Ukuqonda Isiqalo: Incwadi Yezinhloso ZaseMelika

Isiqalo somthetho-sisekelo we-United States singenye yezinkulumo zokuqala ezibonakala kakhulu nezilandelanayo emlandweni wezombangazwe. Ibhalwe ngo-1787 yizithunywa ze-Constitution of the Confestitul ePhiladelphia, lesisethulo samagama angu-52 simisa isisekelo sefilosofi sayo yonke incwadi ebusayo elandelayo. Isiqalo asinikezi mibuso noma isiphi isakhiwo sikahulumeni; kunalokho, sichaza injongo nezimiso eziqondisayo uMthetho-sisekelo owaklanyelwe ukuzisebenzisa. Ukubekwa kwayo ekuqaleni kwalo umbhalo wesisekelo ongokomthetho wezwe kuveza izimpawu zokuthi le micabango ayikaqondiwe ngemva kokuba icabange kodwa yona kanye izizathu zomthetho - sisekelo ukhona endaweni yokuqala.

Inkulumo yokuqala " thina bantu simelela ukusuka okukhulu kwezincwadi ezibusayo zangaphambili. Ngokungafani nezihloko zeConfederation, ezaqala ngohlu lwezifundazwe ezizimele, uMthetho-sisekelo ugomela ukuthi igunya likahulumeni kahulumeni lisuka ngokuqondile ezakhamuzini zase-United States. Lomqondo wobukhosi obuthandwayo wawuwukushintsha isikhathi sawo futhi uhlale uyisisekelo semicabango yezombangazwe zaseMelika. Ulimi lwendabuko luthi ngenhloso lulahla i-monarchy noma i-cropotical, kunalokho ugcizelela ukuthi uhulumeni ongokomthetho usekela imvume yokubusa. Lokhu kuveza isimiso seSimemezelo sokuzibusa sohulumeni sokuthola amandla awo akhona ngokuvumelana nemvume yokubusa, ukuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa izinkolelo zefilosofi phakathi kwezincwadi ezimbili ezimisiwe.

Isethulo sibala izinjongo eziyisithupha ezihlukene zoMthetho-sisekelo: ukwakha i-Union ephelele ngokwengeziwe, ukumisa uBumelumo, ukuqinisekisa i-Insurence offul Tranquality, ukunikeza i-Welfare, futhi kuqinisela iZibusiso zeNkululeko kithi ngokwethu kanye nePoster. Ngamunye walemigomo uveza izikhalo eziqondile abaQaphi bawo abazibonayo ngaphansi kombuso weBrithani nobuthakathaka ababebubone ngaphansi kombuso obuphelele. Bakha umbono ocacile walokho uhulumeni weRepublican ophumelelayo okufanele ukukwenze ezakhamuzini. Umyalo walezi zinjongo futhi ubalulekile, ngokulunga okuvela ngokushesha ngemva kokubiza iMibuso ephelele ngokwengeziwe, ebonisa ukuma kwawo ngaphansi kokwakheka kombuso.

Umlando Wobulungisa Nokulingana Kwawo Lapho Kusungulwa

Ukuze kuqondwe lokho isiqalo esasisho Ubulungisa obumisiwe" ngo-1787, kubalulekile ukuhlola umongo ongokomlando lapho uMthetho-sisekelo wabhalwa khona. UkuVukela kwaseMelika kwalwiwa ngokwengxenye nalokho ababhishobhi ababekubheka njengokuphika ubulungisa yi-British Comaster. UMthetho wokuzikhalo lwenkululeko ngokumelene neNkosi uGeorge III, kuhlanganise nokuncisha amakoloni amacala abahluleli, ukuwayisa ngalé kolwandle ukuze avivinjelwe, nokwenqaba ukumisa amandla okwahlulela. Lokhu kukhononda okuqondile kwembula ukuthi abaHluleki babengaqondi ukwahlulela njengenkolelo yefilosofi engekho mthethweni kodwa njengendlela eqinile yokuvikela nezimiso ezingokomthetho.

