Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kungokunye kwamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu futhi aphikiswana kakhulu ekubusweni komthetho-sisekelo. Kunika izinkantolo amandla okuhlola izenzo zamagatsha emithetho nezikhulu futhi kunqume ukuthi lezozenzo zivumelana yini nomthetho-sisekelo. Lenqubo ayigcini ngokusekela ubukhulu bomthetho-sisekelo kodwa futhi yenza njengesivikelo kuhulumeni ophambanayo. Ukuqonda ngokugcwele ukucubungula kokwahlulela, kubalulekile ukuhlola imvelaphi yawo, imisebenzi yawo eyisisekelo, izinhlelo zembulunga yonke, nezinselele eziphikelelayo ezibhekene nemibuso yanamuhla.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando Sokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Umqondo wokuthi izinkantolo zingawuchitha umthetho awuzange uvele ngesikhashana nje. Izimpande zawo zibuyele emuva emthethweni wesiNgisi ovamile nomqondo wokuthi imithetho ethile eyisisekelo ayinakushintshwa yimithetho evamile. Nokho, umkhuba wanamuhla wokuhlola ukwahlulela owachazwa e-United States ngecala elingefaniyo lecala Marbury v. Madison [1803]. Kulesosinqumo, uMadison, uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall wamemezela: "Ligcizelela kakhulu isifunda nesibopho somnyango wokwahlulela ukusho ukuthi umthetho uyini." Lenkulumo eqinile yaveza indima ye-judiary ekuchazeni umthetho wemithetho ephikisana nawo.

" kugcizelela kakhulu isifundazwe nomsebenzi womnyango wokwahlulela ukuthi uyini umthetho. – IJaji eliyinhloko uJohn Marshall, Marbury v. Madison[[FLT][2]

Ngaphambi kwe-Marbury, ezinye izinkantolo zamakoloni zase zibonise kakade ikhono lokuqeda izimiso eziphula izimiso eziyisisekelo. Kodwa kwakuwumbono kaMarshall ukuthi ukubukezwa komthetho-mthetho-mthetho ngokungenasiphelo kwaseMelika. Icala lavela empikiswaneni yezombangazwe ngokumiswa kokwahlulela, nokho laveza imfundiso eyayizohlela ukulinganisela kwegunya phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni. Kusukela ngalesosikhathi, ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kuye kwaba isisekelo sezimiso eziningi zomthetho emhlabeni wonke, eziye zavumelana namasiko ahlukene engokomthetho wezwe nemongosi yezombangazwe.

Izimila Nentuthuko Efanayo

EYurophu, umqondo wokubukeza umthetho-sisekelo wakhula ngokungafani. Ukwenqatshwa kwemithetho yeNguquko yaseFrance kwaholela esimisweni lapho izinkantolo ezivamile zazingenakuhlola khona umthetho; kunalokho, umkhandlu ozimele womthetho-mthetho (uMkhandlu wanamuhla ] Conseil Constitutionnel[)) wamiswa ngo-19583 ukuze kubukezwe imithetho ngaphambi kokuba isebenze. Ngokungafani, isazi sezemthetho wase-Austria uHans Kelsen sahlobisa isibonelo esiyinhloko sokubukeza umthetho wemithetho ekwakhelwe ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, esathonya ukusungulwa kwezinkantolo zomthetho womthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho okhethekile emazweni amaningi. Lezindlela ezifanayo zibonisa ukuthi ukubukezwa komthetho kungathatha izindlela eziningi lapho sifeza injongo efanayo: ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umsebenzi kahulumeni uhulumeni uhlala phakathi kwemingcele ye-mthetho.

Ukubaluleka Okufanelekile Kokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela akuyona nje indlela yokuhlela; kuhlanganisa umthetho nesivikelo senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Ukubaluleka kwawo kungaqondwa ngemisebenzi eminingana eyinhloko.

Ukulondoloza Amasheke Nokulinganisela

Kunoma yisiphi isimiso samagunya ahlukene, igatsha ngalinye kumelwe libe namathuluzi okuhlola amanye. Ukuhlola kwezehlulelo kunikeza ikomiti yezehlulelo izindlela zokuqeda izenzo zemithetho yezomthetho noma zezikhulu ezidlula imingcele yomthetho-mthetho. Lokhu kuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ekuqoqeni igunya elinganqandeki. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho i-Congress idlulisela umthetho ophula inkululeko yokukhuluma, iNkantolo Ephakeme ingawumemezela ngaphandle komthetho, kanjalo igcine uhlelo lomthetho-mthetho.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Abantu Abahlukahlukene Nabancane

