa ngokukhohlisa ngokudayisa ngogwayithi. Isinqumo ngokumelene nenkampani asizange sinikeze imbuyiselo kuphela kodwa futhi sikhuthaze uMkhandlu weSishaya-Mnyango soMnyango Wemidanti Yokubhema ngaphansi koMthetho Womkhaya Wokuvimbela Ukubhema Nokulawula Icuba Ngonyaka ka-2009. Izinto ezitholiwe ngokomthetho eziyiqiniso mayelana nolwazi lwenkampani nenkohliso zaziyithuluzi lokwakha indaba yomthetho.

Muva nje, U-vre: Volkswagen "Pref Diselse" Marking, Sales Practices, and Products Litability wabona amajaji ezibalo eziningi ezihlukene ezithi zibuye zifake igalelo lezindawo zikahulumeni kanye nezindinganiso zokukhipha igesi ezinamandla. Nakuba icala lagcina lizinze ngezigidi zezigidi zezigidi, indima yamajaji ekumiseni indiva ekwakheni idedensi ye-protection of the Environmental Protection Agement Agency ekwakheni ekwahluleni.

Umonakalo Obangelwa Ukujezisa Njengophawu Lokuzifihla

Isijeziso siyithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu enqolobaneni yamalungelo abathengi. Ngenxa yokuthi amajaji ngokuvamile awatholakali ngokuhlola kwezomnotho, angaveza intukuthelo yokuziphatha ngenani lama - dollar elidlula izindleko zomonakalo. Nakuba izinkantolo ze-appellate zingagumbula noma zinciphise amadipotimendu amakhulu, amathuba nje emali efunwayo emishini efuna ukuphepha ngokuphepha. Ngokwesibonelo, imishini yezentengo yokulinganisela ukuphepha kwemali. Liebeck v. McDonald’s Restautaunts[[ [1994]])) uma ikhokha igeleza isamba secala esingundathayo sokushisa okushisa ikhofiswa [ukushisa okusheshayo] ukushisa [[FFFFFFF] kuya kunyakathoba], imithetho ephambili yezentene yezentengiso ephambili, ukuthatha imithetho eqinile yezentengiso, ikhiphe izimo eziphambili zezentekethi eziphambili, eziphumayo eziphumayo eziphumayo eziphumayo eziphumayo ezi

Ukuhlobana Kwangaphandle Nemfundo

Ukuze bahlole ngokwengeziwe ukuhlobana phakathi kwezigebengu zokwahlulela nomthetho wamalungelo abathengi, abafundi bangase bahlole lemithombo elandelayo:

Ukugxekwa Nokulinganiselwa: Lapho Abaenzi Bomthetho Abadukisayo Bedukisa

Kungaba iphutha ukubheka abahluleli njengecebo elingapheli lobulungisa babathengi. AmaJurie akhiwa abantu abangewona amaqhinga abalwa nobufakazi obuyinkimbinkimbi besayensi, abathonywa ama-atric, noma amatheku okucwasa izinhlangano zezesifunda. Ezinye izinqumo eziphakeme ziye zapheshulwa ngokuphelele, futhi ezingavamile, ukujezisa kweqembu eliqashiwe kungabangela ukuntengantenga kwemithetho okungasaphula imingcele elulaza isivikelo sabathengi. Isibonelo, ngemva komonakalo omkhulu womonakalo owe ngokomthetho kuma- 1980, iSishaya - mthetho udlulise i-Prease Siversaties Litig Act ka-Reformation ka-19959, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba abathengi balethengise izenzo zokukhwaba. Izikhulu ze-mmestricio ze-jume ukuthi izinhlangano ze-mistry ziyimist ezinst.

Inkinga Yesayensi Engenalutho

Okunye ukulinganiselwa yizingozi "ezingasetshenziswa isayensi" ukuthonya izinqumo. Ezimweni ezihilela izifo eziyivelakancane noma amakhemikhali ayinkimbinkimbi, amajaji angasekela izinqumo zawo ebufakazini obungochwepheshe obungahlangani nezindinganiso eziqinile zesayensi. Nakuba abahluleli besebenza njengabagcini bamasango ngaphansi kwe-] Daubert[ izindinganiso ezisolekayo, ezinye izimemezelo ezithi zifinyelele izimpawu ezibonisa ukuthi zikhona. Uma ijaji eliphethe lingazikhokhi ngokusekelwe ebufakazini obuqinile, izigebengu zingazizwa ziphoqelelwe ukusebenzisa iziqondiso ezingasekelwa yisayensi, eziholela ekusebenziseni imbuyiselo noma ngisho nakulimaza abathengi. Ngokwesibonelo, omunye uhulumeni udinga izimpawu ezixwayisa ngemikhiqizo etholwa ngomdlavuza ukuba zenze ukuba kugxekwe "kukhulu kwempi" okunenzuzo.

