Ukubona ngaphaya kokuqondisa yi-rock yezinhlangano zentando yeningi. Isiza izakhamuzi ukuba zigcine abaholi bazo belandisa, ziqonde indlela imithombo yomphakathi eyabelwe ngayo, futhi zihlanganyele ngokunenzuzo ekwenzeni izinqumo. Phakathi kwezinqubo eziphumelela kakhulu zokufinyelela lokhu kuveza izakhiwo ezivulekile, ezikhulula ulwazi oluphathwayo lukahulumeni ngokufinyele, ngokuveza amafomethi emishini. Ngokuzenzela ulwazi olutholakala ngokukhululekile emphakathini, abacwaningi, izintatheli, namabhizinisi, lezi zinyathelo aziqinisi ukuthembana nje kuphela kodwa futhi zithuthukisa futhi zithuthukisa izinkonzo zomphakathi. Njengoba ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke bemukela ushintsho lwezemishini yobuchwepheshe, ulwazi oluvulekile luye lwaba insika evelele yomshini, yezakhamuzi.

Ukuqonda Izinyathelo Zokwaziswa Ezivulekile

Izinhlelo zokuvula ukwaziswa zibhekisela ekukhishweni okuhleliwe kwemininingwane kahulumeni . Ukuhlanganisa yonke into kusukela ekusebenziseni imali esetshenziswayo kanye nasekutholeni komphakathi ukuya ezimananini zobugebengu nasekuhlolweni kwendawo ezungezile . ngaphandle kwemingcele ekusebenziseni noma ekunikezeleni. Umgomo uwukwakha isimo sendawo ebonakala kahle lapho umuntu engafinyelela khona, ahlaziye, futhi asebenzise lokhu kwaziswa ukuze axazulule izinkinga noma akhiphe ulwazi olusha. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ukusetshenziswa kolwazi oluvulekile kwaphumelela kakhulu ekupheleni kuka- 2000, okugqugquzelwe yi-.

Izimiso Zobuciko Zokwaziswa Okuvulekile

Ukuze ivuleke ngempela, imniningo kumelwe inamathele kwisethi yezimiso ezimiswe kahle. Izimiso zemininingwane eziyishumi ezivulekile inikeza uhlelo olwamukelekayo:

  • Ukuphelelisa:[ Wonke imininingwane yomphakathi kufanele yenziwe itholakale, ibekwe ekuvinjelweni kobuso bomuntu siqu nokhuseleko kuphela.
  • Ukwenzeka kwesikhathi:[ Imininingwane kufanele ikhululwe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze ilondoloze ukusebenza kwayo.
  • Imininingwane yokufinyelela: kufanele itholakale ngobuningi, mahhala, nakumafomethi afundeka ngomshini (umz., CSV, JSON, XML).
  • Ukungavumelani: Ukufinyelela kufanele kuvuleke kubo bonke, ngaphandle kokufuna ukubhaliswa noma ukungena.
  • Ukungalawuli: amafomethi emininingwane kufanele avumele ukuhlanganiswa okulula nezinye izisethi zemininingwane namathuluzi e-alytical.

Izinhlobo Zokuvula Imininingwane Kahulumeni

Imininingwane evuliwe ihlanganisa izakhiwo eziningi. Izigaba ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • iholo likahulumeni, izivumelwano, izimali, nezindleko zomnyango.
  • Impilo nemisebenzi yezenhlalakahle: ukusebenza kwezibhedlela, izifo, amazinga okugoma, nezimpawu zempilo yomphakathi.
  • Ubugebengu nobulungisa:[ Imibiko eguquguqukayo, imininingwane yokubopha, imiphumela yecala lasenkantolo, nezibalo zasejele.
  • [[NT.:0] Ukuhlelwa kwezindawo kanye ne-geosppatial: izilinganiso zomoya, ukwaziswa kwesimo sezulu, amabalazwe okuhlanganisa, kanye nezinxusi zokuhamba.
  • Imfundo:[[FLT:] isikole, izibalo ezibhaliwe, kanye nezindawo ezinikezwayo zemali.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Imithetho nezimiso: amarekhodi, ukudlulisa umbiko, nokuhlela.