Isiko elingokomthetho laseBrithani, ikakhulukazi iMagna Carta neNgilandi Bill of Rights, yathonya kakhulu uMsunguli wokuqonda ubulungisa. Umqondo wenqubo efanelekile yomthetho, ilungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga, isivikelo ekuboshweni ngokungenazimiso, nesimiso sokuthi ngisho nombusi kumelwe alalele umthetho wonke wamiswa eNgilandi ewuqulelweni lwaseMelika. Abasunguli bafuna ukudala isimiso somthetho esizovikela abantu ezinyathelweni eziwumthetho kuyilapho belondoloza ukuhleleka komphakathi nokujezisa ngokungakhethi. ISibonelo Sezinqoloba seze eNgilani sathiwe umthetho wamisa umthetho waseMelika ukuba uqinisekise ukuthi ukwahlulela okuhlanganyelwayo kuyo yonke isizwe.

Nokho, kudingekile futhi ukuvuma ukulinganiselwa okukhulu kobulungisa nokulingana njengoba kwakuqondwa ngo-1787. UMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala wabala abantu abagqilaziwe njengabayizifebe abathathu kwezinjongo zokumelelwa, wanqabela iSishaya- mthetho ukuba siqede ukuhweba ngezigqila zaphesheya kwe-Atlantic kuze kube ngu-18808, futhi wafuna ukuba izigqila ezibalekayo zibuyiselwe kubaphathi bazo. Abesifazane babengenakuvota noma babe nesikhundla sikahulumeni, futhi emazweni amaningi, abesifazane abashadile babenelungelo elilinganiselwe lempahla ngaphansi kwemfundiso yokufihla. AmaMelika omdadabu ayenqatshelwa kakhulu ekuqedeni ukuhweba ngezigqila kuze kube ngu-18808, futhi afuna ukubuyiselwa kwezigqila ezibalekeleni kubaphathi be-Preganglentinalds. Lokhu kuthintela kwentuthuko engokomthetho eMelika emakhulwini eminyaka alandela.

Abasunguli abaholayo ngokwabo babenemibono engafani ngobuhlobo phakathi kwezimiso zendatshana kanye namalungiselelo akhethekile oMthetho-sisekelo. UJames Madison, ngokuvamile obizwa ngokuthi uYise woMthetho-sisekelo, waphikisa kuyi-Federalist Papers ukuthi isimo sikahulumeni owadalwa nguMthetho-sisekelo sasingavikela ubulungisa ngokuvimbela noma yiliphi icebo lokulawula abanye. UAlexander Hamilton wabona ukumiswa kweqembu elizimele lobujaji njengelibalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo abantu ngabanye ngokumelene nempoqosa umthetho. UGeorge Washington wayebheka ubulungisa njengobungavumelani nokusinda kweRepublican ngokwayo. Nokho akukho noyedwa kula basunguli abasekela ukuqedwa kobugqila eMthethweni wezomthetho ngokwawo, embula igebekubekuhleba igele phakathi kwemibono yabo ehlangene nezombangazwe ababezimisele ukwamukela.

Ubulungisa Esingenisweni: Injongo Nokuziphendukela Kwemvelo

Inkulumo ethi " esemthethweni IJaji elimisiwe" eGatshalweni lisebenza emazingeni amaningi. Ngokuyisisekelo salo, ibhekisela ekusungulweni kwesimiso sokwahlulela esisebenzayo esingaxazulula izimpikiswano, sijezise ukona, sivikele amalungelo abantu ngabanye. UMthetho-sisekelo wadala iNkantolo Ephakeme neSishaya-Mnyango esigunyaziwe ukuze umise izinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi, uqinisekisa ukuthi kuyoba khona umbango wesizwe wezobulungisa obungasebenza ngaphandle kwezithakazelo zikahulumeni. Umthetho kaJudiciary ka 1789 wasungula lombono ngokudala isimiso senkantolo yesizwe esiphethe iNkanto ePhakakhulu ephethe. Lolu mthetho wawubalulekile ngesizwe ukuba sibhekane nokuhluleka kweZikelele zeNhloko ze-Contence, okungekho kumthetho futhi kuxazulu lwesizwe.

