Umlando Wamalungelo Okuphiwa Kwamalungelo

Umzabalazo wamalungelo okuvota ufinyelelwe emfucumfucwini yamazwe entando yeningi, enomlando ocebile kakhulu nophikiswayo e-United States. Idemokrasi yakuqala yaseMelika yayilinganiselwe kakhulu: ukuvota ekuqaleni kwakuyilungelo elibekelwe abamhlophe, amadoda aphethe impahla. Lokhu kukhishwa kwaqala ngenkolelo yokuthi yilabo abanesigxobo esibonakalayo kuphela abangase bathembeke ekwenzeni izinqumo zezombangazwe. Emakhulwini eminyaka alandelayo, uchungechunge lwezinhlangano zenguquko lwasuswa kulemingcele, kancane kancane kwandisa izakhamuzi eziningi.

Ukwanda kokuqala okukhulu kwafika ekupheleni kwezimfanelo zempahla ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, kodwa uhlanga nobulili kwahlala kuyizithiyo. ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu, sagunyazwa ngo-1870, sanqabela ukunqatshelwa kwelungelo lokuvota ngokusekelwe ngokwezinhlanga, kodwa eNingizimu yamisa ngokushesha imingcele ngokukhokha izintela zokuvota, ukuhlola kokufunda nokumelana kobudlova, nokujezisa okunobudlova. La ma-Jim Crow athatha imingcele ngokuphumelelayo e-Afrika encitshiswe cishe ikhulu leminyaka. ISichibiyelo seshumi nanye se-15 se-1970, iphethe i-Activement yezeroundation ye-1999, ekugcineni yafaka imvume yabesifazane ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka yokuthatha isinyathelo sokuthatha isinyathelo, ukubungathwa kwemibhiyo, ukubungathwa kwemibhishobhishobhisi, nokuviswa kwemibhishobhishobhi. I-omflon yemiya i-ojedunt, i-odvovovolu ezindaweni yemi ye-orst.

Imbulunga yonke, i-trateory iye yafana. Ukuqonda leli jika lembulunga yonke lokuvota (ilungelo labo bonke abantu abadala) manje sekuyisiko elisebuthweni elimisiwe lentando yeningi, kodwa indlela ayizange ifane. Abesifazane eSwitzerland abazange bazuze ilungelo lokuvota okhethweni lukahulumeni kwaze kwaba ngo-1971; eSaudi Arabia, abesifazane baqala ngokuvota ngo-2015. Ukuqonda lesi sikhala sembulunga yonke kusiza ekuhleleni izimpi eziqhubekayo e-United States, lapho amalungelo okuvota ahlala eqinile futhi encintisana khona.

Inhlangano Ekhipha Intukuthelo: Ukuhlolwa Kwecala Ngokuphikelela

Inhlangano ye-suffngei e-United States yathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwengamashumi ayisikhombisa. Abaholi bokuqala njengo-Elizabeth Cady Stanton noSusan B. Anthony wahlela iSeneca Falls Convention ngo-1848, wakhipha iSimemezelo se-Seneca Falls esafuna amalungelo okuvota abesifazane. Inhlangano yafuna amalungelo okuvota abesifazane. Impi yabhekana nokuphikiswa okunzima, abagxeki bephikisa ukuthi abesifazane babenemizwelo noma babengenalwazi lokuvota. Ngemva kweMpi Yombangongo-Monistry, inhlangano yahlukana phakathi noma ihlela ukusungula ama-Blabhuda enku yabesifazane ngenkani. Ukuhamba kweSiphetho se-19 kweNguqulo yeSiphetho se-19 kwashobo kwakuwukuhlelwa ngokuhlelwa kwemisebe, ukubuthwa kwezingalaluleki ezingapheli, ukuvinjwa kwendlala, ukuvinjwa kwecala, ukuvinjwa kwecala elidingekile ngo-1920.

