Ukuqonda Imithetho Ephoqelelwayo Yomthetho

Imithetho elandelwayo iyisisekelo samaphoyisa anamuhla. Iqukethe iziqondiso ezihleliwe, izimiso, nezinqubo ezilawula indlela izikhulu neminyango okufeza ngayo imisebenzi yazo kusukela ekumisweni kwezimoto okuvamile kuya ezimweni ezisezinkingeni eziphezulu. Lemithetho ayiyona ewumthetho ozimele; yakhiwe esisekelweni somthetho-mthetho, izimfuneko ezingokomthetho, izimfuneko zomthetho, izenzakalo zomthetho, nezenzo ezingcono kakhulu ezikhona phakathi namashumi eminyaka. Injongo yabo eyinhloko iwukuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izenzo ezithathwa ngokugcinwa umthetho zingokomthetho zingokomthetho, zingokomthetho, futhi aziguquguquki, kanjalo zivikela amalungelo abantu kuyilapho zigcina ukuhleleka komphakathi.

Imithetho yesivumelwano isebenza njengekhampasi esebenzayo yezikhulu, inciphisa ukungaqondakali ezinqumweni ezihlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla esiza izikhulu zihlola izinsongo futhi zisebenzise izimpendulo ezifanele, kuyilapho ukuboshwa nokuphenywa kwemithetho elandelwayo kuvikela kokubili isikhulu kanye nesihloko ezimivinjeni ezingokomthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi ziqondiso zinikeza uphawu lwecala lokulandisa. Uma kwenzeka kwenzeka isenzakalo, abacwaningi nezinkantolo bahlola ukuthi izikhulu zilandela imithetho emisiwe, zizenze ithuluzi eligxekayo lokukhanya nokwengamele. Njengoba i-projectalstions, ukubukeza nokuvuselelwa kwaletwa kwalemithetho kudinga ukunikeza izincazelo ezintsha ezingokomthetho, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, kanye namathemba emphakathini.

Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Zemithetho Yomthetho Ephoqelelwayo

Imithetho elawula umthetho yanamuhla ihlanganisa imisebenzi eminingi. Izingxenye ezilandelayo zihlola izindawo ezinhlanu eziyinhloko ezakha umnyombo osebenzayo womsebenzi wamaphoyisa. Ingxenye ngayinye iqondiswa izindinganiso zomthetho, imithetho yesifunda, nezimfuneko zokuqeqesha ezihloselwe ukulinganisela ukuphumelela kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye.

Ukusetshenziswa Kweziqondiso Zamandla

Umthetho wokulawula mhlawumbe uyingxenye ehlolisiswa kakhulu yokugcinwa komthetho. Imithetho yemithetho elandelwayo kulendawo iklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu zisebenzisa amandla adingekile kuphela ukuze zifeze injongo engokomthetho yokugcinwa komthetho. ISichibiyelo se-FORth [ seSimende somthetho] se-U.S. sivimbela ukuquleka okungaqondakaliyo, futhi iNkantolo ePhakathi e [FLT:] [FLT]] isebenzisa amandla okulawula umthetho. Connor[ yasungula ukuthi izikhali ezigaba ngokweqile kumelwe zihlolwe ngokombono wesikhulu esinengqondo esisendaweni, kunokuba kube ngu-20/20 ehlayo. Iminyango eminingi namuhla imukela isici se-umeam-yodwayo esukela ekuphumeni kwemiyayayeni nasemiyalweni, ngezindlela ezingenalutho, (indlela yokugcina), izikhali ezisetshenziswa njengesezinsubayo, amandla okugcina.

Izimo ezihambelana nethonya elikhulayo zihlanganisa ubukhulu bobugebengu, ukuthi indaba iwusongo olusheshayo, nokuthi ingabe indaba imelene nokuboshwa. Abaphathi baqeqeshelwa ukuthatha indawo engaphandle noma nini lapho kungenzeka, ukwenza i-decaria, ukusebenzisa isembozo, nokusebenzisa izindlela zokuxhumana ukuze kunciphe isidingo samandla angokomzimba. Amanxusa amaningi manje adinga ukubika ngokuningiliziwe kanye nokubukeza okungaqondisi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngaphezu kwezinga elithile, okutuswa kakhulu yi-U.S. U. Umnyango woMahlulele-omzimba .].

