Iyini Ikholiji Lase - Electoral?

I-Electoral College iyinqubo eyamiswa yiSiphakamiso II soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. futhi kamuva yacwengisiswa yiSichibiyelo seshumi nambili sokukhetha umongameli nesekela likamongameli. Sihlanganisa abavoti abangu-538, isifunda ngasinye sithola inani labavoti elilingana nenani labavoti (ngaso sonke isikhathi ababili) nabameleli (abahluka ngokwenani labantu ngokwesinqumo sobalo lwenani labahlali). Isifunda saseColumbia sabelwa abavoti abathathu ngaphansi kweSiphekethi se-23. Ukuzuza inani labavotisi abalinganayo, umvoti we-R270 000 abavotiwe.

Amaqembu ezombangazwe amaqembu angombuso ngamunye avame ukuthatha izikweleti zabavoti ngaphambi koSuku Lokhetho. Lapho izakhamuzi ziphonsa amabhola kumongameli, empeleni zivotela abavoti abathenjiswe lowo mbhalisa. Ezizweni ezingu- 48 nase-Frigion of Columbia, othola amavoti athandwa kakhulu kulelozwe azuza zonke izivoti zakhe ezikhethiweyo (isimiso se-win'i"all”). I-Maine ne-Nebraska isebenzisa indlela yesifunda sesifunda somvotisi esinguvoti, ikhotha ivotela ivoti eyodwa yabavoti abavoti abakhethiwe kulowo mhlangano wesifunda sombuso kanye namavoti amabili akhethwe abavunyiweyo abawini bezwe.

Indlela Ama - opera ase - Ellectoral College Asebenza Ngayo

Lenqubo iqala amasonto amaningana. NgoSuku Lokhetho (ngoLwesibili lokuqala ngemva koMsombuluko wokuqala ngoNovember), abavoti bakhetha abavoti. Abavoti bahlangana ezinhloko- dolobhani zabo zokuqala ngoMsombuluko ngemva koLwesithathu lwesibili ngoDecember ukuze baphonse amavoti abo. La mavoti athunyelwa eSivumelwaneni futhi abelwa ngokomthetho esimisweni esihlangene ngoJanuary 6. Uma kungekho mvoti ongaba khona abangu-270, iNdlwane yabameli ikhetha umongameli (isifunda ngasinye sesifunda sezithunywa sivota eyodwa), isenzakalo esiye senzeka kabili kuphela (1800 ne1824).

Abagxeki baphawula ukuthi umthetho onqobile othatha yonke into uvame ukudlula ukuvota okuthandwayo kwesizwe: umvoti angaqongelela imingcele emikhulu emazweni alondekile kodwa alahlekelwe imincintiswano eseduze emazweni ajiyile futhi awine ivoti evoti ethandwayo ngaphandle kweningi. Lokhu kukhipha utho kuyenzeka muva nje kakhulu ngo-2016 nango-2,000, futhi ngokomlando ngo-1824, ngo-1876 no-1888.

Umculo Othandwayo: Uyindlela Elula Kodwa Enamandla

Ivoti ethandwayo iyingqikithi yamavoti akhishwa yizakhamuzi ezifanele kulo lonke izwe. Inikeza isilinganiso esiqondile sokukhetha kwevoti kulowo nalowo obhaliswayo. Esimisweni esithandwayo sesizwe, ivoti ngayinye ingaphatha isilinganiso esifanayo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isifundazwe sovoti, iyenze ibe indlela eqondile yokuvota. Nokho, uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. awunikezi ivoti ethandwayo kamongameli; ikolishi elinokhetho liyindlela egunyaziwe ngokomthetho. Ingqikithi ethandwayo, nakuba ihlanganiswa nguhulumeni ngamunye, ayiboshelwa ngokomthetho emphumeleni we-Electoral College.

Naphezu kwalokhu, ivoti ethandwayo iyaqhubeka isebenza njengephawu elibalulekile lezombangazwe. AmaCandida ngokuvamile anqoba ukuvota okuthandwayo ukuze afune “usuku lokuzalwa,” ngisho noma ehluleka ukufika e-Electoral College. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2012 uBarack Obama wawina kokubili amavoti athandwayo nakhethwayo, kodwa ngo-2016 u-Hillary Clinton wawina ivoti ethandwayo cishe ngezigidi ezingu-2,9 zamavoti alahlekelwa yikholiji elikhethiwe.

