Ukubukeza Kolimi Olungagwegwesi Kwenqubo Yomthetho, Yokuqondisa, Neyokwahlulela

Uhulumeni ngamunye wentando yeningi usakaza amandla emagatsheni amathathu ahlukene: ukushaya umthetho, ukubusa, nokwahlulela. Lokhu kwahlukana akuwona amahlaya ehlazo olunzulu olunenkululeko, ngokuhlukanisa imithwalo yemfanelo, igatsha ngalinye lingagxila emsebenzini walo oyinhloko lapho lihlola amanye, livimbele noma imuphi umuntu oyedwa ukuba angalawuli. Ukuqonda indlela lamagatsha asiza ngayo izakhamuzi ukuba zilawule ezombangazwe, agcine abaholi benobuphi benombuzo, futhi abameleli bashintshe. Lesiqondiso sihamba egatsheni ngalinye ngobubanzi, sichaza isimiso sehlola nokulinganisa, futhi axhumanisa lezinqubo ekuphileni kwakho kwansuku zonke.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Lapho Kuzalelwa Imithetho

Igatsha lemithetho liyingalo kahulumeni enziwa umthetho. E-United States, yaziwa ngokuthi i-Breamral Congress, indikimba ye-bamaral eyakhiwe iSigele neNdlu yabameleli. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa amaphalamende, imihlangano yesizwe, noma izindikimba ezifanayo, ngokuvamile ezinezitena ezimbili ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-odocultures i-conomory.

Ukuhlelwa Nokuhlelwa Kwezakhiwo

Esimisweni sikahulumeni wase-U.S., iSigele sinezifekethiso eziyikhulu − ezimbili ezivela esifundazweni ngasinye ``Indlu Yabameleli' yaxega ngeminyaka eyisithupha. Indlu yabameleli inamalungu angu-435 ahlukene ngenani labantu bamazwe, ngalinye lisebenza igama elithatha iminyaka emibili. Le bidameral ilinganisela izithakazelo zezifunda ezinkulu nezincane: iSigele sinikeza isisindo esilinganayo kumbuso ngamunye, kanti iNdlu yendlu ibonisa inani labantu. Izishaya-mthetho eziningi zezwe nephalamende zesizwe kwamanye amazwe zilandela indlela efanayo, nakuba abanye besebenzisa isimiso sokusebenza ngokuphumelela.

Umtapo Wegatsha Eliyincwadi

Nakuba ukwenza imithetho kuyindima ebonakalayo kakhulu, igatsha lemithetho lenza eminye imisebenzi eminingi ebucayi:

  • [ Ukufaka nokumisa imithetho emisha. Noma yiliphi ilungu lingasungula izindleko, kodwa eziningi zisuka emakomitini asebenza ezindaweni ezinjengezezimali, impilo, noma isivikelo.
  • [ I-pane futhi ibeke umthetho ohlongozwayo. izimpikiswano ezibanzi zivumela amalungu ukuba aphikisane noma amelane nezinguquko, futhi izinguquko zingabuyisela isikweleti esiphawulekayo.
  • [ Ukuvota ngemithetho okumelwe yenziwe. Eziningi kuzo zombili izingodo ziyadingeka, futhi umnyango oqondile uyahluka-hluka, futhi ezinye izikweleti zidinga izakhiwo ezinkulu.
  • Ukubona igatsha eliphethe. Ngokuzwa, ukuphenya, nokuhlela uhlelo lokusebenzisa imali, abashaya imithetho baqinisekisa izinhlangano ukuba zisebenzise imithetho ngokwethembeka futhi basebenzise imali ekhokhayo ngokuhlakanipha.
  • Imelela iziqu. Imithetho iveza ukukhathazeka kwezifunda noma izifunda, kusukela ezisekelweni zesizinda kuya enkambisweni yesizwe.

Indlela Ibhola Eliba Ngayo Umthetho: Isinyathelo Ngenyathelo

Uhambo olusuka emgceni oluya emyalelweni luhilela izinyathelo eziningi, ngayinye eklanyelwe ukwakha ukuvumelana futhi ivimbele izinqumo eziphaphamele. Nansi indlela evamile esetshenziswayo esimisweni se-badamal:

  1. Imposiso. Imali ifakwa kunoma yimuphi umndeni (ngaphandle kwemali yemali yenzuzo, okumelwe iqale endluni). Yabelwe inani futhi ibhekiswe ekomitini ehambisana nayo.
  2. [ Ukubukeza i-committee. Ikomiti iphethe ukuqulwa kwecala, iqoqa ubufakazi obungochwepheshe, futhi iphikisana. Ingabika kahle imvume, ngokulungisa, noma iyiyeke ife ekomitini.
  3. [ Isenzo sobuFloor. Inkulumo egcwele egunjini impikiswano yomthetho, isikisela ukulungisa, namavoti. Uma idlula, izindleko zihamba ziye kwelinye igumbi.
  4. [ Ukucabangela indawo yokulala. Enye indlu iphinda inqubo(ikomiti yekomiti, impikiswano, ivoti] (ngokuvamile iveza inguquko ehlukile.)
  5. Ikomiti yeConference. Uma izinguqulo ezimbili zingafani, ikomiti ehlangeneyo iyazivumelanisa. Ukuhumusha okuyekethisayo kumelwe kuvunyelwe ngawo womabili amagumbi.
  6. Isenzo esithatha isinyathelo. Icala liya kumphathi. Umongameli angalisayina emthethweni, ewuthatha, noma ayiyeke ibe umthetho ngaphandle kokusayina ngemva kwezinsuku eziyishumi. Uma i-vetoted, uKhongolo lungayidlulisa iveto neningi eliyisithathu kuzo zombili izindlu.
  7. Isivumelwano. lapho sesayiniwe noma sesayiniwe, isambathi siba umthetho (umthetho) futhi sinyatheliswa embhalweni ongokomthetho.

Le nqubo, nakuba iyinkimbinkimbi, iqinisekisa ungqimba oluningi lokuhlola. Ukuze uthole imininingwane ejulile, i- Conrer.gov [ ilandela zonke izingcama ngesikhathi sangempela.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Ukusebenzisa Ukubusa KoMthetho

Igatsha eliphethe linomthwalo wemfanelo wokufeza nokumisa imithetho edluliswa yisishaya-mthetho. Inhloko yayo ```umongameli, undunankulu, noma inkosi ephethe imibuso elinganiselwe'.) isebenza njengesikhulu esiyinhloko sezwe. E-United States, umongameli uphinde akhonze njengenhloko kazwe nomphathi-khulu wamabutho ahlomile.

Ukuhola Nenhlangano

Igatsha eliphethe likhulu. Ngenhla kuhlezi umongameli nesekela likamongameli. Ngaphansi kwawo kuneKhabhinethi (inhloko zeminyango kahulumeni enjenge State, Defense, Treasure, Justice, ne Homeland Security. Leminyango, kanye namakhulu ezinhlangano, amanxusa, nama-bureau, iqasha izigidi zezisebenzi zikahulumeni. Umongameli umisa izikhulu eziningi eziphezulu, kodwa ukumiswa okuyinhloko (njengonomabhalanejaji be-Campten nomthetho) kufuna ukuqinisekiswa kweSishayamthetho, anikeze ukuqondisa kwemithetho.

Umtapo womtholalwazi wegatsha eliphethe

  • [ Ukushaya imithetho kahulumeni. Izimo ezinjenge FBI, EPA, ne IRS zisebenzisa imithetho ngezimiso, ukuhlola, nezenzo zokuphoqelela.
  • Imisebenzi kahulumeni yokuhlola. Umphathi wengamela yonke into kusukela kumapaki esizwe kuya ekukhokheni kwezokulondeka komphakathi, ukuqinisekisa ukuphatha usuku nosuku.
  • [ uGuqulela inkambiso nezingxoxo zakwamanye amazwe. Umongameli uxoxa ngezivumelwano (ngesigele sokuhlanganisa), uhlangana nabaholi bakwamanye amazwe, futhi uqondisa izimemezelo ngoMnyango weZwe.
  • Ukubona ukuzivikela nokulondeka kwesizwe. Umnyango wezokuvikela uyayala impi, kuyilapho izinhlangano zokuhlakanipha zivikela ekusongelwani.
  • Ukukhipha iziyalo zezikhulu. Omongameli baqondisa amanxusa ukuba athathe izenzo ezithile ngaphandle kokulinda imithetho emisha, uma nje leyomiyalo ihlala ngaphakathi kwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo.