Nokho, isiVumiso sekhulu leshumi nanye asiqinisekisanga amalungelo okuvota bonke abesifazane. Abesifazane boMdabu baseMelika bakhishwa ngaphandle kwaze kwaba ngo-1924, futhi abesifazane abaningi base-Asia babhekana nemingcele yobuhlalo kwaze kwaba ngawo-1950. Abesifazane abaNsundu eNingizimu baqhubeka bebhekene nentela yokuvota nokuhlola ukufunda nokubhala. Ngakho ifa lenhlangano liyimpumelelo futhi aliphelele, isikhumbuzo sokuthi ukunqoba okungokomthetho ngokuvamile kudinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Abantu Nesivumelwano Samalungelo Abantu

Inhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi yeminyaka yo-1950 no-1960 yenza amalungelo okuvota ayinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Ukuphikisa ngonya ukubhaliswa kwevoti yamaBlack − kwakhuliswa ukubulawa kwabashisekeli abanjengoMedgar Evers kanye nohambo olunobudlova “ngeSonto” eSelma, Alabama (eyenqaba isizwe nombono womphakathi ovusiwe. UMongameli Lynton B. Johnson wasabela ngokusunduza uMthetho kaVoting Rights ka-65 kusuka eKhongosini ye-Congress. Lomthetho ongokomthetho wavimbela ukuhlola ukufunda nokubhala, walungiselela ukuqondisa kwezwe ngomlando wobandlululo, futhi wafuna amazwe athile athole ukuvunyelwa umphakathi ngaphambi kokushintsha imithetho yokuvota. Umthetho ka-5 owaziwaziwaziwaziwase-Rocrac.

Imiphumela yashesha. Phakathi neminyaka embalwa, ukubhalisa okumnyama eNingizimu kwanda. Ngokwesibonelo, eMississippi, ukubhalisa okumnyama kwanyuka kusuka cishe ku-60% ngo-1964 kuya ku-1964. I-Voting Rights Act ibhekwa njengenye yemithetho yamalungelo abantu ephumelela kakhulu eyake yamiswa. Kodwa ibhekene nezinselele eziphikelelayo. Ngo-2013, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Shelby County v. Raker yashaya phansi inqubo esetshenziswayo ukunquma ukuthi imiphi imithetho edinga i-prevergradance, ngokuphumelelayo inqubo yokulawula isihluthulelo. Ingqungquthela iye yahluleka ukudlula kulelo lokuvota, ishiya amalungelo amaningi okuvota okuphathelenelwayo ngokomthetho wokuvota.

Imithetho Eyinhloko Isusa Amalungelo Esimanje

Ngalé koMthetho Welungelo, eminye imithetho eminingana iye yachaza indawo yokuvota e - United States.

UMthetho Wesizwe Wokubhalisa (1993)

I-Motor Voter Act evame ukubizwa ngokuthi “i-Motor Voter,” lomthetho wawufuna ukuba kunikezwe amathuba okuvota lapho izakhamuzi zifaka noma zivuselela amalayisense azo okushayela, ngeposi, nangezinhlangano zomphakathi ezisizayo. Umgomo kwakuwukukwenza ukubhalisa kube lula futhi kufinyeleleke. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi lesi senzo sandisa kakhulu amazinga okubhalisa, ikakhulukazi phakathi kokuthola okuphansi kanye naphakathi kwenani elincane labantu. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa akulingani, kanti amanye amazwe aye amelana nokuvumelana okuphelele.

Usizo LwaseMelika LoMthetho (2002)

Ihlolwe ukusabela ekukhetheni okuphithizelayo kukamongameli wama 2000 ._nezitsha zokuvota ezilengayo, izindodla zevemvane, futhi yaphikisa ukulandisa kweFlorida `HAVA yamisa izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zezindawo zokuvota. Yanikeza izimali zemishini yokuvota entsha, yasungula i-Ecommotion Transformation Commission, futhi yadinga izifundazwe ukuba zisebenzise izisekelo zokubhalisa ze-techwayezokuvota ezisemthethweni. Nakuba i-HARA yathuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bokuvota nokuthola, yaholela ezimpikiswaneni ezisohlwini zabavoti, ngezinye izikhathi yaphumela ekulahleni okungafanele kuthathwe kuyo i-votavvvv.