Ubulungisa Bemvelo Nenqubo Efanele

Isimiso sokulunga, noma umqondo wokuthi izinqubo zomthetho kumelwe zibe nokulunga futhi zibonakale, zifakwe ngokujulile endleleni yoMthetho-sisekelo yokumisa ubulungisa. Isichibiyeli sesihlanu siqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu ozophucwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho. Leli lungiselelo, kanye nesiqinisekiso seSiqendu seSithandathu sokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo nelomphakathi, i-agcomplication, ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko, kanye nelungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, lidala isisekelo sezeluleko olungokomthetho olubeka indingakhohlakalo. INkanto Ephakeme ilokhu ikholelwa ukuthi inqubo efanele ayidingi ukumiswa kwenqubo kuphela kodwa ukuthi lezo zinqubo ngokwazo zilungile. Ezimweni ezinjengezicinezelele. [[FLD:] ama - .[FLD [FT]

Ukwanda kwezivikelo ze-procedroid phakathi kweSiphendulo se-Gradition ye-14th Claus kube enye yentuthuko ebaluleke kakhulu emthethweni womthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. I-Incorporation Doctrine, eyasungulwa ngochungechunge lwezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ekhulwini lama-20, yasebenzisa eziningi zezivikelo ze-Bill of procedational's procedmentations kuhulumeni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amazwe awasakwazi ukuphika abamangalelwa ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko, aphoqeqeshela ukuba abantu abanecala lokuzifunela, noma abangaba bangeni ekufuneni abantu abangenzeni nokuquleka okungenangqondo, phakathi kwezinye izigwebo. Isinqumo seNkantolo ku [[FT.] [5]] i-Gideon v. Wanightight [FL:] [12] i-sgconstruptionsss) phambi kokuba avision, ifuna ukuvicipopule izikhulu, izikhulu zika-oglogodul.[3]

Ubulungisa Obuyisivikelo Esiyinhloko

Ngaphezu komthetho-mthetho osemthethweni waseMelika, isimiso somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo saqaphela ngokuqhubekayo ukubaluleka kobulungisa obungalinganiyo, okusho ukuthi imiphumela yesimiso somthetho ngokwaso kumelwe ibe elungile futhi ingabi naphutha. ISichibiyelo se - 144th Simende Esizimeleyo Sokhuseleko luka-Claus, esagunyazwe ngo-1868, simelela isibopho esicacile soMthetho-sisekelo sokuvikela isivikelo esiqinile. Lemithetho yemithetho ye-Gaqo-mthetho ivimbela ukulahla noma yimuphi umuntu onegunya elilinganayo, ifuna ukuba abantu abangaphansi kwayo baphathwe ngokufanayo nguhulumeni. INkanto Ephakeme iye yathuthukisa amazinga amaningi okuhlola iziviviswa ngokulinganayo, ngokukhetha okusekelwe esizwe, ekuhlolweni kwesizwe, noma amalungelo ayisisekelo, ukuncitshiswa ngokucululwa ngokucusheka okuqinile, ukuncitshiswa ngokucunulwa kwemithetho esekelwe ekulinganisweni kwemithetho engoko besilisa, nokunye okuningi, nokunye ukubukezwa ngokwezici.

Umzabalazo wokwahlulela ngokulunga uye washukumisa eminye yezinhlangano zezenhlalo ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika. I-Civil Rights Movement of the 1950 no 1960 yacela ngokucacile izithembiso zoMthetho-sisekelo zobulungisa nokulingana ekubekeni inselele ukucwasa nokucwasa. UMartin Luther King Jr. I-lect ukusuka kuBirmingham Jail iphikisana ngokuthi imithetho engalungile ayiyona neze imithetho, idwebela kuwo womabili amasiko engokwemvelo nolimi lweSimiso somthetho. I-Ovini Act of 1964 ne-Commocracy Act of 1965 Act eguqulelwe izimiso zemithetho enziwa ukuba umphakathi waseMelika ulwe yisivikelo somthetho. Lemithetho yalahla ukucwa kwezindawo zomphakathi, umsebenzi, nokuvota, isho okuqinisekile isithembiso sesithembiso sesithembiso somthetho somthetho womthetho womthetho. [FF] [2] [FF] [2]

