Table of Contents

Isizathu Sokuba Ukubona Okucace Kukahulumeni Kungagwemeki

Ukukhanya kukahulumeni kuyisici esiyisisekelo sanoma yimuphi uhulumeni wentando yeningi osebenzayo. Ngaphandle kwawo, izakhamuzi zihlala zingazi ukuthi izinqumo zenziwa kanjani, ukuthi izimali zomphakathi zisetshenziswa kanjani, nokuthi izikhulu ezikhethiwe zisebenza kanjani ngesithakazelo somphakathi. Ukubona bhaqikanqika kumane nje kwanelisa ilukuluku lokwazi; kwakha isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela esigcina amandla ekhona. Uma ohulumeni besebenza obala, banciphisa ingozi yokukhohlakala, ukuphatha kabi, nokusebenzisa kabi igunya. Izakhamuzi ezingabona lokho uhulumeni okwenzayo zisengozini enkulu kakhulu yokuthemba ukuthi ama - dollar asetshenziswa ngokuhlakanipha futhi izinqumo zezimiso zisekelwe ebufakazi, hhayi ekukhetheni.

Ngokomlando, ukulwela ukubonakala kwangaphandle kuye kwaholela ekwakhiweni kwemithetho ephawulekayo enjenge-Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) e-United States nemithetho efana nayo emazweni angaphezu kwekhulu. Lemithetho inikeza izakhamuzi ilungelo elingokomthetho lokungena kumarekhodi kahulumeni nasemininingwaneni. Kodwa ukuba nesimiso somthetho akwanele. Imininingwane kumelwe inyatheliswe ngokuqhubekayo, kumafomethi angasetshenziswa izakhamuzi nezintatheli.

Ukuchaza Imininingwane Evulekile: Akuyona Nje Imininingwane Yomphakathi

Imininingwane evulekile ibhekisela ekwazisweni okutholakala kuyi-inthanethi, mahhala, ngendlela ehlelwe kahle, efundeka ngomshini, umuntu angawuthola, asebenzise futhi ahlanganyele. Idlula kakhulu imibiko ye-PDF noma amabhukwana ahlolwe. Imininingwane evuliwe iklanyelwe ukuba iphinde isetshenziswe futhi ihambisane nezimiso ezihlukahlukene. Ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke manje basakaza ukwaziswa okuvulekile ngezimali, imali, imfundo, ezokwethuthwa, izibalo zobugebengu, ukuhlola indawo ezungezile, nokunye okuningi.

Izimpawu Zemininingwane Evuliwe

Ukuze ukwaziswa kufaneleke njengokuvulekile, kumelwe kuhlangabezane nezimfuneko eziningana eziqondile, njengoba zichazwa i - Open Presendux futhi zithuthukiswe izinhlangano ezinjenge - Open Data Charter:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Ovulekile I-active: Imininingwane kumele itholakale ngokukhululekile ngaphandle kokungena, ukukhokha, noma ukuvimbela.
  • [[IFLT:0] Ukufundeka okuzenzekelayo:[[[FT:1] Ifomethi enjenge CSV, JSON, XML, noma AP ivumela ukuhlolwa nokuhlaziywa okuzenzekelayo.
  • [[I-FLT:0] IsiProperthiso:[ Akukho mdayisi noma ipulatifomu okufanele kube nomniningo. Kufanele isebenzise izinga elivulekile.
  • Ukwenzeka kwesikhathi:[ Imininingwane kufanele ishicilelwe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ngemva kokuqoqwa, cishe ngesikhathi sangempela sezihluzo njengemiphumela yokuhlelwa kwemali noma yokukhethwa.
  • Ukuhlanganisa:[ Imininingwane kufanele ihlanganise wonke amarekhodi akhona, hhayi ama-cherry-ehttle akhethwe akhetha ukulandisa okuthile.
  • Licens:[ ilayisense evulekileyo (njenge-Creating Commons noma i-ODbL) inikeza imvume ngokuqondile yokusebenzisa futhi, ukulungisa, nokusakaza imininingwane.

Ngaphandle kwalezizici, umniningo uhlala ufiphele − ukhona emfundisweni kodwa awukho semthethweni. Ohulumeni abaningi bayahluleka ukufinyelela kulezi zindinganiso, banyathelisa ama-PDF esikhundleni samabhukwana athatha indawo noma bafune abasebenzisi ukuba babhalise izicelo ezisemthethweni ze-memone ngayinye.