Umehluko Oyinhloko Phakathi Kwekholiji Le - Electoral NeSikhungo Esithandwayo

Umehluko oyisisekelo ukuphakama kwendawo. I-Electoral College yobukhulu be-odolescents (ngoba isifunda ngasinye sithola “itshe elibolile” labavoti ababili kubaphathi baso kungakhathaliseki inani labantu) kanye nobunzima obungaphansi kwezindawo ezinkulu nezikhungo zasedolobheni. Ngokwesibonelo, umvoti eWyoming, ungaba cishe abantu abavotayo abayizigidi ezingu-3, kuyilapho umvoti wase California ethola inzuzo e-1,2. Lokhu kuguqula kwakha inzuzo yalabo abahamba phambili ezindaweni ezihlala abantu abambalwa, ngokuvamile ezisemaphandleni.

Umehluko uyindlela yomkhankaso. Ngaphansi kwe-Electoral College, imikhankaso igxila kakhulu “ezindaweni ezihanjwayo” - izifunda ezincintisanayo lapho ukuvota okuncane kungasusa khona amavoti akhethiweyo. Ngo-202020, cishe zonke izimpi zomkhankaso kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemali kufunwa amazwe ayisithupha noma ayisikhombisa kuphela (umz. iPennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconsian, Florida, Arizona, North Carolina). Ngaphansi kwevoti yesizwe ethandwayo, imikhankani ingaba nesisusa sokuyandisa ukuvota yonke indawo, kuhlanganise nezifunda ezilondekile, ukukhokha izivumelwano ezingcono kakhulu.

Izimfune Zezakhamuzi Nokuziphatha Kwezindwangu

Ithonya Elingcolisayo

Izakhamuzi ezisezindaweni ezingami kakhulu zinamandla okuvota kakhulu e-Electoral College kunalezo ezisezweni elikhulu. Lomklamo wawuhloselwe ukuvimbela amazwe aphethe emazweni amancane kakhulu. Nokho, kusho futhi ukuthi ithonya lomvoti lixhomeke kakhulu ekuncintisaneni kukahulumeni. IDemocrat eTexas eqinile noma umRepublica e-blaeven California angase azizwe ukuthi ivoti yabo “yavota” ngoba umphumela kahulumeni unqunyiwe. Lokhu kungasho ukuthi ithonya eliphansi lixhomeke kakhulu ekuncintisaneni kukahulumeni okungekho ndawo ekhona, lapho uvota ukuthatha kwabo njengengabalulekile emphumeleni wesizwe.

Izindawo Ezihlelekile Nezesithathu

Umthetho onqobayo unqanda ukuvota kwesithathu ngenxa yokuthi ukuvota komjoni omncane kuvame ukubhekwa “njengomsizi” ongasiza umlandeli omkhulu weqembu abathanda ukukwenza. Lokhu kuqinisa isimiso sokuvota esithandwayo esinezigaba ezimbili. Ngaphansi kwesimiso sokuvota esithandwayo esinemfuneko enkulu, abavoti bangazizwa bekhululekile ukusekela amalungu esithathu ngaphandle kokwesaba“ ukulahla” ukhetho.

Ukunganaki Kwezindwangu

Uma izakhamuzi zikholelwa ukuthi ukuvota kwazo akunandaba nokuncika kwezwe kwazo okucatshangelwayo, zingase zilahleke ngokuphelele. Ngo-2020, ukuvuleka kwesizwe kwafinyelela ku 66% - ophakeme kakhulu ngekhulu leminyaka kuya kusuka ezizweni ezilondekile kwakunamachashaza amaningana aphansi kunasezindaweni ezijikelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, iCalifornia yayine-70% lapho iPennsylvania ihamba ingu 72% ne-Michigan 73%, naphezu kokuba ingumbuso omkhulu kakhulu. Umehluko, nakuba usikisela ukuthi ngisho naseminyakeni ephakeme kakhulu, i-Electoral College inganciphisa ukuhlanganyela ezizweni ezingangeni e-672.

Izimpikiswano Zokugcina Ikholiji Le - Electoral

Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi iElectoral College ivikela izithakazelo zezifunda ezincane nemiphakathi yasemaphandleni, ivimbela abazokucela ukushaywa indiva izifunda ezihlukene, iphikisa ngokuthi ikhuthaza ukwakhiwa kwezindawo ezihlukahlukene, iphoqelela abazoxoxa ngezindaba ezihlobene nezingxenye ezihlukahlukene zezwe. Isimiso futhi sinikeza ilungelo lapho umvoti ethola ukusakazwa okukhulu kwezindawo, ngokuphambene nokukhuphulwa kwamanani amakhulu ezikhungweni zamadolobha ezandile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Electoral College inganikeza umphumela ocacile, onqumayo lapho ukuvota okuthandwayo sekusondele kakhulu. Ngo-2000, ukhetho lwanqunywa amakhulu ambalwa amavoti eFlorida – kodwa i-panel (271 vs. 266) yanikeza umvuli oqinile. Ngaphandle kwe-Electoral College, ukulandisa kwezwe lonke kungaba nokungahleleki futhi kuthathe isikhathi eside. Ekugcineni, isimiso sigxile kakhulu esikweni somthetho-sisekelo; noma iluphi ushintsho lungadinga ukubuyiselwa komthetho-mthetho, okufuna ukuba i-suntswordmajories eKhonsele futhi kuthathwe ama-R62, okwenza ushintsho lube nzima.