Ukulingwa Kwezimpi, Kwemithombo Yezindaba, Nokuthonywa Kwemibono Yomphakathi

Ngaphandle kwezindlela ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho, ukuqulwa kwecala linethonya enkantolo yomphakathi. Ukuqulwa kwecala lezindaba kuveza izindaba zabamangalelwa ngabanye, kubeka ubuso bomuntu ekuhlulekeni kwezimiso. Liebeck[ icala, ngokuvamile lihlekwa usulu ngokuthi "icala lekhofi le-McDonald'," empeleni lembula ukuthi uMcDonald's wamukela izikhalo zokushisa ezingaphezulu kuka-700 ngaphambili kodwa wahluleka ukulungisa izinga lokushisa. Ukulandisa kokuqulwa kwemizabalaza kwaguqula imibono yomphakathi elulazayo yecala lezenkampani. Lokhu kushintsha umzwelo womphakathi, kwadala isimo sokuvuma ukuguqulwa kwezekelwa kwemithetho. Izimo eziningi zezeze-Smotion "ikhunziwayo" ezilandela izikhangiso ezidingekayo ekulungiseni izintambo zokushisa.

Izembuku ze-social Social ziyaqhubeka zisheshisa lesi sinqumo esikhona ngokumelene nenkampani yobuchwepheshe yezindlela zokwaziswa ezikhohlisayo zingabangela imikhankaso ye-inthanethi ecindezela abenzi bemithetho ukuba bafake izikweleti zezindaba zomuntu siqu. I-California Consumer Private Bag X20. I-CPA yashukunyiswa ngokwengxenye izambulo ezisecaleni zejaji nakumadolobhana okuphathelene nokusungulwa kwemininingwane ye-Facebook. Nakuba i-CPA iyinhlangano yezemithetho, umbhalo oyiqiniso owakhiwa ubufakazi obuvela kumajaji futhi wathola isisekelo esibonakalayo selungiselelo sayo.

Ikusasa: Amajukusha Embonini Yezohwebo

Njengoba izimakethe zabathengi ziguqukela kwisayensi yezinto eziphilayo, amajaji azoqhubeka efeza indima ebalulekile. Izinselele ezinjenge-algorithmic cription, ithonya, nezindlela ezimnyama ezikhona zemibuzo yenkohliso ehlolwa abajaji okumelwe bayihlole. Ukuqulwa kwejaji kwamuva kwezinkampani ngokuzibhalisa abathengi emapulanini ezinto ezikhokhelwayo ezibiza imali eningi kuye kwaholela ekubeni abameli abaphethe umthetho omthetho omelene nokulwa ne-atrive-fish. I-Federal Trade Commission ikhom yakhome ukukhomba kwayo okuthola ukuthengwa kwezelelwa kwemithetho engekho mthethweni. Lokhu kuhlohlohlohlo zisikisela ukuthi ngisho nasenkathini yokuthola ukwaziswa okukhulu, ijaji ephansi ihlala ibalulekile uma ingaphelele ukuze ivikeleke.

Ukutholwa Kwezindinganiso Eziphefumlelwe Zomthetho

Izimiso zanamuhla eziningi zokuvikela zabathengi zihlanganisa ngokucacile izindinganiso ezithathwe ekuqeqeshweni kwe-jaji. IQiniso ku-Linding Act (TILA) lidinga ukudalulwa okucacile kwenzalo nenkokhelo − ukusabela ezinqumweni zejaji ezaziboleka ababoleki bamacala afihliwe. IMagnusson-Moss Warranty Act (1975) yabuthelwa i-project ngemva kokuzwa okukhulu okwakuhlanganisa ubufakazi obuvela kubameli ababephethe ababelandisa izinqumo lapho abathengi babeshiye khona ngaphandle kokungali gunyazi izifungo ze-disclaydiasssss. Kuzombili, umbhalo we-wiginote uveza izahlulelo ezivamile zase ziveziwe kakade.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlola okungokomlando akuzona nje izinqubo zokulungisa; zingamathuluzi entando yeningi afaka izindinganiso zomphakathi emthetho. Ngokunikeza izinqumo eziqokomisa igebe elisemqoka ekuvikeleni abathengi, ezibangela ukuqapha umphakathi, futhi eziletha imiphumela engokwezimali kubenzi bomthetho, amajaji anikeza ithonya ngokuphindaphindiwe lokushintsha kwemithetho. Umlando [1] kusukela e-FTC Act kumthetho wesiqinisekiso somthetho wanamuhla wokulawula ukuphepha kukagwayi nemikhiqizo. Amademorithe abonisa ukuthi umthetho othengisela amalungelo abantu ngokuvamile ulandela uhlu lwawo olubuyela emuva egunjini lejaji. Nakuba kungekho sinqumo esisodwa esinikeza umthetho, isisindondondo esiqhubekayo sihlela indawo engokomthetho ngezindlela zokungasahlulwayo ukuthi uma imiyalulo ihlala isesimweni somthetho waseMelika, ziyoqhubeka zikhona, uma ziwuphawu olunamandla, uma umshayeli welungelo lokuhlengamele ukuhlenga.