Intando yeningi yamandla entando yeningi ngezinye izikhathi ingacindezela amadlanzana noma igxambukela emalungelweni ayisisekelo. Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kusebenza njengegunya eliphikisanayo nomthetho-mthetho, ivumela izinkantolo ukuba zishaye imithetho ephula umthetho, ngisho noma leyo mithetho ithandwa. Icala le-Landmark enjenge Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ [1954] [i-Umthetho we-US], owenqabela ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi, ubonise indlela ukubukeza kokwahlulela okungalungisa ngayo ukungalungisi kwezimiso zezimiso zezwe. Ngokufanayo, iNkantolo ye-India Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa amandla ayo okubukeza amalungelo emiphakathini ezindawo, isebenzisa imfundiso ye "isimo somthetho".

Ukwakha Izenzakalo Ezingokomthetho Nokungaguquguquki

Izinkantolo ngokuhlola kokwahlulela zakha izenzakalo ezibophayo eziqondisa ukuchazwa kwemithetho esikhathini esizayo. Lokhu kuthuthukisa ukuzinza komthetho nokubikezelwa. Uma inkantolo ikhipha isinqumo eqenjini, ezinkantolo eziphansi, izishayamthetho, nezikhulu eziphethe kumelwe zivumelane nezenzo zazo naleso sinqumo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, indikimba yemithetho yomthetho-mthetho ikhula, inikeza izindinganiso ezicacile zokuvumelana nalokho okuvunyelwe. Lesimiso esisekelwe ekwakheni kwenqubo, esivamile emithethweni efanayo, siqinisekisa ukuthi amacala afanayo aphathwa ngendlela efanayo, akhuthaza ukulunga nempumelelo.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Okuvumelana Nomthetho - sisekelo

Imithetho-sisekelo ivame ukubhalwa ngolimi olubanzi. Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kuvumela izinkantolo ukuba zichaze lamalungiselelo ngokucabangela izimo zezenhlalo ezishintshayo, ezobuchwepheshe, nezindinganiso. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuchazwa kwelungelo lokuzifihla kuye kwanda ukuze kufinyelelwe ukuxhumana kocingo nokwenza okungamelwe kuthathwe. Ngale nqubo yokuphila yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, ukubukezwa komthetho-mthetho kusiza umthetho-sisekelo ukuba uhlale ubalulekile ngaphandle kokufuna ukubuyiselwa okungokomthetho.

Indlela Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Okusebenza Ngayo

Inqubo yokwahlulela ihilela imithetho nezindinganiso ezinqumayo ukuthi izinkantolo zingabuhlola nini futhi kanjani ubungako bemithetho engokomthetho. Ukuqonda lezici kubalulekile ekuqapheleni ukusebenza kwayo.

Ukuma, Ukushelela Nokuziphakamisa

Akuwona wonke umuntu noma iqembu elingabekela inselele umthetho enkantolo. Ukucela ukubukezwa kokwahlulela, umkhakha kumele ube nomile, okusho ukuthi kumelwe abonise ukulimala okukhethekile okubangelwa umthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinkantolo zifuna ukuba impikiswano ibe [ i-ripe [ (ayikho ukucaciswa) futhi ingabonisi [[[FLT:]] [[FLT:]] umoot[ [impikiswano ephilayo]. Lezi zimfundiso zivimbela izinkantolo ukuba zikhiphe imibono futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi ukubukezwa komthetho kusetshenziswa ukuxazulula izimpikiswano ezingokoqobo.

Izindinganiso Zokubukeza

Lapho zihlola umthetho, izinkantolo zisebenzisa izindinganiso ezihlukene ezisekelwe emalungelweni ahilelekile nakuhlelo olusetshenziswa uhulumeni. Emthetho-sisekelo we-US, kunezindinganiso ezintathu eziyinhloko:

  • Rational Basiss Review: Indinganiso ehlonipheke kakhulu. Umthetho uzogcinwa uma uhlobene ngokufanelekile nesithakazelo sikahulumeni esingokomthetho.
  • I-Scrutiny ephakathi: ifuna ukuba umthetho uhlobene kakhulu nesithakazelo sikahulumeni esibalulekile. Ngokuvamile usetshenziswa ezimweni ezihilela ukucwasa kwabesilisa nabesifazane noma inkulumo yezentengiselwano.
  • Scrutiny: Indinganiso enzima kakhulu. Umthetho kumele usebenzise isithakazelo sikahulumeni esicindezelayo futhi uhlotshaniswe kancane ukuze ufinyelele lesosithakazelo. Isetshenziswa imithetho ethinta amalungelo ayisisekelo (umz., inkulumo ekhululekile, ukuvota) noma izigaba ezisolwayo (umk., umjaho).