Izigaba Zesimiso Sentando Yeningi

Lapho ohulumeni bevula ukwaziswa, izinzuzo zigcwala emphakathini ngezindlela eziqinisa impilo yentando yeningi ngokuqondile nangaqondile.

Ukunika Izakhamuzi Amandla Nomphakathi

Ukwaziswa okuvulekile kunikeza izakhamuzi ezivamile izinto ezishiywe ngokugcina izikhulu zinecala. Izintatheli zingahlaziya ukusetshenziswa kwemali kahulumeni ukuze zivulule ukungcola. Amaqembu aqapheyo angalandelela imvume yendawo ezungezile namazinga okungcola. Abazali bangaqhathanisa ukusebenza kwesikole. Ngokwesibonelo, eKenya, i-Open Data I iyasungula ukukhipha izimali nokuthola imininingwane, okwenza izakhamuzi nezokuxhumana zendawo ukuba zibone ukuthi izinto azihambelani. Ngokufanayo, .gov[FLT ithedrat eUnited States inikeza amapulatifomu e-data angaphezu kuka-200 000 anikeza amandla nophendlo lwemikhakha.

Ukushayela Ukwazi Ukwenziwa Kwesinqumo

Ukukwazi ukuthola ukwaziswa kwamanje, okunokwethenjelwa kuvumela abavoti ukuba benze izinqumo zolwazi ebhokisini lokuvota. Bangaqhathanisa amarekhodi abazovota, iminikelo yezezimali elandela izinhlelo zezezimali, futhi baqonde imiphumela yangempela yezihlongozo zesimiso. Ukwaziswa okuvulekile kusekela amathuluzi aqondile entando yeningi anjengendlela yokuhlela imali yokuhlela, lapho izakhamuzi zinquma khona ukunikeza ingxenye yemali yomphakathi esekelwe emininingwaneni yokusebenzisa imali.

Ukukhuthaza Nokubaluleka Kwezomnotho

Ingxenye yomuntu siqu kanye nezinzuzo ezingekho zokwenza inzuzo yakha zonke izikhangiso zebhizinisi ngokwaziswa okuvulekile kukahulumeni. Izinhlelo zokuhamba ngemikhumbi zisebenzisa izimoto zangempela kanye nokwaziswa kokuthuthwa. I-progress aplugin isebenzisa isimo sezulu nemininingwane yenhlabathi ukuze isize abalimi. Abacwaningi bezempilo basebenzisa ukwaziswa okungaqondakali kahle kweziguli ukuze balandele ukuqubuka kwezifo. Ukuhlolwa konyaka ka-2019 kwe-20 kwe-Europen Data ye-Portal kwalinganisela inani lezomnotho lokwaziswa okuvulekileyo e-EU kuma-yuiro angaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-200 ngonyaka. Uma ukwaziswa kugeleza ngokukhululekile, kulandela, ukusungulwa kwemininingwane.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukwaneliseka Kukahulumeni

Imininingwane evulekile izuzisa nohulumeni ngokwabo. Ngokunyathelisa ukwaziswa obala, amanxusa angabona ama-redungancie, ukwenza i-belmark, futhi anciphise umthwalo wezicelo ze-FOIA. Ukuhlanganyela kokwaziswa kwangaphakathi phakathi kweminyango kuyathuthuka uma kuthathwa izindinganiso ezivulekile. Ngokwesibonelo, i-United Kingdom’s data. u-uk usiza ekunciphiseni izindleko ngokusebenzisa ukwaziswa okuvamile phakathi kohulumeni bendawo.

Amaphayona Angempela Ezwe Emininingwane Kahulumeni Evulekile

Amadolobha namazwe amaningana aye abonisa ukuthi ukwaziswa okuvulekile akuwona umqondo ocatshangelwayo kodwa kuyinto engokoqobo engokoqobo enemiphumela engenakulinganiswa.

E - United States: Iday.gov Nangaphezulu

Iqalisiwe ngo-2009, i-Data.gov yayingomunye wezindawo zokuqala ezibanzi zesizwe zemininingwane yokwaziswa. Ifaka imininingwane kuzo zonke izinto kusukela esimweni sezulu kuya emfundweni. Iplatfomu futhi inikeza umthuthukisi APIS namathuluzi omphakathi. Nokho, ukumiswa kuyahlukahluka ngombuso nohulumeni wendawo; amadolobha anjenge New York neChicago anendawo yawo siqu ephambili yokwaziswa okungenisa ubuchwepheshe nokukhanya kwezezezezwe.