Izindlela Zokuboshwa

Ukuboshwa kumelela ukugxambukela okuphawulekayo kwenkululeko yomuntu, ngakho imithetho elawula ukuboshwa iningiliziwe futhi iqinile. Isikhulu kumelwe sibe nesizathu esilindelekile, indinganiso echazwa njengenkolelo enengqondo esekelwe emaqinisweni ukuthi ubugebengu benziwa noma buyenziwa. Phakathi nokuboshwa, imisebenzi ihlanganisa ukuziveza njengephoyisa, ukuveza isizathu sokuboshwa, nokuthatha indaba ngenkani ngegunya elincane. Uma umuntu esejele, izikhulu kumelwe zinikeze izixwayiso [ Maranda ngaphambi kokuqhuba i-polisa, zitshela umuntu welungelo ukuba ahlale ethule futhi ahlale ephethe.

Izinqubo zokubhala izincwadi ziyahluka-hluka ngokwezimiso kodwa ngokuvamile zihlanganisa ukuqopha okusemthethweni izikhalo, ukuthatha izithombe nokudweba iminwe, isenzakalo sokufuna ukuboshwa, nokuhlola ezokwelapha ukulimala noma izinkinga zempilo. Imithetho yemithetho futhi ikhuluma ngokuphatha imiphakathi ekhethekile, njengentsha, abantu abanezimo zempilo yengqondo, nabesifazane abakhulelwe, idinga ukuba izikhulu ezibophayo zinakekele kakhulu noma zithintane. Ukuhluleka ukulandela izinqubo zokuboshwa ezifanele kungaholela ekunqandeni ngaphansi komthetho wokukhishwa kwecala noma icala lomphakathi lokuvalelwa ngecala okungamangalela noma ukugqila.

Imithetho Yokufuna Nokungasasebenzi

I-protocol isebenza ekwahlukaneni kwezindawo zophenyo lwezelelesi eziphumelelayo nezokuvikela komthetho-sisekelo. ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela abantu ekufuneni nasekuqulekeni okungacabangeli. Ngokuvamile, ukufuna kudinga isiqinisekiso esikhishwa imantshi engathathi hlangothi ngenxa yesizathu okungenzeka. Nokho, kunezindawo eziningi ezishintshwe kahle: imvume, izimo eziqinile (umz., ukuphenywa ngokushesha, ukuqedwa kobufakazi), ukuphenywa kwesenzakalo esingokomthetho sokuboshwa, imfundiso esobala, kanye nokuphenya ngezimoto.

I-opatration ngayinye kumelwe isetshenziswe ngokunemba. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusesha imvume kudinga ukuba umuntu anikezwe ngokuzithandela futhi umuntu abe negunya elingokoqobo noma elisobala endaweni ephehlwayo. Abaphathi baqeqeshelwe ukuveza amaqiniso aqondile avumelanayo avumelana nokuhlola okungadingekile. Ubufakazi bezemishini buye banezela izingqimba ezintsha zobunkimbinkimbinkimbi. Ukuhlola ucingo lwecell, ngokwesibonelo, ngokuvamile kudinga isiqinisekiso ngaphansi [[FL:0] r[FLY] v. California (2014]]) (2014). Amaziko alungisa njalo imithetho yawo yokukhipha iziyalezo ezivela eNkantolo yeNkantolo nenkantolo ephakeme, eqinisekisa ukuthi ubufakazi buyohlungwa ngokuqulwa.