Lezi zindinganiso zisiza izinkantolo ukuba zilinganisele isidingo sesenzo sikahulumeni ngokumelene namalungelo omthetho - sisekelo.

Uhlobo lokubukeza: Incuticture v. Concrete

Kwezinye izimiso zomthetho, ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kungakwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba umthetho uthathe ukusebenza (ukubukeza okuqinile) noma lapho kusetshenziswa umthetho ecaleni elithile (ukubukeza). Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo yomthetho ye-German Federal Constitutional ingahlola umthetho ngesicelo sezindikimba ezithile zikahulumeni ngisho nangaphambi kokuba kwenzeke umonakalo. Ngokuphambene, izinkantolo zama-US zithatha ukubukeza okuqinisekile, ukuzwa izindaba lapho iqembu selililimele khona kakade. Isibonelo ngasinye sinezinzuzo: ukubukeza okungokolwazi kuvimbela imithetho elimazayo ekuthatheni imiphumela ekhona; ukubukeza okuqinile kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinkantolo zinomlando ophelele.

Indima Ye - Amicus Curiae Efingqiwe

Ezindabeni eziphezulu zomthetho-mthetho, amaqembu athakazelayo angezona izithakazelo eziqondile angafaka i-amicus curiae [umngane wenkantolo] imifushaniso engokomthetho yokunikeza izimpikiswano ezengeziwe, imininingwane, noma imibono ebanzi. Lokhu kucebisa ngokuletha ububanzi bezobuchwepheshe phambi kwenkantolo. Ngokwesibonelo, ...Obergefell v. Hodges, u-2020:5], ububanzi bemishwadayezo zombili zabekwa kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zomshado owe-expressiart, ithonya ukucabanga kweNkanto ephakeme.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Emhlabeni Wonke

Nakuba i - United States yaziwa kabanzi, amanye amazwe amaningi aye asungula izindlela zawo zokubukeza ukwahlulela, ngasinye sibunjwe umlando wendawo namasiko angokomthetho.

Canada

ISiphakamiso seNkantolo yaseCanada sihlola inqubo yokwahlulela ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso samaCanadia iSiphakamiso samaLungelo neNkululeko (1982]. Lenqubo ekhethekile ihlanganisa [ ingenawo umsuka [[] [u-3] (Umthetho]) (u- 33) ovumela iPhalamende lePhalamende noma izishaya-mthetho zesifunda ukuba zihlulele izinqumo ezithile zenkathi elinganiselwe. Lenqubo ekhethekile inikeza i-valvelve, ilondoloza isilinganiso sokuvikelwa kwemithetho ephakeme ngesikhathi esifanayo. Emacala anjenge [[FLT:].[FLT] v. Jordan[FLD:5]], inkantolo imisa imingcele eqinile yeminqumo, isilinganiso semithetho ebonakalisa amalungelo.

EJalimane

Inkantolo yomthetho-sisekelo ye-FULT ime njengomqaphi onamandla woMthetho oMkhulu (Grundgesetz). Inegunya lokuhlola umthetho, ukuxazulula izimpikiswano phakathi kwamagatsha kahulumeni, futhi ngisho nokuvimbela amaqembu ezombangazwe asongela uhlelo lwentando yeningi. Izinqumo zayo ziye zaguqula umbuso wentando yeningi waseJalimane ngemva kwempi, kuhlanganise nezinqumo zelungelo lemfihlo, ukukhishwa kwezisu, nokuhlanganiswa kwelunguza kwelungu laseYurophu. Inkantolo yokubukeza isho ukuthi ingahlola imithetho ephambi kobuso bayo.

eNdiya

INkantolo Ephakeme yaseNdiya inamandla amakhulu okubukeza, kuhlanganise nekhono lokuqeda ukulungisa komthetho-mthetho okuphula isakhiwo somthetho-sisekelo. Lemfundiso yasungulwa kaKavanda Bharati v. i-State yase-Kerala[[FLT] [1903] futhi iye yasetshenziselwa ukuqeda izivumelwano ezingenza kunciphe amalungelo ayisisekelo, ubuzwe, nobuzwe. Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kweNdiya kuyaphawuleka ngenxa yesithakazelo sayo esisobala (PILL), okuvumela noma isiphi isakhamuzi ukuba sisondele enkantolo ngenxa yamaqembu angenazikhungatheki.