Izinhlobo ngayinye zinikeza amaqembu ahlukahlukene omsebenzisi amandla. Ngokwesibonelo, izintatheli zisebenzisa ukuchitha ukwaziswa ukuze zithole inkohlakalo, abathuthukisi bakha izinhlelo ngezinhlelo zezokuthutha, futhi izinhlangano zomphakathi zihlaziya ukwaziswa kwempilo ukuze zisekele izinkonzo ezingcono.

Ukubaluleka Kokuqondisa Isilinganiso Sendlela Ebona Ngayo Izindawo

Ukubona gcaluku akusona isiphetho kodwa indlela yokwakha ukwethemba umphakathi. Uma izakhamuzi zingabona ukuthi izinqumo zenziwa kanjani − ohlangana nabo, ohlangana nabo, indlela yokusebenzisa imali, nendlela yokusebenzisa inqubo − naziphi izinketho ezilawulayo − zivame ukubheka izinhlangano njengezilungile nezingokomthetho. Ukwethembana, nakho kukhuthaza ukuthobela imithetho nezintela ngokuzithandela, kunciphisa ukungezwani kwezenhlalo, futhi kunciphisa izinqubo zedemokrati. Ngokuhlukile, ukuhexana, ukukhomba, ukukhomba okungalawuleki, nokuqeda izivumelwano zomphakathi.

Ukulandisa nokuqamba ama-corruption

Ukwaziswa okuvulekile kuqinisa ngokuqondile ukulandisa ngokwenza izenzo zikahulumeni zibonakale. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho izivumelwano zokuthola ukwaziswa zikhishwa ngokubona okugcwele, izinhlangano ezigadiwe kanye nemithombo yezindaba zingalawula ukungahleleki okunjengezindleko ezikhukhulile noma izingxabano zesithakazelo. I-World Bank ucwaningo [ luthola ukuthi amazwe anezimiso zemininingwane ezivulekile athambekele ekuthobeni inkohlakalo, njengengozi yokudambisa ukungalungi kwemali. Ngokufanayo, izimali ezivulekile zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba ziqhathanise ukuthekiswa kwemali egciniwe engokoqobo, zikwazi ukufuna izincazelo zezenzo zokungavumelani.

Ukuthuthuka Kwezomnotho Nokubuyiselwa Kwazo

Ngaphandle kokubusa, ukuvuleka kwemininingwane kunika inani lezomnotho. Amakhampani kanye nezindawo zokuqamba zikahulumeni ukuze kwakhiwe ama-apps, ukuhlaziywa kwezindawo, ukubikezelwa kwesimo sezulu, kanye nokutusa kwezempilo komuntu siqu. I-McKinsey Global Institute ilinganisela ukuthi ukuvula ulwazi ngenani lezigidi zama - dollar emali emhlabeni wonke ngokuthuthukisa impumelelo nokuthuthukisa izinkonzo ezintsha. Ngokwesibonelo, i-UK’s data.'ukv. ithengiselwa ngokusekela ukusungulwa kwemitayela echumayo ye-Datalog, ukwakheka kwezentengiselwano, ukwenza imisebenzi nokuqhuba.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Okuthuthukisiwe

Ukubona ngaphaya futhi kuthuthukisa ukuthembisana kwezakhamuzi. Uma abantu bekwazi ukuthola ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa, bangahlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekuhloleni komphakathi, ekumiseni izimiso ezihlangene, futhi baxoxe ngezingxoxo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezimayelana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu noma ukuhlelwa kwezindawo zasedolobheni. Ukuvula ukwaziswa kunciphisa isithiyo sokungena ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi, kubanikeza ubufakazi bokusekela ushintsho. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Brazil, amaqembu omphakathi asebenzisa ulwazi oluvulekile ukuze ahlole izakhiwo zokwakha, kuholele ekuthuthukiseni izakhiwo zezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi yokwakha nezindawo ezigciniwe.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Zezindlela Zokwaziswa Eziphumelelayo

Ohulumeni abaningi baye babonisa ukuthi ukwaziswa okusobala kungaveza imiphumela esobala.