Izindlela Zokuxoxa

Ukuxoxisana kuyikhono elikhethekile elihloselwe ukuthola ukwaziswa kokuzithandela, okunokwethenjelwa kubantu abasolwayo kodwa kusekwe ngokomthetho. Imithetho yokuphenywa yenziwa elungelweni lesiHlanu lokuziphendulela kanye neSichibiyelo seSihla Yesithupha siyilungelo leMiranda: phambi kokuphenywa kwemvume, izikhulu kumelwe zitshele abasolwa amalungelo azo. Kumelwe bazi, bahlakaniphe, bahloniphe futhi bazimisele ukuphendulwa. Amaqhinga okuzisongela, izithembiso zokuzisola, noma ukuzihlukanisa isikhathi eside — azivunyelwe ngoba zingavuma ngokungazibophi.

Imithetho elandelwayo yanamuhla ihlanganisa i-Reid Technique noma i-PECE i-faksi ye-[ [I-PLT] [i-ACE] [i-APPP] [i-Alanting ne-Preating, i-Akhawunti, i-Akhawunti, i-Complete, i-Ex, i-Explutation, i-Explutate], igcizelela ukuxoxa nokuqalwa kwezimiso zokuphikisana ngengxoxo. Izingxoxo ezingokwezimiso kanye nokuhlela phakathi nesigaba sokuhlola kuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izindinganiso zomthetho zikhona futhi zibheke ukuhlola.

Izimiso Zomphakathi Ezikhuthazayo

I-polist yomphakathi iyifilosofi efuna ukuba kube nendlela esebenzayo, esekelwe ekulondekeni komphakathi, kunokuba ibe yikho kanye ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuqinisekisa, ukugcinwa kwemithetho. Imithetho yemithetho kulendawo igxila ekwakheni ukwethembana, ukunciphisa izimbangela zobugebengu, nokusingatha izimbangela zesiphithiphithi ngokubambisana. Abaphathi balindeleke ukuba bahlanganyele njalo, ngokusebenzelana okuhle namalungu omphakathi, bahlanganyele emihlanganweni eseduze, futhi bahambisane nezinhlangano zendawo, izikole, namabhizinisi. Izinkinga zezithombe ezithuthukisayo ezifana no SARA [ukubambisana], (ukuhlola, ukuphenya, ukuphenya) zisetshenziswa ngokuhleleka okuhleliwe njalo ezingxoxweni ezinjengokwenza izidakano noma ukuphatha izidakamizwa.

Imithetho yesivumelwano futhi iqondisa izikhulu zamasiko embukwaneni wamaphoyisa asebenza ngokuncintisana, asebenza ngokukhubazeka, kanye nokuqaphela okuphelele kobandlululo. Umgomo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amalungu omphakathi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungowaluphi uhlanga, ubuzwe, noma isimo sezenhlalo, athola inkonzo elungile nenenhlonipho. I-COPS] Office [ ye-U.S.Umnyango wobulungisa unikeza imithombo emikhulu ekwazi ukujwayela izidingo zawo zendawo. I-Profektha yezentellings , ithuthukisa ukwabelana kolwazi, futhi iholela ekuncipheni kwenani elicacile lobugebengu obukhulu lapho inciphisa amathuba okukhononda nokuzilisayo.

Ukubaluleka Kokubambisana

Ukunamathela emithetho elandelwayo yokugcinwa komthetho akuyona nje imfuneko ye-bureaucracy; kuyisici esiyisisekelo sobupolisa bentando yeningi. Uma izikhulu zilandela iziqondiso ezimisiwe, ziqinisa umthetho futhi zibonisa inhlonipho ngamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo womuntu ngamunye. Lokhu kuveza izinzuzo eziningana ezibucayi:

  • ivikela amalungelo omphakathi — Imithetho enjengezimfuneko zokufuna kanye nezixwayiso ze-Miranda ziyisivikelo esiqondile ekuphathweni uhulumeni. Ukungathathi- hlangothi kungaholela ekuphucweni kwezesine, ezesihlanu, ezesithupha, nezeshumi elinesine iziNguquko, ezingabangela ukulimala okungalungiseki kubantu futhi zibangele ukonakala kwesimiso sobulungisa.
  • Ithemba lomphakathi eliqinile — Ukucwaninga kubonisa ngokungaguquguquki ukuthi uma umphakathi ubheka izenzo zamaphoyisa njengezingokomlomo (impepho, ukubonakala kwelinye icala, nokuhlonipheka), ukwethembana nokubambisana. Ukuhambisana nemithetho elandelwayo kuyisibonakaliso esingenakulinganiswa sobulungisa obungokwesiko esisebenzayo.
  • Inciphisa izenzakalo zokuziphatha okubi[ — Imithetho ecacile, ihlangene nokuqondisa nokuziphendulela, idala amathuba ambalwa okuxhashazwa noma ukunganaki. Uma izikhulu ziphambuka esimisweni, izimiso zokungenela zakuqala zingathatha izindlela zokuthatha isinyathelo ngaphambi kokuba zikhule zibe izenzakalo ezingathi sína.
  • Iqinisekisa ukuphepha komphakathi wonke — iMithetho egcizelela ukuncishiswa kwemali, ukungenela kwezinkinga, nokubambisana komphakathi kunciphisa izingxabano zobudlova, ukuncishiswa kwe-ivocidelism, futhi kuthuthukisa indawo ephephile kubaphathi nakumphakathi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvumelana nemithetho engokomthetho. Imithombo yezemfundo ehlulekayo ukuqeqesha izikhulu ezisemithethweni elandelwayo noma ebekezelela ukuphambuka okusakazekile ingabhekana nokumangalelwa kwemithetho yomphakathi ngaphansi kwe-Catego 1983 uma lokho kwehluleka kuphumela ekuphuleni umthetho-sisekelo. Imithetho eminingi yokuvuma efakwa eminyangweni yamaphoyisa iqhutshwa yimiphumela yokungavumelani nemithetho eyisisekelo.

Izinselele Emithethoni Yokuphoqelelwa Komthetho

Naphezu kokubaluleka okusobala kwemithetho elandelwa kahle, izinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho kulo lonke izwe zibhekene nezinselele eziphikelelayo ekuzisebenziseni nasekuzilondolozeni. Lezi zithiyo zingaqeda ukuphumelela ngisho kwezimiso ezihloswe kahle.

Ukuqeqesha Okuguquguqukayo Kwaphesheya Kwamaqembu Ezomnyango

Ukuqeqeshwa kwemithetho ebucayi kuyahlukahluka kakhulu ukusuka kwelinye izwe ukuya kwelinye. Ihhovisi elincane lasemaphandleni lingase libe nemithombo elinganiselwe futhi libe nezikhathi zaminyaka yonke kuphela ezisemuva, kuyilapho umnyango omkhulu wamaphoyisa edolobha unganikezela ukuqeqeshwa kwezikole nokuqeqeshwa okusekelwe ezibonelweni ezibucayi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuqonda kwesikhulu okusemthethweni ezindaweni ezinjengokuphenya nokuthumba noma ukusebenzisa amandla kungahluka kuye ngokuthi kuxhomekephi lapho sikhonza khona. Izindinganiso zesizwe, njengalezo ezikhishwa yi-[FLT: 0] National Law Enfoctive Policy Center[, kunikeza isisekelo, kodwa ukutholwa komntwana kungokokuzithandela. Ukungabikho kwezimfuneko zendawo yonke esemthethweni yemithetho ephakathi kwezindawo eziphakathi kwezindawo zokuncintisana. Izindinganiso zesizwe, njengalezo ezikhishwa yimpumelelo engokomthetho nemiphumela engokomthetho.

Ukusetshenziswa Komphakathi Nokucusumbula Kwemithombo Yezindaba

Kulenkathi ye-orgone video nezokuxhumana, zonke izenzo zamaphoyisa zingasakazwa futhi zihlaziywe ngokushesha. Ukuqondiswa komphakathi kwesenzakalo ngokuvamile kuvela ngaphambi kokuba kuqondwe umongo ogcwele wemithetho elandelwayo. Lendawo ingadala ukucindezela kubaphathi ukuba benze izenzo ezifanele noma, ngokuphikisanayo, ukusabela okunesizotha okulula. Inselele kulokhu kuthembeka emithethoni kuyilapho iveza ngokucacile incazelo ecacile yezehlakalo zenqubo. Umonakalo odumile ovela ezibonelweni eziphezulu ze-profile, ngisho nalapho imithetho elandelwa, ingathinta kakhulu, ithonyela ekuphenduleni okunelisa ukuphepha kwabo, ukuziphatha okuhle, nokubambisana komphakathi.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwemithombo Yezinto