i-France

IFrance isebenzisa i-Constitution (Ingqungquthela ye-Consitunion) ehlola ngokuyinhloko imithetho ngaphambi kokuba idluliswe. Ngokungafani nemifanekiso yase-US noma yaseJalimane, izinkantolo ezivamile zaseFrance azikwazi ukubukeza umthetho-mthethweni. Nokho, kusukela ngo-2010, inqubo eyayaziwa njenge u-pretaire deconstinalté[ (QPC]) ivumela abantu ukuba bakhononde umthetho womthetho ngemva kokuba usetshenziswe, ishintshela iFrance ngakwisifanekiso esixube kakhulu.

i-Ningizimu Afrika

INkantolo yeNkantolo yaseNingizimu Afrika , emiswe ngemva kokuphela kobandlululo, inemibuso enamandla yokuhlola kokwahlulela. Iqinisekisa ukuthi yonke imithetho nezenzo zikahulumeni zivumelana noMthetho-sisekelo, okuhlanganisa noBill of Rights. Inkantolo ikhiphe izinqumo zezentengiselwano zamalungelo ezenhlalo, njengamalungelo ezindawo nezokunakekela impilo, okubonisa ukuthi ukubukeza kokwahlulela akunakukhuluma kuphela ngamalungelo omphakathi nawombuso nezombangazwe kodwa futhi kuveza nemithetho yezenhlalo.

EJapane naseAustralia

IJapane yamukela ukuhlolwa kokwahlulela kwe-US ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, kodwa iNkantolo yayo Ephakeme ayivamile ukulahla imithetho, ibonisa indlela yomthetho onqandayo. Inkantolo ephakeme yase-Australia ihlola ukwahlulela okusekelwe emfundisweni eshiwoyo yokuhlukanisa imibuso futhi yaziwa ngokuvikela kwayo okuqinile kwenkululeko yokuxhumana kwezombangazwe, okuboniswa embhalweni woMthetho-sisekelo.

Izinselele Nokugxeka Kokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Naphezu kokutholwa kwayo yonke indawo, ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kubhekene nezinselele ezibhekene nalesikhathi.

Impicabadala Ephikisayo

Enye yezigxeko eziphikelela kakhulu yinkinga yezembuyiselo yabaphathi-majoritarian [ — umqondo wokuthi amajaji angakhethwanga angalawula imithetho yedemokrasi. Abagxeki njengoAlexander Bickel baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kululaza ukubuswa kwentando yeningi. Abalweli baphendula ngokuthi ukuhlola kokwahlulela kuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo angafanele ahlolwe izithakazelo eziningi, nokuthi umthetho-sigractum ngokwawo uyindlela ephakeme yokuvumelana nentando yentando yeningi.

Ukuthatha Icala Ngokwahlulela Kumelene Nemingcele

Izimangalelo ze zezenzo zomthetho zivamile. Ngokwesibonelo, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme yase-US sibhekwa njengesaqanjwa ebhentshini [ unqanyulo [lapho abahluleli belalela khona ukumiswa kwendlu yomthetho]. Isinqumo seNkantolo ePhakeme yase-US [FLT:]] [FLT] i-Roe v. Wade[ [773]] satuswa abanye njengesivikelo sokuzala futhi silahlwa ngabanye njenge-intelligerive. Umngcele phakathi kwendalo ngokuvamile ukhona, futhi ukuqonda komphakathi kungancika ngokuhlela kwe-procedrome yenkantolo yezombangazwe.

Ukucindezela Kwezombangazwe Nokuzibusa

Abahluleli kumelwe bazimele ukuze bahlole ukwahlulela ngokuphumelelayo, kodwa ukucindezela kwezombangazwe kungaqeda ukuzimela. Kwamanye amazwe, ukuphambana kwenkantolo, imingcele, noma izinsongo zokungavumelani nemithetho ziye zasetshenziselwa ukwesabisa abahluleli. Ngisho nasebuthweni lentando yeningi elimisiwe, izimpi zokulwa ngokulandelana kwemibuso ehlukene ezibekwa okwahlulela zingabalulaza abahluleli, kuholele ekumangalelweni ngokuthi izinqumo zisekelwe emfundisweni kunokuba kusekelwe emthethweni.

Umphakathi Nokungagunyazi

Uma izinkantolo zikhipha izinqumo eziphikisanayo, ukwethembana komphakathi kungantengantenga. Icala eliphakeme ngokuphathelene nokukhishwa kwezisu, ukulingana komshado, noma amandla okubusa livame ukubangela ukuphambana. Izinkantolo zithembela ekwamukeleni komphakathi igunya lazo; uma lokho kwamukelwa kuncipha, ukuvumelana nemithetho kungase kunciphe. Imfundo yomphakathi ngendima yokuhlola kokwahlulela ibalulekile ekulondolozeni ukufaneleka kwayo.