E - United Kingdom: Umholi Wembulunga Yonke Ekwazini Okuvulekile

Imininingwane ye-UK.gov.uk iyingxenye yezibopho ze-Open Government Partnetship (OGP). Isungule izinqumo ze-memo yenani eliphakeme ezindaweni ezinjengokuchitha i-oparency, amaphepha enkampani, nemininingwane yendawo. I-UK yamisa futhi i-Open Data Institute (ODI) ukuze icwaninge inqubo engcono kakhulu nezisebenzi zomphakathi. Umphumela: ukwenyuswa kwethemba ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi kanye nezimiso ezichumayo zokuqalisa isebenzisa ukwaziswa okuvuliwe kukahulumeni.

IBarcelona, eSpain: Idolobha - Wide Elivulekile Isimiso Semininingwane

I-Barcelona’s evulekile i-technal iyisibonelo sokubona kwamasipala. Inikeza ukwaziswa okuphilayo ngokuhamba, ukukhucululwa kwendle, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, nokuncinwa kwezakhamuzi. Idolobha futhi likhipha ukwaziswa okuvulekile nezinhlelo zemfundo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingasebenzisa ulwazi. Njengesibonelo, i-app eyakhiwe nge-data evulekile ka-Barcelona isiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlele izindlela eziningi zokuhamba ezinobungane kulo lonke idolobha.

EKenya: Imininingwane Evulekile Yentuthuko

I-Open Data Initiative (data.go.ke) yaqala ngo-2011 njengomzamo wokuphayona e-Afrika. Yanyathelisa imininingwane yemali yesizwe yokusetshenziswa kwemali, imali esetshenziswayo, imiphumela yemfundo, nezindawo zokusungula izakhiwo zezempilo. Izintatheli zasebenzisa ukwaziswa ukuze zivule izisebenzi zezipoki emholweni, zigcine izigidi zamaRandi. Naphezu kwezinselele ezisezingeni eliphezulu lokwaziswa nokunakekelwa, i-Kenya ilokhu iyisibonelo esinamandla sendlela ukwaziswa okuvulekile okungalwa ngayo nokonakala ekwakheni idemocratic.

Ukuvimbela Izithiyo Zokuvula Imininingwane

Naphezu kwezinzuzo ezicacile, ukusungula ukwaziswa okuvulekile kubhekana nezilinganiso ezinkulu.Ukuqonda lezi zinselele kubalulekile ekuklameni izinhlelo eziphumelelayo zokubona ngaphandle.

Ukuba Wedwa Kwemininingwane Yezokwelapha Nokulondeka

Ukungezwani phakathi kokubonana nokufihla imfihlo kuyinto yangempela. Ama-data okunyathelisa angadalula ngokungaqondi ukwaziswa okubonakalayo (PII). Ngokwesibonelo, ukukhipha impilo noma ukwaziswa kobugebengu ngaphandle kokuzibiza ngokufanelekile kungaveza ukuthi abantu bakhona. Ohulumeni kumelwe basebenzise ukulinganisa okucophelelayo, basebenzise amasu anjenge-agbustration, i-peturection, ne-dentificiation. I-General data Protection Regial (GDPR) ibeke imithetho eqinile, kodwa futhi ingasetshenziswa ukuthethelela imikhuba engahambisani ne-transbet uma ingasetshenziswangaqondiswe kahle.

Izindlela Zobuchwepheshe Nemithombo Yezinto

Izinhlangano eziningi zikahulumeni azinamali, izisebenzi, noma ubuchwepheshe bokwakha nokugcina amabhokisi okwaziswa avulekile. Izimiso zefa azinakuthumela ukwaziswa emafomeni afundeka ngomshini. Ngisho noma amatheku ekhona, amarekhodi angemahle, imetameter elahlekile, nokudayiswa kokwaziswa okungahleleki okungahleleki. Ukuhlukanisa ukwaziswa okuvulekile kudinga ukugcinwa okuqhubekayo kwemisebenzi yezesisekelo nokuqeqeshwa.

Ubungcono Bemininingwane Nokwethembana

Uma ukwaziswa okunyathelisiwe kuphelelwe isikhathi, kunganembile, noma kungaphelele, kululaza ukuthembana okuhloselwe ukwakha. Izakhamuzi ezithola amaphutha emininingwaneni kahulumeni zingaba amaphutha kunokuba zifake isibopho. Imfanelo enikeza inzuzo idinga ukuhlangana okusemthethweni, inqubo yokunikeza impendulo, nokuhlola njalo. Abanye ohulumeni baye bamisa izindinganiso zezinga eliphezulu lokwaziswa futhi banikeza amaphuzu okuxhumana ukuze babike amaphutha.