Izimpikiswano Zokudla Okuthandwayo

Abasekeli bevoti ethandwayo yesizwe bagcizelela ukulingana kwentando yeningi: ukuvota kwesakhamuzi ngasinye kufanele kube nobunzima obulinganayo. Baveza ukuthi iElectoral College iphula “umuntu oyedwa, ivoti eyodwa” isimiso ngenxa yokudluliswa ngokweqile kwezifunda ezincane. Babuye baphikise ngokuthi isimiso samanje senza abazokufakelwa sikhathalele kuphela izinto eziza kuqala ezikhona ezindaweni ezihamba phambili, zingazinaki izidingo zezwe lonke. Ngokwesibonelo, izindaba ezifana namandla avuselelwe (ezisezingxenyeni ezisezweni eziwugwadule) noma ukuvuselela umngcele kungathola ukunakekela okuncane ngenxa yokuthi azibangezona ezikhathaza i-palvelse.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ivoti ethandwayo cishe ingandisa ukuvota, njengoba yonke ivoti ingaba nendaba ngokulinganayo kungakhathaliseki indawo. Umfundi kungadingeka alwe kuwo wonke amazwe angu-50, hhayi nje ezindaweni ezimbalwa zempi. Lokhu kunganciphisa ithonya elinciphileyo lenani elincane labavoti abalinganiselayo emazweni ajikelezayo futhi kunalokho kubonise intando yezwe. Ukuvota okuthandwayo kungaqeda futhi ithuba lokulahlekelwa yivoti ethandwayo kodwa ewine umongameli, okubhekwa abaningi njengenkinga yokufuna ilungelo.

Izinguquko Ezisikiselwe NeSivumelwano Sesizwe Esithandwayo SaseVote Interstate

Ngenxa yokuthi ukuncishiswa koMthetho-sisekelo kunzima kakhulu, inhlangano yenguquko iye yahlanganisa amalahle eNational Popular Vote Interstate Convention (NPVIC). Ngaphansi kwalesi sivumelwano, amazwe ayovuza wonke amavoti abo agunyaziswe ukunqoba ivoti ethandwayo yesizwe, kodwa kanye kuphela amazwe anele ahlanganyela ukuze afinyelele amavoti angu-270. Kusukela ngo-2025, amazwe angu-17 kanye ne-Frigi yaseColumbia asayine, ephethe ingqikithi yamavoti angu-209. I-voti evoti evoti evoti kuphela iyothatha imiphumela lapho iveza amavoti angu-270. Abagxeki bawo bayawunga umthetho-mthetho-mthetho-sisekelo futhi baqaphele ukuthi angabekelwa inselwa enkantolo noma ashinswe ngezimo ezithi ezithini zawo.

Ezinye iziphakamiso zenguquko zihlanganisa ukuqeda iElectoral College ngokuphelele ngesilinganiso sokulungisa i-Electoral College (okungadinga umhlangano womthetho sisekelo noma izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zazo zombili kanye nezingxenye ezintathu eziphezulu zezizwe – ibhamu), ukushintshela endleleni yesifunda esihlangene, noma ukusungula iqoqo elilinganiselwe lamavoti akhethiwe (onika umbhalisa ngamunye isabelo esisekelwe engxenyeni yawo yevoti ethandwayo kahulumeni). Isicelo ngasinye sihweba singezwana phakathi kobulula, ubulungisa, nokulunga kwezombangazwe.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Zemiphumela Engalungile

  • [1824]:[ Andrew Jackson wawina ukhetho oluthandwayo kodwa walahlekelwa umongameli eNdlu yabameleli kuJohn Quincy Adams ngemva kokuba kungekho mvoti owathola amavoti amaningi.
  • 76:[ Samuel Tilden wawina ivoti ethandwayo kodwa walahlekelwa umongameli kuRutherford B. Hayes ngemva kwekhomishane ye-voti ephikisanayo yaklonyelisa wonke amavoti aphikisanayo eHayes.
  • 188:[ Grover Cleveland wawina ivoti ethandwayo kodwa walahlekelwa yivoti ka-Benjamin Harrison.
  • : Al Gore wawina ukuvota okuthandwayo ngamavoti angaphezu kuka-540 000 kodwa walahlekelwa iElectoral College kuGeorge W. Bush ngephepha le-71-266 ngemva kwesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme samisa i-Florida.
  • 2016:[[[FLT] uHillary Clinton] wawina amavoti athandwayo cishe ngezigidi eziyizigidi ezingu 2.9 zamavoti (amaphesenti angu-2.1) kodwa walahlekelwa iElectoral College kuDonald Trump (304-227).