Imizamo Yamuva Kahulumeni: I - for the People Act Ne - John Lewis Vong Rights Reating Covement Act

Ekusabeleni ekwandiseni imingcele yokuvota yezinga eliphansi likahulumeni ngemva kokhetho lwama-2020, uKhomishane wasikisela inguquko ebanzi. Kubantu Act (H.1]) u-Flave wandisa ukuvota kwakuqala, wadinga ukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo, futhi walinganisela igegerrymaning. John Voing Act Act ehlose ukubuyisela ilungiselelo le-practive likhiswe yiNkanto yangaphambili. Zombili izindleko zazidlulisa iNdluyane kodwa zagcinwa eSihlalweni se-Genevalbuster. Ukuhluleka kwabo kugcizelela ukuviswa kwemithetho elungelweni lokuvota, kushiya ngokuyinhloko impikiswano embusweni yesizwe nesenkantolo.

Izithiyo Eziphikelelayo Nezinselele Zangaphambili

Despite legal advances, substantial barriers to voting remain. These obstacles often disproportionately affect communities of color, low-income individuals, young people, and the elderly.

Imithetho Yezincwadi

Kusukela ngo-2024, izigodlo 36 zinemithetho efuna noma ecela uhlobo oluthile lokuzichaza. Abasekeli baphikisa ukuthi ama-ID avimbela ukukhohlisa kokuzenzisa (nakuba ukukhohlisa okunjalo kuyivelakancane kakhulu). Abagxeki baphikisa imithetho ebangela umthwalo ongafanele kulabo abangenawo ama-ID kahulumeni akhuthuziwe, njengezakhamuzi ezimpofu, abafundi, nabantu abanombala. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi inani elincane nabavoti abaphansi alikho ngokunokwenzeka ukuba babe ne-ID efunekayo, futhi izindleko kanye nezindleko zokuthola umuntu ongakwazi ukuvimbela ukuhlanganyela. Izwe elifana ne-Texas ne-North Dakota inezimfuneko eziqinile zezithombe; izinkantolo ziye zahlasela noma zaguqula imithetho eminingana yemiphumela yokusebenza kwezempatho.

Indawo Yokuthela Nemigqa Emide

Phakathi kuka-2012 no-2018, izifunda eziphethe umlando wobandlululo zavala amakhulu ezindawo zokuhlola, ngokuvamile ezindaweni ezimnyama noma zama-Hispanic. Lokhu kuvalwa kwamandla abavoti ukuba bahambe ibanga elide, balinde isikhathi eside, futhi ngezinye izikhathi baphuthelwe umsebenzi noma ezinye izibopho. Ingqungquthela yeLeadership on Civil and Human Rights yabika ukuthi ngo-202020, amanye ama-Black Collegion eGeorgia abhekene nezikhathi ezimbalwa, kuyilapho izigodi ezimhlophe zinemigqa emifushane.

Ukukhishwa kweVoter Roll

Izwe lihlanza ngezikhathi ezithile amavoti alo ukuze asuse abantu abafile, abantu abasusiwe, noma ababoshwe amashwe. Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi ukuhlanzwa ngonya kususa abavoti abafanelekayo ngaphandle kwesaziso esanele. Icala eliphawulekayo lenzeka eGeorgia ngo-2018, lapho cishe abangu-30 000 benqatshelwa ukubhalisa u-Ohio,” abaningi abasuka ezindaweni ezimbalwa. Amaqembu eNkantolo Ephakeme ka-2018 [[FLT:] ahlulele isinqumo [[FLT:] v. A. uPhilipny Randolph Institute wasekela inqubo yokuhlanza, ebeka inqubo engathi ikhuthaza imithetho efana neyakhelwayo kuyo. [FLT:]