Izimpikiswano zamuva kakhulu ziye zandisa iziqu zobulungisa obungalinganiyo zihlanganisa izindaba ezinjengokuguqulwa kobulungisa komthetho, ukungalingani kwezomnotho, nobulungisa bemvelo. Umzabalazo wamaphoyisa wokuziphendulela uye wabuza ukuthi isimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu siphatha wonke amaMelika ngokulinganayo, kukhomba ukuhlukana ekuboshweni, izinkolelo, nesigwebo ezihlukene phakathi kwezinhlanga. Lezinhlangano zanamuhla zibonisa ukuthi umbono wezezomnotho wobulungisa uyaqhubeka ubandakanya ukufinyelela izidingo eziyisisekelo ezinjengezindlu, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nemfundo. Abalweli bezentengi bezemvelo baye baqokomisa indlela ukungcola nezingozi zendawo ezungezile okuthinta ngayo imiphakathi yebala nezindawo ezizakhanya. Lenhlangano yanamuhla ibonisa ukuthi umbono wobulungisa uyaqhubeka uwumncintiswano ophilayo, owenziwa ngokuqhubekayo ukuba uqhubeke ungenelela imfuthono njengezinkinga ezintsha zaseMelika.

Indlela yokulingana: Kusuka ekuqalweni kuya ekuchibiyelweni kwe-14

Nakuba isiqalo singakhulumi ngokucacile ukulingana, umqondo ucacile ngolimi nangendlela ohlelwe ngayo. Inkulumo ethi " Thina Bantu" sigomela ukulingana okuyisisekelo phakathi kwezakhamuzi, okungenani ngokwezinga lazo lokuhlanganyela ekubuseni kwentando yeningi. AbaQangi babethonywe kakhulu izazi zokukhanyisela izinto njengoJohn Locke, owaphikisa ukuthi bonke abantu banamalungelo angokwemvelo ekuphileni, inkululeko, nempahla. ISimemezelo senkululeko sasho ukuthi bonke abantu badalwa futhi banikwe uMdali wabo abanamalungelo athile angamukeleki. Lomgomo wefilosofi wokulingana, ngisho noma bengaphelele, uma beqaphela ukuthi basebenza, wanikeza isisekelo sokuziphatha esisemthethweni.

UMthetho - sisekelo Wakuqala Nokulingana

UMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala ka-1787 wawungenasiqinisekiso esicacile sokulingana. Ilungiselelo lencwadi ngokuphathelene nobugqila, ukumelelwa, nokuvota labangela ukungalingani okukhulu phakathi kwabantu. Kodwa isakhiwo soMthetho-sisekelo, ikakhulukazi ukumiswa kwawo kahulumeni wesizwe onezigaba zemibuso nezivikelo zawo zamalungelo ohulumeni, kwakha izimo zokuthi ngaphansi kwazo ukulingana ekugcineni kungaphindwa. Ukuvinjelwa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ezituswayo eSigabeni I, iNgxenyana 9 yabonisa ukulahlwa kwezikhulu ezizuzwe ngefa ezivumelana nezimiso ezisemthethweni. Imfuneko yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo yokuthi uhulumeni uqinisekisa uhlobo lwerepublicanstry kuhulumeni ngamunye ukuba umbuso ngamunye uqinisekise ukuthi akukho mbuso olinganayogcina ubukhosi noma ubukhosi obuphakeme obungaphula ukulingana okuyisisekelo kwezombangazwe.

Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi kuMthetho-sisekelo, ezagunyazwa ngo-1791 njengeSiphendulo samalungelo abantu, zanikeza ezinye izivikelo ezisekela ukulingana. ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sezokuvikela inkulumo, ukunyathelisa, ukuhlangana, nenkolo zaqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela enkulumweni yeningi nakukukhulekelwa ngokuvumelana nonembeza wazo. Ilungelo leSiphendulo Sesibini lokuphatha izikhali laqondwa njengesivikelo esingokomthetho sokuvikela ikhono lezakhamuzi lokuzivikela ngokwazo nemiphakathi yazo. ISine, iSihlanu, iSihlanu, iSihlanu, neSigqi Sesishiyaga, neSikhathi Seshumi Elisibhozo zanikeza isivikelo se-procedturalture esasisebenza kubo bonke abantu, hhayi nje esigabeni esihloniphekile. Nakuba lezi zingezona izigwebo ezihlongozo zomthetho zazingakhiqiniphile ekuhlolweni okungokomthetho, zazisungula uhlelo olulinganayo.