Ukutholakala Nezindleko

Ukumisa icala lomthetho-sisekelo kuyabiza futhi kunika isikhathi esiningi. Lokhu kungalinganisela ukukwazi ukubukeza kokwahlulela kubantu abacebile, izinkampani, noma amaqembu enzalo anezinzuzo, kushiye izakhamuzi ezivamile zingatholanga mathuba amancane okubekela imithetho engekho ngokwemithetho engokomthetho. Isithakazelo somphakathi njengoba sinjalo eNdiya nakwamanye amazwe sizama ukwehlisa lemingcele, kodwa ukuhlukanisa imithombo kuseyinkinga yomhlaba wonke.

Izinhlelo zohlelo zanamuhla kanye nezindaba ezihlanganisayo

Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kuyaqhubeka kuguquka ngenxa yemibuzo emisha engokomthetho nezinguquko zobuchwepheshe.

Ukuzihlukanisa Kwabantu Ngezinombolo Nezilinganiso

Izinkantolo emhlabeni wonke ziphikisana nendlela isivikelo somthetho-mthetho esikhona esisebenza ngayo emniningwaneni yezobuchwepheshe. Inkantolo ePhakeme ye-US ku-[FT:0] Carpeenter v. United States (2018) yanquma ukuthi uhulumeni ngokuvamile udinga isiqinisekiso sokuthola imibhalo engokomlando yendawo yocingo, ukusebenzisa izivikelo zeSijikelezo sesine emibhalweni yezibalo. Izinkantolo zaseYurophu ngokufanayo zisebenzise umthetho wamalungelo abantu ekulinganiseleni izinhlelo zokuhlola.

Umbuso Ophethe Nezimiso Zokuqondisa

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izinkantolo ze-US ziye zahlola ukuma komthetho-mthetho kwemiyalo yabaphathi yokufuduka, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, kanye nokunakekela impilo. Icala elinjengo- Indatshana ye Homeland Security v. Regents yase University of California[[FLT:] [2020] yahlola imingcele yamandla kamongameli. Izinselele ezifanayo ziphakama kwamanye amazwe lapho isenzo sokulawula sandisa khona saya ezindaweni ezibekelwe umthetho ngokwesiko.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kuyasetshenziswa kakhulu ukuphoqelela ohulumeni ukuba balungise ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Icala elinjengaye Urgenda Foundation v. Izwe laseNetherlands (2029) kanye Julia v. United States [esamukelayo] impikiswano yokuthi isenzo sesimo sezulu esinganele siphula amalungelo omthetho ekwakheni ukuphila, inkululeko, nempahla. Nakuba imiphumela ihlukene, lemikhankatho imelela umngcele omusha wokuhlola kokwahlulela.

Ukuhlakanipha Okuyenziwe Nokwenziwa Kwesinqumo Ngokuzenzekelayo

Njengoba ohulumeni bethatha amathuluzi e-Al ukuze baqondise upholishi, ukugweba, nezinzuzo, izinkantolo kuzodinga ukubukeza ukuthi izimiso ezinjalo ziyavumelana yini nenqubo efanelekile nesiqinisekiso esifanayo. Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kungasebenza njenge-check emelene nobandlululo lwe-algorithm nokwenza izinqumo ezifiphele.

Isiphetho

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kungaphezu nje kokushintsha komthetho; kuyisivikelo esinamandla esiqinisekisa ukuthi amandla kahulumeni ahlala eboshwe yizimiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Kusuka ezimpandeni zawo eziyisisekelo ku- Marbury v. Madison kusetshenziswa kwayo kwamanje elungelweni nakuguqukeni kwesimo sezulu, amandla ezinkantolo okuhlola nokususa izenzo zomthetho ezisalokhu zibalulekile ekubusweni komthetho. Nakuba ibhekene nezinselele ezihlala zikhona, ukucindezela kwezombangazwe, kanye nokungena kwemingcele yezentengo yokuvikela amalungelo nokuhlola nokulinganisela nokulinganisela kwesilinganiso kubonakale kuyinto engenakulungiseka. Njengoba izimiso zomthetho ziqhubeka zizama ukuvumelana nezimo ezintsha, ngokungenakuphindwa okuko okuko okungokokubusayo nokuncintisana nokwezingamthetho emhlabeni wonke.

Ukuze uqhubeke ufunda, bheka I-Cornell Legal Information's imomory Institute yokwahlulela ; umbhalo we- Marbury v. Madison; ne- [[FLT] German Federal Constitution Court] isakhiwo seze-'isigunguqu''inkantolo esingokomthetho.