Abavoti abaningi baveza ukukhungatheka kokuthi amavoti abo anganqanyulwa umamakhenikha aqondiswe ukuma kwezwe.

Umphumela Wesimo Semikhumbi Nemikhankaso

I-Electoral College ayilingani nje kuphela ukuthi ubani oba ngumongameli kodwa futhi nendlela abazohlolwa abaxhumana ngayo nokhetho. Imikhankaso iqhuba ukuvota kanye nokuthatha izimpawu ezincane ezicishe zigcwale kuphela emazweni athathwa njengokuvota. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abavoti emazweni angewona ama-"%swing banikezwa ukunakekela okuncane kakhulu, izikhangiso ezimbalwa, futhi akukho kuhambela okulindelekile. Ngokwesibonelo, kukhetho lwama-202020, i-9% yemali esetshenzisiwe ngomkhankaso yagxiliswa ezindaweni ezingu-12 kuphela, iPennsylvania kuphela yamukela izigidi ezingu-R31 (R3 000) ezikhangisweni zokukhangisa. Izwe lonke lalingakhathalelwa yizikhangiso ezikhangiswe kakhulu yizini ngemva kwemikhangiso.

Lokhu kungathimba kungaholela ekuhlanekezeleni kwezimiso. Abameli bavame ukuvuza izifundazwe ngokusebenzisa imali eshibhile kahulumeni, ngempumuzo yenhlekelele, nangezenzo zokuphatha. Ukuhlola kwezezomnotho uJohn N.Friedman noRichard Hoden kwathola ukuthi izifundazwe ezijikelayo zamukela imali engaphezulu ngamaphesenti angu-7 ku-uhulumeni ku-mont. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi lokhu kuyindlela “yengulube yengulube” elulaza ukulingana.

Kubantu abahlala khona, umphumela ongokoqobo uwukuthi ikhono labo lokuthonya ukukhethwa komongameli lixhomeke kakhulu ekuncintisaneni kukahulumeni wabo. Umvoti osesimweni esilondekile angase angakukhuthazi ukufunda ngezikhundla zabazo noma ukuvota, kanjalo kunciphise izivumelwano zomphakathi. Ngokuphambene, abavoti ezizweni ezijikelezayo baba “ngaphaka kwe-" ngoba izintando zabo zifunwa yizo zombili izigaba. Lokhu kungakhuthaza umuzwa wokunikezwa amandla phakathi kwabavoti, kodwa kudala ukungalingani phakathi konogwayi.

Indima Yezinkolo Zesithathu

Ingxenye yesithathu ayinalo ithuba elingokoqobo lokuwina amavoti evoti evoti ezindaweni eziningi ezinqobile. Ngisho noma i-fracty party awina ingxenye enkulu yevoti ethandwayo ezweni lonke (umz., Ross Perot’s 18.9 ngo-192), bangase bathole amavoti angonothi abangakhethiyo. Lokhu kuqinisa ukuvota okuthandwayo kwezwe lonke, isithathu sabavoti abathathiwe bangawina ingxenye yevoti ethandwayo, nakuba bengawinangasakwazi ukuthonya noma ukuphikisana. Abanye abasekeli baphikisa ukuthi ukumelela e-Elctor Collegeal (noma ukuyisusa) kungavula indawo yezombangazwe ukuze baqonde ngokwengeziwe.

Isiphetho

Ukungezwani phakathi kwe-Electoral College nevoti ethandwayo kufinyelela emnyombweni wezimiso zentando yeningi zaseMelika: ukumelela, ukulingana, nombuso. Kubantu, ukuqonda isimiso kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuhlanganyela ezingxoxweni zenguquko. Nakuba i-Electoral College ihlala iqinile ngokomthetho, izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo nezinyakazayo zotshani njengo NPVIC kubonisa ukuthi ushintsho lungenzeka, ngisho noma kunzima. Izakhamuzi kufanele zizifundise ukuthi iziphi izivoteko ezimelelo ezimele izivumelwano zezenguquko ezivumelana nezindinganiso zazo.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka Izinqolobane zesizwe ekhasini le-Electoral College, Fairvote ukuhlaziywa kwe-National Popular Vote[, kanye ne-[FLT]BNAN Center ka-BRENAN .