Izinqumo Zokuvuselela Nokushintsha Ukulingana

IMpi Yomphakathi ne-Reconstructon ngokuyisisekelo yaguqula ubuhlobo bomthetho-sisekelo ngokulinganayo. ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesithathu, esagunyazwa ngo-1865, saqeda ubugqila nokugqitshwa, ekugcineni savumelanisa uMthetho-sisekelo nokuqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu badalwa ngokulingana. ISiphendulo seshumi nane seSigqizo seMiyalo, esagunyazwa ngo-1868, saqhubekela phambili ngokumisa ubuzibulo, siqinisekisa inqubo efanelekile nesivikelo esilinganayo semithetho, futhi sanika uMkhandlu-mthetho-sisekelo amandla okuphoqelela lemimiselo ngemithetho efanelekile efanelekile. ISiphendumiso seshumi elinesihlanu seSigqi, sagunyaza ukucwa kwezinhlanga ngo-1870, savala ukuvota, sadlulisela isithembiso sokulingana kwezombangazwe kubantu baseMelika. Zonke lezi zinguqulo ezintathu zamandla ombuso wobuhlanga ayemelele ukulahla ukubusa kwesigaba sobuhlanga uMthetho - Mthetho - sisekelo wokuqala.

Ukulwa kokuqaphela isithembiso seSichibiyelo sokulungisa isimo kuye kwaba kudala futhi kwaba nzima. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme v. Ferguson (1996) wasekela ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ngaphansi kwemfundiso ehlukile kodwa elinganayo, ngokuphumelelayo ukuqeda iSivikelo sika-Clauslet Junity seminyaka ecishe ibe ngamashumi ayisithupha. Isinqumo seNkantolo yaseNingizimu sokususa ugwayi, ukonakalisa, nokulawula ngokusemthethweni ukulahla i-Afranland America ngokumelene neSiphendulo se-Dinum. Kwakungadeli kuze kube i-Chost Rights Revoration of the maphakathi-activedment of the African, [FFoctins] i-Actives Revisiontion, i-Active Convidentine egunyazation ka-E. [Fod Revolutions] engokomthetho ka-Overse.[4] Inqulution, i-Olv.[4] Inqulution, i-Ol

Ukwanda Kokulingana Ngezinga Elingaphezu Kohlanga

Ukuzimisela komthetho-sisekelo ukulingana kuye kwakhula kakhulu kunendlela yokuqala yokusebenza kwezinhlanga. INkantolo Ephakeme yaba se ikweya-v. Yabuye yathi (1971] iSivikelo Esilinganayo senqabela ukucwasana kwabesilisa nabesifazane okungenangqondo, iqala inqubo yokuhlola ngokukhuliswa okukhulu kwemithetho esekelwe ebulilini. Izinqumo zashaya imithetho eyakhipha imithetho eyayisusa abesifazane enkonzweni yejaji, yabonisa ukuthi amadoda njengabaqondisi bezindawo, futhi yaphika abesifazane abashadile ilungelo lokuthatha ibhizinisi ngaphandle kwezimiso. Isinqumo seNkantolo sisekelwe ekuhlolweni kwezentengiselwano eqondene. [[FLT:] i-FLD] VFLT [FOL:3] [impet] [icesss, i-umpectives projectives] kulezing, i-Expolectives yomthetho ogcwele yezincwadi:[Fographic][Foplens]

Izimpikiswano zamuva eziphathelene nokulingana zigxile kakhulu ekwakheni nasemicimbini ehleliwe. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukulingana okungokomthetho akwanele ukubhekana nokungalingani okuqhubekayo kwemfundo, ingcebo, indawo yokuhlala, nemiphumela yempilo ebangelwa ukucwaswa okungokomlando kanye nemingcele eqhubekayo. Lezi zimpikiswano ziye zaholela ekusekeleni ukuvuma, ukuhlukanisa, nezinye izimiso eziklanyelwe ukufinyelela ukulingana okungalingani okungokomthetho kunokumane nje kube ukulingana. Lokhu kubonisa ukusekela kwalemithetho enqubeni ukuthi isibopho soMthetho-sisekelo sokuvikela isilinganiso asidingi nje ukuthi uhulumeni ukugwema ukucwasana kodwa uthatha izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokulungisa imiphumela yokucwasana. Abagxekwa ukuthi umthetho-mthetho uvimbela ukucwasana kodwa akudingi ukulingana okuqhubekayo. Lokhu kubonisa ukuphikisana okuqhubekayo phakathi kolimi olunenzuzo nolimi oluwusizo.