Ukungavumelani Okuphawulekayo

Ezifundazweni eziningi, abantu ababoshelwe ukuvota balahlekelwa amalungelo abo okuvota, ngokuvamile ngokungenakuqhathaniswa. Lokhu kuthinta abantu abaNsundu, abavalelwe emazingeni aphakeme kakhulu. EFlorida, i-2018 i-collet baqala ukubuyisela amalungelo okuvota kubantu abaningi ababevalelwe ngaphambili, kodwa umthetho olandelayo wafuna ukuba bakhokhe zonke izinkokhelo nemali ngaphambi kokuba babhaliswe, ngokuphumelelayo ukususa izigwebo zabaningi. AmaMelika acishe ayizigidi ezingu-4,6 avinjelwe ekuvotelweni ngenxa yokuvunywa kwecala lezelelekile. I-Momentum yenguquko iyakhula: kungathi iVirginia kanye neNew York iphinde ibuyiselwe amalungelo ngesenzo sobuphathi, kodwa umsebenzi wemithetho udala ukudidelwa kweze.

Ukukwazi Ukukhuluma Ulimi Nezithiyo Eziphazamisayo

IVoing Rights Act idinga izifunda ezithile ukuze inikeze usizo lwezilimi ezimbili nezinto zokwakha. Nokho, imiphakathi eminingi yamaMelika amaNdiya ayinazo izibhedlela ezihunyushwe noma izisebenzi zokuvota ezikhuluma izilimi zomdabu. Izindawo ezikhubazekile zibhekene nezithiyo: cishe amaphesenti angu-17 kuphela ezindawo zokuvota atholakala ngokuphelele, ngokombiko we-Hulumeni Amanani amashumi amabini anamashumi amabili. Nakuba i-creflenside covota kanye nokhetho olungekhoyo, izifunda eziningi azikwazi ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso eziyisisekelo zokuzingenisela.

Ukuqapha Kwanamuhla Nezimpande Zokuthatha Umthetho

Namuhla ukulwela amalungelo okuvota kulwiwa izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene, kusetshenziswa kokubili amasu angokwesiko nawamanani.

Izinhlangano Ezinkulu Zokufundisa

  • Inhlangano yamalungelo esizwe endala kakhulu iyaqhubeka ihlasela futhi ibambe umfutho ngokumelene nokucindezelwa kwabavoti, igxile ngokukhethekile eNingizimu. I-“Lowu Umkhankaso Wami” ufundisa futhi umeme abavoti.
  • Isikhonkwane sase-Americana esiphethe i-Liberties Union (ACLU): I-ACLU’s Voting Rights Project iye yabekela imithetho eminingi enkantolo, kusukela ezimfunekweni ze-ID zamavoti ukuya emabalazweni aphendulwe. Inikeza futhi imithombo engokomthetho yabavoti ababhekene nezithiyo.
  • I-League of Women Voters: Izinikezele emfundweni engavoti, iNhlangano iqhuba izintambo zokubhalisa, i-fonsist comssion, nemithetho ethinta ukuvota.
  • Fair Fight Action: Wasungulwa uStacey Abramas ngemva kokulahlekelwa ngu-2018 gubernator eGeorgia, lenhlangano igxila ekuvikeleni umvoti, ukubhalisa, nokulwisana nokucindezelwa ngemizamo engokomthetho neyotshani.

Izimpande Nemizamo Esekelwe Emphakathini

Amaqembu endawo ngokuvamile anethemba elijulile emiphakathini. Ahlela ukulunguza umnyango ukuya endlini, amabhange ocingo, nezenzakalo ezisezindaweni zamasonto nasemphakathini. Emiphakathini yomphakathi waseMelika, amaqembu anjenge-American Rights Fund esebenzayo e-Universations Universal asebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izindawo zokuhlola zitholakala ezinqikelelweni futhi usizo lolimi lunikezwa. Amakholiji abona imishini yokuvota abavoti abakhuthele iholwa yizinhlangano zabafundi njenge-Andrew Good Foundations “Vote Hoverse".