Imithetho eminingi ehlanganisa ukuphatha komphakathi, ukungenela kwezenhlekelele, noma ukuncishiswa kwemisebenzi, idinga ukutshala imali ephawulekayo ekuqeqesheni, ekusebenzeni, nasemishinini. Iminyango emincane ivame ukulwa nokuxhasa amahora angu-40 + eqembu lokungenela kwezinhlekelele (CIT) kutuswa ukuba kuhlolwe izikhulu noma kuhlonyiswe zonke izisebenzi ngamakhamera omzimba kanye nokugcinwa kokwaziswa okudingekile. Ngaphandle kwemithombo eyanele, ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho kuba yimpumelelo engcono kunokusetshenziswa. Ngenxa yalokho, ezinye izinhlangano zingamisa amasu aphambili ekwakhelini anezinqubo ezihambela phambili engeziwe ekwakheni umphakathi omphakathi owengeziwe, ngisho nalapho lokhu kuveza imiphumela engcono.

Ukushintsha Ngokusheshayo Kwezomthetho Nezenhlalo

Imithetho namathemba angokwezenhlalakahle eqenjini le-polithili ayanqwabelana. Indinganiso engokomthetho yokusebenzisa amandla, ukusingatha izinkinga zempilo yengqondo, nokuqoqwa kobufakazi be-DNA konke kuye kwaba nezinguquko ezinkulu emashumini eminyaka amuva. Imithombo yomnyango kumele iqhubeke ilungisa imithetho yayo ukuze ihlale ikhona. Lokhu kufuna ukuba izinhlangano ezinikezelwe, abaphathi bemithetho engokomthetho, kanye nokuzimisela ukuthuthukisa intuthuko eqhubekayo — ubunewumsebenzi obungenakukhokha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbuso ofanayo ungaba nezingqimba eziningi zemithetho (idolobha, isifunda, isifunda, isifunda, nombuso) ezidala izimfuneko eziphikisanayo, izikhulu ezishiya izikhulu zilandela ukuthobelana.

Imikhuba Exubile Neziyalezo Zesikhathi Esizayo

Izinqubo eziningana ezivelayo zithembisa ukuvuselela indlela amaphoyisa asebenza ngayo eminyakeni ezayo, ukusingatha izinselele ezithile zamanje kuyilapho ziveza izingxoxo ezintsha.

Ukushintsha Kwezobuchwepheshe

Kusukela ezimisweni zobufakazi eziyinkimbinkimbi zobuchwepheshe kuya ezikhungweni zobuphetho zobungcweti zobuphenyi ezihlola ukunakekelwa kwangempela, ezobuchwepheshe zishintsha izimfuneko zemithetho elandelwayo. Amakhamera omzimba acishe ahlale ekhona, abangela izimiso ezintsha zokusebenza, ukugcina, nokuveza umphakathi. Ama-Drone manje asetshenziselwa ukuphenya nokusindisa, ukuvuselela izingozi, nokuhlola izingozi, nokusola, kudinga imithetho emisha yokulinganisela ukusebenziseka kwawo ngokulingana namalungelo abo ayimfihlo. Ukuhlakanipha okusetshenziswa ekuqapheleni ubuso noma ukubikezela inqubo yezobupolishi kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngobandlululo nokunemba, kusunduza izinhlangano ukuba zithuthukise imigaqo esobala ngaphambi kokuba zithumele lamathuluzi.