Indima yesiqalo emizabalazweni yaseMelika

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, izinhlangano zomphakathi ziye zasebenzisa ulimi lwe-Preggys kanye nezimiso ukuze ziqhubekisele phambili izimbangela zazo. Ukugomela kukaPregnary ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wasungulelwa " ukusekela iZibusiso zeNkululeko kithi ngokwethu kanye namalungelo ezisebenzi zethu zeposi"[ kuye kwasiza kakhulu, ukunikeza uhlelo lokuphikisa ukuthi isivikelo somthetho-mthethwe-sisekelo sidlulele emaqenjini awaziwawo. Izinhlangano zokunqanda, amalungelo ezisebenzi, amalungelo omba, nokulingana komshado kuye kwadonsa wonke umbono wePregqueryingstion yenhlangano ephelele kakhulu ukuphikisa ukwanda kwesivikelo somthetho.

Inhlangano yokuqeda yekhulu leshumi elinethoba yayivame ukuqhathanisa ukwamukela komthetho-sisekelo kuqala ubukhosi nesibopho somthetho wenkululeko. UFrederick Douglass waphikisa ngokuqinile ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo, oqondwa kahle, kwakuyincwadi emelene nobugqila okufanele ichazwe ngokukhanyiselwe ngesandulela sayo kunokuba ivumelane nokugqilazeka kwayo. Nakuba kungebona bonke abavukeli abamelene nomthetho-sisekelo abanombono ofanayo, impikiswano yokuthi ukubeka umthetho izinjongo eziphezulu kakhulu kufanele kuqondise ukuchazwa kwawo isisekelo esinamandla sobugqila obunenselwa. Ngemva kweMpi Yombango, le ndlela yokuchaza yasiza ekuthetheleleni umbono wokuqala wokubuyiselwa komthetho njengokwakwanelisa umbono wobugqila kunokuba ushiye lowo mbono.

Inhlangano yabesifazane ngokufanayo yasebenzisa izimiso ze-Presedges ukuphikisana ngamalungelo okuvota. USusan B. Anthony noElizabeth Cady Stanton baphikisa ngokuthi ukubhekisela kweSimemezelo kuThi thina Abantu kwakuhlanganisa abesifazane, ngakho - ke ababefanele bajabulele wonke amalungelo namalungelo esizwe. Umholi wenhlangano wahlobanisa ngokuqondile ukulwela amalungelo abesifazane esibopho somthetho-mthethweni sokuvota. Lapho iSiphendulo seshumi Elikhulu senziwa ngo-1920, sandisa i-frankane namalungelo esizwe, kugcwalisa isithembiso esasikhona ekuqaleni kokugconogq. Intelligation yenkululeko esemthethweni yenkululeko engokomthetho, ebilokhu iphikisana kusukela ngo-1920 kodwa ingakamiswanga, iyaqhubeka imelela umzamo wokulingana kwemithetho yezomthetho yobulili.

I-Civil Rights Movement yekhulu lama-1953 yenziwa yanamandla kakhulu futhi yaphumelela kakhulu ekusebenziseni ulimi lwe-Pregday. UMartin Luther King Jr.’s Unephupho [ lenkulumo, eyanikezwa eSikhumbuzweni seLincoln Sikhumbuzo sonyaka ka-1963, yasebenzisa ngokuqondile uMthetho-sisekelo kanye nokuzimemezela okungakaqondisiwe kakhulu njengamaphuzu angazange ahloniswe ngokugcwele. Inkosi yaphikisa ngokuthi isizwe sasingawahluleki ethembisweni saso somthetho ezakhamuzinithengisweni yaso e-Afrika futhi sabiza ukugcwaliseka kombono wabasunguli beSikhungo. Lokhu kwaphumelela kakhulu, ukubeka iZikhundla zenkululeko zomphakathi njengezingaphuculi ezinkulu kakhulu emasikweni aseMelika kodwa njengokugcwaliswa kakhulu. [FFlG:] ISikhulu seSikhungo seSikhulu seSikhulu seSikhulu sezincwadi sezincwadi sezincwadi se-Syuni sezincwadi sawonke sawodwa nesikhulu sawokuphatha ukuphatha izinye izincwadi ezi