Ukumelana Nezombangazwe Nenhlangano Yombuso Wamaburhulumente

Azikho zonke izikhulu zomphakathi ezivumayo. Ukuvula ukwaziswa kungadalula ukonakala, ukungafezeki, noma izinqumo ezingathandwa. Abaholi bezombangazwe bangamelana nokukhipha ukwaziswa okungasetshenziswa kuzo okhethweni. Abaqondisi bemisebenzi bangase besabe ukuthi umsebenzi wabo uzohlolwa. Ukunqoba lokhu kudinga izigunya eziqinile zomthetho, ukucindezela komphakathi, kanye nokushintsha kwempucuko ekubhekeni ukwaziswa okuvulekile njengethuluzi lokubusa kangcono kunokuba usongo.

Ukwakha Inhlangano: Indlela Yokuthuthuka Engathola Ukwaziswa Komphakathi Wakini

Izakhamuzi, izintatheli, izazi zezobuchwepheshe, kanye nabasekeli bazo bonke banendima abazoyifeza ekudluliseleni ukwaziswa obanzi. Nazi izinyathelo eziqinile ezingase zenze umehluko.

Abasekeli Bezokwaziswa Okuvulekile

Phoqa ohulumeni bendawo, umbuso, nozwe ukuba bamukele imithetho evulekile yokwaziswa. Lokhu kufanele kufune ukuba izinhlangano zinyathelise ama-data anenani eliphakeme, zisebenzise amafomethi avulekile, ngaphansi kwelayisensi evuliweyo. Izimiso ezingcono kakhulu zihlanganisa izinombolo zesikhathi, izindinganiso zokwaziswa ezisezingeni eliphansi, kanye nokungafihli ukukhulula ngaphandle kokuba kusetshenziswe isikhululo esithile.

Ukuhlanganyela Ekwazini Kokufunda Nokubhala Ngemisebe

Imininingwane evulekile ibaluleke kakhulu uma abantu bekwazi ukuyisebenzisa. Hlela amashabhu okuqeqeshela izintatheli, amaqembu omphakathi, nabafundi. Isebenza nemitapo yokuthola imitholalwazi. Yenza imitapo elula ebonisa amandla okwaziswa (ngokwesibonelo, ukudweba izakhiwo zendawo zokuhlela imali noma izivivinyo zesikole. Lapho abantu abaningi bebona imiphumela esobala, kulapho bayofuna khona ukwaziswa okuvulekile.

Ukusebenzelana Namasekela Kahulumeni

Zibonele izikhulu ezinozwela noma izisebenzi zenkampani ezikholelwa kakade ekubonakaleni kwengaphandle. Zicelele ukubasiza ukuba babhale imininingwane ehlanzekile. Zivume ukwakha ibhodi elilula noma i-app ebonisa ukubaluleka kokwaziswa kwazo. Izindaba eziphumelelayo ezivela kuhulumeni zinamandla okuguqula.

Ukusebenzisa Nokusakaza Imininingwane Evuliwe Ekhona

Indlela engcono kakhulu yokubonisa isidingo sokwaziswa okuvuliwe iwukukusebenzisa. Uma kwakha ingosi, bhala iposi, bhala indaba yokwaziswa, noma sungula i-apple. Uma uqeda, hlanganyela umsebenzi wakho kabanzi. Uma izikhulu ezikhethiwe zibona izakhamuzi zihlanganyela ukwaziswa //futhi lapho zithola imithombo yezindaba eqondile, zizimisele kakhulu ukutshala izinhlelo zokwaziswa ezivulekile.

Ubuchwepheshe Obuyimuva Kokwaziswa Okuvulekile: Izimiso Nezindinganiso

Ukwaziswa okuvulekile kwanamuhla kuxhomeke ezisekelweni ezinjwayezini zobuchwepheshe eziqinile. Ohulumeni abaningi bathatha amapulatifomu anikezelwe njenge-CKAN, i-Socrata, noma i-DKAN (ikhambi elisekelwe ku-Dupal). Lezi zimiso zinikeza uhlu, ukusesha, ukufinyelela kwe-API, kanye nezingqimba zokubona. Ngokwandayo, ohulumeni basebenzisa amapayipi angokoqobo okwaziswa ngokusebenzisa i-APIm kanye nenkonzo yokusakaza, okwenza izakhamuzi zibone ukwaziswa okuphilayo nge-atmosting, izinga lomoya, nangemali.