Ukungenela Kwenkinga Eyandayo Nezimo Eziyinkimbinkimbi Zeco-Respoint

Ukuqaphela ukuthi abaningi bafuna inkonzo ehilela ukugula ngengqondo, ukusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa, noma ukungabi namakhaya, iminyango ikha imithetho ekhethekile yokuhlanganisa i-componeste. Le phoyisa elinesisebenzi sezempilo yengqondo noma sezenhlalakahle ukusingatha izenzakalo ezidinga ukukhishwa kwemali nokuhlanganiswa kwezinkonzo kunokuba liboshwe. Izinhlelo zokuhlola ukwaziswa okuvela emadolobheni anjengo-Eugene, i-Oregon (isibonelo se-CAHOTS) neLos Angeles zibonisa ukuthi imithetho enjalo inciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezehlakalo ezisemthethweni noma ukuboshwa okungadingekile lapho kugcinwa intela ama-irambuyiseli. Inselele ekulinganiseleni lezimpathi nokuqeqesha zonke izikhulu ukuba zihambe ngokufanelekile, ngisho nangaphambi kokuba iqembu le-conesteexson lifike.

Ukugunyazwa Kwesizwe Nezinhlangano Zokubusa

Kukhona ukuphoqelelwa okukhulayo kwezindinganiso zesizwe ekuqikelelweni komthetho, kuhlanganise nezimfuneko zokuqeqesha ezinciphileyo kanye nokubhaliswa kwesizwe ukuze kubhalwe izatifiketi zesikhulu kanye nokususwa kwesiqinisekiso. Izinhlangano ezinjenge- Police Foundation sekuyisikhathi eside zicelwa ukuba kube nezimiso ezisekelwe kubufakazi ezizonciphisa ukuqina kweminyango. Nakuba imithetho kahulumeni ihlala izwela ngokwezombangazwe, imikhakha yokugunyaza njenge-CALEA (Imvume yokulungisa i-Accrective for Law Inforcementmental Atment) kakade isilungiselela ipulani yezinhlangano ezifuna ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso eziphakeme ngokuzithandela. Kulesikhathi esizayo, amazwe angamukela imithetho efana nemithetho efana neyokwamukela imvume yokuxhasa noma ukuxhasa umshuwayamukele.

Ukulandisa Nemishini Yokubona Ingaphandle

Isidingo somphakathi sokulandisa yimithetho elandelwayo e-indeeucleance enjengezimiso zokuxwayisa zakudala ezithi izikhulu zefulege ezinamazinga aphakeme ezikhonolo noma ezisebenzisa izenzakalo ezisemdlalweni. Amabhodi abaphathi bamapulani anikezwa kakhulu amathuba okuhlola nokukhononda kwezimiso. Iminyango eminingi manje inyathelisa imibiko yezibalo ngemiboniso eyimfihlo engolayinini, ukuphenya, ukuboshwa, nokusebenzisa amandla. Lokhu kuqhubekela ekuboneni ngaphandle nje kokwakha ukwethembana kodwa futhi kwakha futhi kwakha indida esiza izinhlangano ukuba zibone ukuthi iziphi iziqondiso ezisebenza futhi zidinga ukubukezwa.

Isiphetho: Imithetho Yemithetho Yokusebenza Njengomsebenzi Ophilayo

Imithetho elandelwayo yokugcinwa komthetho ayiyona nje imithetho ebhalwe ephepheni. Imelela uhlelo oluphilayo oluvumelana nezinguquko ezingokomthetho, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, kanye namathemba omphakathi. Uma iklanywe kahle futhi ifezwa ngokwethembeka, lemithetho ivikela amalungelo abantu, inikeza isiqondiso esicacile kubaphathi, futhi iqinisa isibopho phakathi kwamaphoyisa nezindawo ezisebenzayo. Uhambo lokuvuma ngokugcwele luyaqhubeka. Kudingeka ukuqeqeshelwa, ukuvuma ukugcinwa kocwaningo lwangaphandle, ukulandisa, nokuzimisela ukuguqula lapho ubufakazi buveza amaphutha. Kubaholi, abakhankampathi bemithetho, nezakhamuzi ngokufanayo, umgomo ofanayo: isimiso sokusebenza esisebenza kokubili siyasebenza futhi sisebenza kahle, lapho zonke izenzo ziqondiswa umthetho nezimiso zomphakathi ezisekela ukuhleleka komphakathi.