Ukubuyiselwa kwezimiso zesiqalo

I-Pregagery's insalela idlulela ngalé kokuhlola okungokomlando ezimpikiswaneni zamanje eziphathelene nokubusa kwaseMelika kanye nokuzichaza. Enkathini yokubusa okukhulu kwezombangazwe, i-Pregday inikeza iqoqo lezinjongo ezihlanganyelwayo ezingahlanganisa amaMelika ahlukane phakathi kwemibono. Inhloso yokumisa ubulungisa, ukuqinisekisa ukuthoba kwekhaya, ukunikeza isivikelo esisodwa, ukuthuthukisa inhlalakahle evamile, nokuvikela izizukulwane ezizayo akuzona izinhloso eziphikisiwe kodwa izifiso zendawo yonke ezingase zivunyelelwa yi-olscan. Lokhu kwenza ukuba isiqalo esiwusizo senkulumo yomphakathi sihambisane nezizathu eziqondene kakhulu.

Inkulumo " isho iNhlalo ebanzi" iye yabaluleke kakhulu ezimpikiswaneni zanamuhla zomthetho-sisekelo. Ukuqonda kwakuqala kwalenkulumo kwakulinganiselwe, nabasunguli abaningi beyibheka njengesithiyo kumandla kahulumeni kunokuyinikeza igunya. Nokho, incazelo ebanzi yeNkantolo ePhakamileyo ka-Claus no-Calmetic Claus ezindaweni ezinjengezimo ezika [[FLT]] United States v. Darby[FLT] [1941] na [[FLT] na [FLT] i-ickard, i-vreart. v[FLD] [FLD] [52] [42]) inikeza igunya eliphawulekayo lokuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yomphakathi. Izinhlelo ze-Mithentime, i-Medic, i-Medic, i-od, futhi isekela kakhulu yalement, kulelo olusemthethweni lwezentensi, ukusekela inzuzo yomphakathi. i

Isithembiso se-Pregagery sokuvikela izibusiso zezizukulwane ezizayo siphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile ngokuphathelene nokuhlelwa kobulungisa phakathi kwezizukulwane nokugcinwa. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ikakhulukazi, kubekela isizwe inselele yokucabangela izibopho ezimelwe yiso ezizukulwaneni ezizayo. Abasekeli bendawo ezungezile baphikisa ngokuthi isibopho seNhloko sokuvikela izizukulwane zethu sidinga isizukulwane samanje ukuba sithathe isinyathelo esinenjongo sokulungisa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu futhi silondoloze imithombo yemvelo yalabo abazolandela. Le mpikiswano iveza izinga lesiqalo sesikhashana, iqaphela ukuthi umphakathi womthetho-mthetho-sisekelo awuhlanganisi nje kuphela labo abaphilayo kodwa nalabo abazodla ifa lesizwe esikhathini esizayo. Nakuba izinkantolo zingakanikezi ukuphakama okubalulekile, imelela ukusungulwa nokusetshenziswa okubalulekile kwezimiso ze-Pregation.

Izimpikiswano eziphathelene nokufuduka, ubuzwe, kanye nokuzichaza kwesizwe zihlanganisa futhi nenkulumo yokuqala, Thina bantu. Imibuzo ephathelene nokuthi ubani ongowaseMelika, ukuthi iziphi izinqubo okufanele zilawule ukungeniswa kwemvume yokuhlala, nokuthi yiziphi iziqu ezingamele ezingahlali-zinga okufanele zijatshulelwe yimibuzo eyisisekelo yencazelo yobuso obuthandwayo. Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezisemqoka ezindaweni ezinjengeze [[FLT:] United States v. Wong Kim Arks[FL:] [18] [98], okumelwe zithuthukise ubundlobobo besizwe bezingane ezingazalelwayo eMelika, [FLT] nakulokhu kuvinje imingcele yokuvikelwa kwemigomo eqinile. [FLT] [F] [F] [F] [5] [5]