Izinselele Ezingokomthetho Nokwaziswa Okuhlelekile

Amaqembu okuphatha amaqembu aphendukela njalo ezinkantolo ukuze avimbele imithetho eqinile. Ngo-2023, iNaACP Legal Defense Fund yaphumelela ukubekela umthetho waseNyakatho Carolina owamisa izimfuneko ze-ID eziqinile, ephikisa ngokuthi yamiswa ngenjongo yokukhipha umlomo. i-Campagign Legil Center ne-[FLT] uMthetho wobuhlwe Benembule [[[FLT]] waseNingizimu yeSikhungo sobumpofu [ futhi kwamiswa ukumangalela amafayela ukunqanda ukuxoxiswa okunga okunga okungekho emthethweni, nokudukisa i-ballogderning. Nokho, i-judicaricariarys ivame ukusekela imithetho, ukwenza umthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho-umthetho-womda-oth-othmentmental ammeters ne-oth esssssss traption.

Imikhuba Yamanje Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Amalungelo okuvota ayaqhubeka eshintsha ngokushesha, elolongwa ubuchwepheshe, inani labantu kanye nokuwohloka kwezombangazwe.

Ukwanda Komshini Wokudlala Wangaphambili Nokubhala Iposi Ngekhanda

Manje izifundazwe ezingaphezu kuka-40 zinikeza uhlobo oluthile lokuvota kwasekuqaleni, zivumela abavoti ukuba baphonse amavoti ngaphambi koSuku Lokhetho. Izifundazwe eziningi ziye zandisa futhi amanani okuvota angekho noma ukuvota kweposi ezindaweni zonke. Ukhetho lwama-2020 lwabona ukwanda okukhulu ekuvoteni ngeposi ngenxa yobhadane, futhi abaningi abavoti baye bamukela inzuzo. Nokho, njengaseTexas nase Georgia baye babeka imingcele entsha ekuvoteleni iposi, njengokubeka amabhokisi ehlehliswa kanye nokufuna i-ID eqinile. Ingxoxo yokuvota ihlala ingena posi, kanye namaRepublican ayithandabuza futhi i-Democrates.

Ukubhalisa i Voter okuzenzakalelayo

Izifundazwe ezingaphezu kwama-20 ne-Fourtrict of Columbia ziye zasebenzisa ukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo kwevoti (AVR), lapho izakhamuzi ezifanele zibhaliswa khona lapho zisebenzelana nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ngaphandle kokuba zikhethe. I-AVR iye yandisa amazinga okubhalisa, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwentsha namaqembu amancane. Brennan Center [ ilinganisela ukuthi i-AVR inganezela izigidi ezingu-50 ezingeni lonke uma ithathwa kakhulu.

Ubuchwepheshe Nemininingwane

Apps namawebhusayithi anjenge i-TurboVote kanye HEadricium yenza ukubhalisa lula, inikeza izikhumbuzo, futhi isiza abavoti ukuthola izindawo zokuhlola. Amapulatifomu ezezokuxhumana asetshenziselwa ukusakaza ulwazi kanye nokungaqondi kahle. Nokho, amathuluzi afanayo angasetshenziswa ekusakazeni izisho ezingamanga ngokukhohlisa kokuvota noma ukuveza izikhulu zokhetho, ukunikeza ukungathembana.

Ukuvuselela Nokushintsha Izindawo

Ngemva kwe-2020 Census, kusho izigodi ze-redrew cornion ne-progional. Ezifundeni eziningi, ukuhlelwa kweqembu elithile ngokulandelana kweqembu kwaholela emabalazweni ukuthi inzuzo yeqembu elithile, ukuncishiswa kwamandla okuvota emiphakathini emincane nakwezokuzimela. Nakuba ezinye izifunda zinemishini ezizimele zokuzibopha, ezinye zivumela izishaya - mthetho ukuba zidwebe amabalazwe ngezinga eliphansi. Imithetho i-ascuit ifaka amabalazwe e-Alabama, eGeorgia, ne-South Carolina iyaqhubeka, ngeNkanto ephakeme yeNkantolo ebusa umthetho ka-Alabandlu yesibili yesifunda se-Oral.