United Kingdom: ukwaziswa.gov.uk

Iqalwe ngo-2010, imniningo.gov.uk ingenye yamabhokisi okwaziswa avulekile emhlabeni, ephethe ama-data angaphezu kuka-50 000 eminyangweni kahulumeni ophakathi nezinhlangano. Iplatfomu yakhiwa inezimiso ezinamandla zokunikeza imvume yosizo, kuhlanganise namafomu esicelo semininingwane nomphakathi onikezelweyo we-FOLT. Ibangele izinguquko ezifana ne Ifuna IMy sonde [FLD] [FLT:] [FLT:] [UM] AP], yiziphi izinqubo zenkonzo zendawo, kanye nenani le akhawunti yezomlando ye-[FLT , ivumela abathengi bezimoto ukuba bahlole imiba egciniwe yezimoto. 2020 ukulinganisa ukuthi ithekukhiqini lokukhiqiza [[0] 765] [izigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zemali nezindleko zezezezenhlalo.

Idolobha LaseNew York: I - NYC Evulekile Imininingwane Yezobuchwepheshe

I- Open Data Portal (i-data.opendof ye-Newyork.us) yagunyazwa nguMthetho weNdawo-wonke 11 ka-2012. Manje inemishini engaphezu kuka-3, enezicelo zenkonzo ezingu-3000, ezihlanganisa zonke zezicelo zenkonzo zokuhlola ukuthatha indawo yokudlela kanye nokuthengisa impahla. Itheku liye lasetshenziswa yizintatheli ukuveza umehluko ezinkonzweni zokukhucutha, abacwaningi ukuba babonise ukushisa, futhi ngesiqalo sokwakha amathuluzi empahla. Idolobha futhi liqhuba “izicelo zemali ezivuliweyo isonto lokudla i-Dalue.” kanye neziteshini ezihlolwayo zeminyaka yonke, kuqinisekisa ukuthi imininingwane ayishicishiwe nje kodwa isetshenziswa kakhulu.

3. Estonia: Isibonelo Sokubusa Ngezinombolo

I-Estonia ihlanganise imininingwane evulekile ne-plural ye-application yayo ye-minute culture, kuhlanganise ne-X-Road X-Road ungqimba lokwaziswa lokushintshana nongqimba lwe-data I-Statental Gazette[. Izakhamuzi zingangena emathekisini azo siqu empilo, izitebhiki zentela, kanye nezindawo zokubhalisa zisebenzisa izinombolo zobuchwepheshe, kuyilapho zingekho njengezibalo zamandla kanye nezindlela zezimoto ezikhona. Lokhu kubonakala kunikela njalo kumabala e-Estonia kumabala e-Percementations kunye ne-Gonmentation Development Index. Uhulumeni u-octive codefactive-metics productal, ivumela ezinye izinqubo zezimiso zezibalo zamazwe ukuba zisebenze futhi zisetshenziswe futhi zisetshenziswe futhi.

4. EKenya: Ingxenye Yemininingwane Evulekile Yentuthuko

IKenya yaqala ukuveza imininingwane yayo evulekile ngo-20, yaqala igxile ekusebenziseni imali, impilo, kanye nemininingwane yemfundo. Isinyathelo sayo sasiphawuleka ngokugcizelela iklamo yomsebenzisi ophakathi, kuhlanganise ne-meter ne-graphics ekwazi ukukopisha. Izinhlangano zomphakathi zasebenzisa imininingwane ekulandeleni izimali ezaziwayo, okuholela ekuhlolweni komphakathi ngemali kahulumeni wendawo. Ukuhlolwa kwathola ukuthi i-port ekhuphukayo engcono ekutholeni i-odoculkn ekwakheni nasekunciphiseni ukuphatha kabi kwezakhiwo zezempilo. Okuhlangenwe nakho kweKenya ibone ukuthi i-data evuliweyo ingaphumelela ngisho nasezihlelweni zemisebenzi emishane.

Izinselele Ekusebenziseni Izindlela Zokwaziswa Ezivulekile

Naphezu kwezinzuzo ezicacile, ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuthola ukwaziswa okuvulekile kubhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu.

Ukuba Wedwa Kwemininingwane Yezokwelapha Nokulondeka

Imininingwane kahulumeni yokunyathelisa ihlanganisa ukulinganisela kokuhlukanisa nokuvikela ulwazi lomuntu siqu. Ama-data aqukethe amagama, amakheli, noma ezinye izikhombi kumele ahlolwe ngokucophelela noma ahlukaniswe ukuze kuvinjelwe ukubuyiselwa. Ohulumeni abaningi baye bathatha izindlela zobumfihlo ngezimpawu, njengamathuluzi okulungisa akhiwe ngemishini kanye nezivumelwano eziqinile. Nokho, ingozi yokuphulwa kokwaziswa noma ukukhishwa kwe-indeverration ihlala iyinto ekhathazayo, idinga amapulani alawula izikhali eziqinile kanye nokugawulwa okuqhubekayo.