Isiphetho: Amandla Ahlala Njalo Ombono Wesandulela

Isiqalo somthetho-sisekelo we-United States sisalokhu siyisisho esibalulekile nesinamandla semibono yaseMelika ngemva kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka ibhaliwe. Ukugomela kwayo ukuthi uhulumeni uthola igunya lakhe kubantu, ukuhlelwa kwezinjongo uMthetho-sisekelo, kanye nokuzibopha kwawo ekwahluleleni, inkululeko, nenhlala - kahle kuyaqhubeka kuguqula inkulumo yezombangazwe nencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Ulimi lwalendabuko luye lwancengwa amongameli, abasekeli, abashisekeli, nezakhamuzi ezivamile ezifuna ukuthuthukisa ukuqonda kwazo ukuthi isizwe kufanele sibe yini.

Umlando wencazelo yendatshana ubonisa amandla ahlala njalo embonweni wayo kanye nokulwa okuqhubekayo ukuwaqonda ngokugcwele. Ukwamukela koMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala ubugqila nokukhishwa kwabesifazane, amaMelika Omdabu, kanye nokwehlukana namalungu agcwele ezombangazwe kwakha igebe phakathi kwemibono yeSikhathi nemikhuba yesizwe eye yathatha izizukulwane ukuba ziphele. Iziphendulo zenkululeko yesizwe, i-Civil Rights Movement, nokwanda kwesivikelo somthetho-mfantu ngaphambili kumelela intuthuko ekugcwaliseni izithembiso ze-Pregistridge. Nokho ukungalingani okuphikelelayo nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngobulungisa, inkululeko, nokulingana kusikisela ukuthi lo msebenzi uyaqhubeka ungalungiswa.

Ukuhlakanipha kwendatshana kusekuhlanganisweni kwayo nokuqondana. Inikeza isiqondiso esanele sokuhlela ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo kuyilapho ihlala ivulekile ngokwanele ukuvumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo nokuqonda okungaguquguqukiyo nobulungisa. Lokhu kuvumelana kuye kwavumela uMthetho-sisekelo ukuba ubekezele iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili, uvumelane nezinselele ezintsha kuyilapho uqhubeka nombono wabasunguli. Njengoba amaMelika eqhubeka ephikisana ngencazelo yobulungisa, izinga lokulingana, nendlela yokuzimela, i-Preglyption ihlala iyindicalo yale yalezi zingxoxo, ikhumbuza isizwe sezimiso ezichaza uhlelo lwawo lomthetho kanye nezinhloso eziqhubeka ziqhubela phambili ekuthuthukeni kwawo kuleyo manyano ephelele.

Ukubonakaliswa kweSikhangiso sesibopho saseMelika sokwahlulela ngokulunga nokulingana akuyona nje indlela engokomlando kodwa isimiso esiphilayo esiqhubeka sazisa ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo nesimiso somphakathi. Amazwi aso abekela inselele isizukulwane ngasinye ekucabangeleni lokho okufunwa ubulungisa, lokho okusho ukulingana, nalokho inkululeko ekufunayo emongweni wesikhathi saso siqu. Abasunguli ababhala iSitshalo abakwazi ukukucabanga ukuthi ububanzi bendlela yokusebenza kwaso, kusukela ekuqedweni kwezenzo zobugqilazelo, kusukela ekuqapheleni ukulingana komshado, kusukela ekunyuseni kwamalungelo okuvotela imithombo yemvelo yezizukulwane ezizayo. Kodwa ulimi abalubhalayo luye lwabonakala luhloniphe ngokwanele ukuba lukwazi ukusingatha lezi zenzakalo, ukunikeza amagama omthetho wokulinganisa ukuzihlola okuqhubekayo. Ukuzilawula ngenxa yokuthi lusekela noma yiziphi izinhloso zomlando, ukufinyelela izikhulu zenkululeko yohulumeni emhlabeni wonke, ukubusa abantu, ukubusa abantu.