I - “coterrout ” Yolutsha

Abavoti abasebasha (abaneminyaka engu-18-29) bakhipha izinombolo eziqoshiwe ngo-2020, ezakha amaphesenti acishe abe ngu-17 e-volute. Izinkinga ezifana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, isikweleti somfundi, nobulungisa bobuzwe zashukumisela ukuhlanganyela okukhulu. Nokho, intsha yazifaka ngokwesiko phakathi nokhetho lukamongameli futhi yehla phakathi nenkathi ephakathi. Imizamo enjengaye i-Rock Vote kanye Vate.org ihlose lesimo sokubhalisa unyulo ngokhetho nangemikhankambo. Ukuvota kubhekiselwe eminyakeni engu-16 yenani lokuvota lendawo yokhetho, ngokubonisa izinhlelo zokushayela impumelelo.

Ukuthola Imithombo Yezomculo Yomdabu BaseMelika Nasemaphandleni

Abavoti basemaphandleni nabaseMelika Bomdabu ngokuvamile babhekana nezinselele eziyingqayizivele: amabanga amade okuhlola izindawo, i-Indiyanitizeship Act ka-1924, kanye nokuntula izinto zokuhamba. Umthetho womphakathi wanika amaMelika oMdabu ilungelo lokuvota, kodwa amazwe amaningi aqhubeka ebeka imingcele kuze kube ngo 1970. Namuhla, izizwe e-Arizona, Montana, ne-South Dakota ziye zaqinisekisa ngokuphumelelayo ukuba zifune izindawo zokuhlola ezinqikelweni zokuhlala futhi zinikeze usizo lolimi. [[FLT: 0] I-Americanvotivement Voting Rights Act , eyasungulwa eSivumelweni somthetho somthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho, kodwa engakadluliswanga, iphinde iqinise lezi sivikelo.

Izindinganiso Zembulunga Yonke Nezezizwe Zonke

Amalungelo aqashelwa njengelungelo eliyisisekelo lomuntu emthethweni wezizwe zonke, kuhlanganise ne Isimemezelo esihlangene samalungelo abantu (i-Actle 21) kanye ne-[FLT] International of Civilism on Covil and Politic Rights [. IZizwe ezihlangene zihlola ukhetho futhi zithuthukise imikhuba engcono kakhulu. Nakuba i-U.S. ingumholi wezindinganiso zedemocricratic , isimiso sazo sokuvota sinokwehluleka okuphawulekayo uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye idemocracracratic ezimisiwe. Isibonelo, amazwe anezingamele ukuvota, ukuveza amazinga angaphezulu kuka-80%. Amazwe amaningi asebenzisa ukumelela i-galelo, okunganciphisa ithonya le-gerderniting. i-U.S i-U. i-U. i-U. i-S. i-ses i-modictionmentation i-motional i-preverdiation i-motional i-motionaltion i-proverdiation

Isiphetho: Ukulwela Intando Yeningi Ephelele

Amalungelo anikeza imvume yokugunyazwa kwentando yeningi. Indaba yamalungelo okuvota e-United States ingeyokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo okuhambisana nezikhathi zenkathi yokubeletha. Kusukela ekusungulweni kwempahla kuya ekuhlukanisweni kwenkathi ehleliwe, kusukela ekunqobeni kwezinhlangano zokuvota namalungelo omphakathi ezimpini zamanje zomvoti, ukukhipha, nokuphoxa, ukugoba kwesambuku kuya ekudilikeni kwenkathi yenkathi kaJim Crow kuya ekuhleleni kwenkathi ehleliwe, kodwa ngenxa nje yokuthi izakhamuzi azizange ziyenze. Umsebenzi awuzange ukwenze.

Ukuqonda umlando, umthetho oyinhloko, kanye nezithiyo zamanje kubalulekile kunoma isiphi isakhamuzi esifisa ukuhlanganyela ngokugcwele. Njengoba kuvela ubuchwepheshe obusha futhi kushintshwa inani labantu, ukulwela ukufinyelela isilinganiso esifanayo kuyodinga ukuqapha, ukuqapha okungokomthetho, nokuthembisana kotshani. Impilo yentando yeningi ixhomeke ekuqikeleni ukuthi wonke umuntu ofanelekayo angavota ngokukhululekile nangokungakhethi. Ngokufunda kudala nangokuhlanganyela nezinselele zamanje, singasiza ekuthuthukiseni ikusasa lapho ukuvota kubonisa khona ngempela intando yabo bonke abantu.