Ubungako Bokwaziswa Nokubekwa Kwesimiso

Imininingwane evulekile iwusizo kuphela uma inembile, iphelele, futhi ingaguquguquki. Ama-data amaningi kahulumeni ahlushwa yi-metameter engalungile, antulekayo, noma amafomethi angahambelani. Ukubekwa kwezinhlangano ngokuvamile kubuthakathaka, kwenza ukuhlaziywa kwe-acestrameter kube nzima. Ukubhekisa kulokhu, abanye ohulumeni baye bakha amaqoqo okwaziswa asebenzayo (umz., amagama e-DAT[] amagama e-akhathensi) futhi bangawafakelwa ezingeni eliphezulu lokuhlola ukwaziswa. Ngaphandle kwale mizamo, abasebenzisi bangalahlekelwa ukuthembeka kolwazi.

Ukumelana Nezikhungo Nokuphumelela Kwazo

Ukugcwalisa ukwaziswa okuvulekile kudinga ukushintshwa kwempucuko kuhulumeni. Abameli bobuButho bamazwe bangase bamelane nokuhlanganyela ukwaziswa ngenxa yokwesaba ukugxekwa, ukuntuleka kwezisusa, noma imikhuba yokuvikela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanxusa amaningi awanazo izisekelo zobuchwepheshe zokusakaza ukwaziswa ngokungaguquki. Izinyathelo eziphumelelayo ngokuvamile zihlanganisa iziyalezo eziphezulu zokwakha isakhiwo esiphansi, ukuqeqeshela abaphathi bemininingwane kanye nabaphathi bezokwaziswa abanikezelwe emnyangweni ngamunye. Izombangazwe ziyokwahlulelwa ukuhola.

Ukuthutha Imithombo Yezinto Nokuzigcina

Ukumisa ukwaziswa okuvulekile nokukugcina kudinga ukuxhaswa ngokuqhubekayo kwezisebenzi, i-software, izisebenzi, nokusekela komsebenzisi. Ukuxhasa umsebenzi wesikhathi esifushane kungaholela ekushiyweni kokwaziswa okushayelwe noma ukuhlobana okuphukile. Imikhuba emihle ihlanganisa ukugcinwa okungaguquguquki phakathi kohlelo lwenqubo IMISEBENZI, ukwakha ihhovisi elinikezelwe (njenge-Open Data Institute ye-UK), kanye nokuhlola ubuhlobo bomphakathi ukuze kuhlangane nezindleko. Ukusekela kuxhomeke ekuboniseni inani eliqinile lokuzigcina umniningo oqhubeka ungenayo.

Izinyathelo Zokusetshenziswa Kwemininingwane Evulekile Ephumelelayo

Ukuze banqobe lezi zinselele futhi bathinteke ngokwengeziwe, ohulumeni bangasebenzisa izindlela eziningi ezisekelwe ebufakazini.

Abangane Baqala

Izinyathelo zokwaziswa eziphumelelayo ziphatha abamemezeli bemininingwane nabasebenzisi bokwaziswa njengabakhiqizi abahlangene. Lokhu kusho ukuhlanganisa umphakathi womphakathi, izintatheli, izifundiswa, namabhizinisi ekuklameni uhlelo lokwaziswa, ukusungula imininingwane, nokunikeza ukunikeza impendulo esebenziseka. Ama-mechaniism anjengeziphetho zomphakathi, amabhodi omsebenzisi wokwaziswa, kanye nokuhlolwa kwasikhathi sonke kusiza ekuhleleni isidingo. Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha laseBuenos Aires liphethe “i-Datalogs" lapho izakhamuzi zifaka khona ukwaziswa okusha futhi zisiza abakhona ukuba bahlanzeke.