Kuhlangene nokhetho lobuchwepheshe nokubaluleka kwezindinganiso. Ukusetshenziswa kwemidwebo yokwaziswa evamile, njenge-International Aid Transparency Initiatiatiative (IATA) indinganiso yosizo lwangaphandle noma indinganiso ye-Open311 yezicelo zenkonzo yomphakathi, iqinisekisa ukuthi ama-data avela ezinhlanganweni ezihlukahlukene angahlanganiswa futhi afaniswe. Ngokufanayo, ukwamukela amagama e-DCAT ezincwadini zokwaziswa kuthuthukisa ukutholakala kwamacala ezindaweni ezingaphandle.

Imininingwane Evulekile Ephathelene Nempilo Yedemocratic: Isethi Elidlayo Eliqhubekayo

Imininingwane evulekile ayiyikhiphi ngokuzenzekelayo idemokrasi enempilo. Idinga i-evironment esebenzayo: izintatheli ezihlola imvelo: abaqashi bezembulo abakha amathuluzi, abafundisi abafuna amakhono okwaziswa, nezakhamuzi ezifuna ukulandisa. Kodwa uma zonke lezo zingcezu zikhona, ukwaziswa kuvula umjikelezo omuhle. Ukubonakala okukhulu kuholela ekuthembekeni okukhulu, okukhuthaza ukuhlanganyela okwengeziwe komphakathi. Ukuhlanganyela kuveza izimfuno ezintsha zokwaziswa, okuphoqelela ohulumeni ukuba bavule ngisho nangokwengeziwe.

Izibonelo eziphikisayo zikhona. Emazweni lapho kunamatheku avulekile kodwa angasetshenziswa kakhulu, noma lapho ukwaziswa kunyatheliswa khona kuphela ukuze kuhlolwe ibhokisi, izinzuzo zedemokrasi azisafezeki. Yingakho umgomo ubalulekile.

Indima Yokuhlakanipha Okuhlukahlukene Nezobuchwepheshe Obuxubile

Imfundo ye-ai kanye nomshini ilungele ukunwebisa amandla okwaziswa okuvulekile. Ukuhlola okuzenzekelayo kungahlola izigidi zamarekhodi okuchitha ukuze kutholwe izindlela ezisikisela ukukhohlisa. Ukusebenza kolimi lwemvelo kungakhipha ukwaziswa okuyinhloko emizuzwini yemihlangano kahulumeni. Nokho, le mishini efanayo iphakamisa izingozi ezintsha /-bias ezibhalwe emibhalweni yemithetho-algorithm, ukuqapha, nokukwazi ukusebenzisa kabi ukwaziswa. Izikhungo zedemocratic mazivele eduze kwe-tech. Izimiso zokwaziswa kufanele zinikeze ikheli elicacile le-algorithricry futhi zigunyaze ukuba amathuluzi kahulumeni we-AIP abe sobala futhi aphinde aphinde asetshenziswe.

Isiphetho: Vula Imininingwane Njengethonya Lentando Yeningi

Ukubona ngale akusona isici esizikhethelayo sentando yeningi; kuyimfuneko. Ngaphandle kwayo, izakhamuzi ziba yizisulu kunokuba zibe yizikhulu. Ukwaziswa okuvulekile kuyindlela enamandla kakhulu eklanyelwe ukwenza ukuba ukubonakala kwangaphandle kube yinto engokoqobo yansuku zonke. Ukusuka ebhodini lesikole sendawo ukuya emphongolweni wezimali wezwe, ukunyathelisa ukwaziswa obanzi, okungaphinde kukhiqizwe kushintshe ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni nababuswayo.

Indlela engaphambili idinga umzamo ophikelelayo: imithetho eqinile, ezobuchwepheshe ezingcono, izinga eliphezulu lokwaziswa, kanye nokuthembisana okujule kakhulu. Kodwa inzuzo inkulu. Izindawo ezingenisa ukwaziswa okuvulekile zisabela kahle, ziphumelela kakhulu, futhi zithembeke kakhulu. Zinikeza izakhamuzi ukwaziswa okudingeka ukuba zicabange ngokuhluzekile, zivote ngokuhlakanipha, futhi zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo. Kulenkathi yokukhucululwa kwe-internation nokwethenjwa kwezindawo, ukwaziswa okuvuliwe akuwona nje umqondo omuhle, futhi kuyindlela yokuthola impilo yentando yeningi.