Vikela Izimiso Zokwaziswa Nezindinganiso

Ohulumeni kufanele bamukele izindinganiso zemininingwane ezivamile, njenge ukuvula i-Data Extrating Standard noma International Aid Transparection . Ukusebenzisa izincazelo ezingaguquki kwenza ukuba ulwazi luhlanganiswe ngapha nangapha kwezindawo zokulawula nokuhlaziya ngokwesilinganiso. Imali ebekwe ku-APIM (Izimo ze-Mboniso) kunokuba nje ikhuthaze izisetshenziswa ezingokoqobo zezinhlelo zenkathi. Izimpahla ze-data ezisekelwe kumafu kanye namachibi anganciphisa ukuhlanganiswa nokufinyelela futhi athuthukise ijubane.

Yakha Isiko Lokwazi Ukufunda

Kokubili izisebenzi zikahulumeni nomphakathi badinga amakhono okusebenzisa ukwaziswa okuvulekile ngokuphumelelayo. Izinhlelo zokuqeqesha izisebenzi zomphakathi eziphethe ukwaziswa, ukubonelela, kanye nezimiso zokuhlenga-hlengiselwa, zinganciphisa ukumelana kwangaphakathi. Kuwo wonke umphakathi, ohulumeni bangahlela amashabhu, ama-crathons, nama-interlinear. Ukubhala ukwaziswa ezikoleni zesikole kuqinisekisa izizukulwane ezizayo ukuba zingene ngolwazi oluvulekile. [[FLT:] I-Open Data Institute inikeza imithombo ye-DCP] kanye neziqinisekiso ohulumeni abaningi abaye bazisebenzisa.

Yakha Ukubusa Okuqondile Nemisebenzi Yezomthetho

Izimiso ezicacile zokugunyaza ulwazi, ukufihla imfihlo, nokuzisebenzisa kubalulekile. Imininingwane eminingi evuliweyo ikhishwa ngaphansi kwamalayisensi anjenge I-Creative Commons Atparence 4.0 noma I-Open Government Layisensi [, evumela ukusetshenziswa kwezentengiselwano kanye ne-commercat ngokufanelekile. Ohulumeni futhi kufanele bamise isikhulu se-data noma isikhulu semininingwane esivulekile esinesibopho sokufeza umsebenzi. Umthetho nokwenziswa kwentuthuko njalo kugcina ukuthatha isinyathelo emkhondo.

Linganisa Imiphumela Futhi Uxhumane Nempumelelo

Ukulandelela ama-metrics jm q njengenani lama-metric akhishwe, ukuhambela kwe-website, ukulayisha i-app, nokwaneliseka kwezakhamuzi ezisele . "zisiza ekuboniseni ukubuya ekutshaleni imali. Okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuhlola kwezezimali ezivulekile ukuthi ukwaziswa kwaholela kanjani ezinguqulweni zenqubo, izindleko, noma izinkonzo ezintsha kufanele zihlangane kakhulu. Ukulandisa kwakha ukusekela kwezombangazwe futhi kukhuthaza ezinye izinhlangano ukuba zihlanganyele. Isibonelo, idolobha laseChicago liveza imiphumela esobala yaminyaka yonke eqokomisa izindaba zomsebenzisi nezinzuzo zezomnotho.

Isiphetho

Izindlela zokuvula ulwazi aziyona nje indlela yobuchwepheshe; zingumboni oyinhloko wokubona, olandisayo, nowasabelayo. Ngokunikeza ukwaziswa kukahulumeni ngokukhululekile, lezi zinyathelo zinika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlola izenzo zomphakathi, ukuhlanganyela ekwenzeni izinqumo, nokuthuthukisa. Ucwaningo oluvela e-UK, eNew York, e-Estonia, naseKenya lubonisa ukuthi uma kwenziwa kahle, ukwaziswa okuvulekile kunganciphisa ukonakala, kuthuthukise izinkonzo, futhi kwakhiwe kabusha izinhlangano zentando yeningi. Nokho, impumelelo idinga isibopho esiqhubekayo sezombangazwe, ukutshala inzuzo yezolwazi nezakhiwo ezizosetshenziswa. Njengoba ukuhlolwa kobuchwepheshe bezokusebenza kwemishini kuqhubeka, ulwazi oluvulekileyo luyohlala luyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuqinisekisa ukuthi ohulumeni abasebenza abantu abambalwa abakhona ababonakalayo kuphela kodwa bavuleke ngempela.