Isikhulu Esiphethe Ekwenzeni: Siyahlola Futhi Silinganisele Emsebenzini

Amandla omphathi ayanda, kodwa ahlolwa njalo. UKhongolo lulawula uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali, lungadlula ama-vetoe, futhi kumelwe luqinisekise ukumiswa okuningi. Ijaji lingahlasela izenzo zezikhulu eziphula umthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, iziyalezo eziphetheyo, zingabekelwa inselele enkantolo, futhi amongameli baye babona iziyalezo zabo zivinjelwe abahluleli. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi umphathi ngeke athathe isinyathelo ngokungemthetho oyisisekelo. Ngombono ongokomthetho ngemisebenzi yezikhulu, vakashela amagatsha amathathu [[FLT:]USA.USA.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuchaza UMthetho Nokuvikela Amalungelo

Igatsha lokwahlulela lingumqaphi woMthetho-sisekelo. Indima yalo eyinhloko ukuchaza imithetho − imithetho nezenzo zokubusa ngokufanayo() futhi inqume ukuthi ivumelana yini nomthetho ophakeme wezwe. Ngaphandle komthetho oqinile, ozimele, amanye amagatsha angawushaya indiva imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo, futhi izakhamuzi ngeke zibe nandlela yokuphikisa ukuxhashazwa kwemithetho.

Ukwakhiwa Kwesimiso Sokwahlulela

E - United States, isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni sinezinhlalo ezintathu:

  • [[QURT:0] Izinkantolo zezesifunda. Izinkantolo zamacala angu-94 lapho amacala eqala khona (icala, ubugebengu, nomthetho-sisekelo kuzwakala umahluleli (futhi ngezinye izikhathi ijaji).
  • Izinkantolo zesifunda (Izinkantolo zokudlulisa Amacala). zihlola izinkantolo ezithatha izinqumo ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda, zigxila emaphuthani angokomthetho kunokubheka amaqiniso futhi.
  • Inkantolo ePhakeme yase-United States. Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu, enamajaji ayisishiyagalolunye, inegunya lokugcina ekuchazeni komthetho-sisekelo. Izwa ingxenyana encane yamacala adluliswayo qha, cishe leyo ehilela imibuzo engokomthetho noma izingxabano phakathi kwezinkantolo zesifunda.

Izimiso zenkantolo yoMbuso ziveza lesisimo, nezinkantolo zamacala, izinkantolo eziphakathi, nenkantolo ephakeme kahulumeni. Izimpikiswano eziningi ezingokomthetho (izivumelwano, umthetho womkhaya, amacala obugebengu) zisingathwa ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, kuyilapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni zikhuluma ngezindaba zomthetho kahulumeni, uMthetho-sisekelo, nezimpikiswano phakathi kwamazwe.

Imisebenzi Yekhorali Yegatsha Lokwahlulela

  • [ Ukufakwa kwemithetho. izinkantolo zinquma ukuthi usho ukuthini umthetho nokuthi usebenza kanjani ecaleni elithile.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukubukeza kwe-judicial. Amandla okumemezela isenzo somthetho noma sokuqondisa. Lemfundiso, esungulwe ku Marbury v. Madison [18]), iyinhlolo yejaji enamandla kakhulu.
  • Isinqumo. Izinkantolo zinikeza ukungathathi hlangothi kubantu ngabanye, emabhizinisini, nakohulumeni ukuxazulula izingxabano ngokuthula.
  • Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye. Ngemithetho ephathelene nenkululeko yokukhuluma, isivikelo esilinganayo, inqubo efanele, kanye yimfihlo, izinkantolo zivikela inkululeko kuhulumeni ophathwe ngokuphamba.
  • uphawu kwezinye amagatsha. Ngokungasebenzi kwemithetho noma ngokuvala izenzo zomphathi, ijaji liqinisekisa amanye amagatsha ukuba ahlale ngaphakathi kwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo.

Indlela Icala Elidlula Ngayo Enkantolo

Ukufanekisa inqubo yokwahlulela, cabangela icala elivamile likahulumeni: Umuntu omangalela inxusa likahulumeni, ethi umthetho uphula amalungelo abo okuHlaziya Isinqumo sokuqala. Icala liqala enkantolo yesigodi, lapho kokubili kunezinhlangothi kunikeza ubufakazi nezimpikiswano ezingokomthetho. Iqembu elilahlekileyo lingadlulisela icala enkantolo yesifunda, liphikisa ukuthi uma ijaji lesifunda lenza iphutha elingokomthetho. Uma inkantolo yesifunda ishaya umthetho ngokumelene nabo, banganxusa iNkantolo Ephakeme ye-cretiariri. INkantolo Ephakeme iyavuma ukuzwa cishe i-1 / 12% yezicelo. Uma zivuma, zombili izinhlangothi zinikeza izimpikiswano eziqubulo futhi zikhona, ngemva kwalokho ahluleli abavotahluleli abavumelana ngakho. Umbono abaningi uba yisibonelo.

Amandla okuhlola kokwahlulela andisa ithonya lejaji ngalé kwezehlakalo ngazinye. Ngomlando obanzi wendlela lombuso owavela ngayo, bheka uMthetho-sisekelo wesizwe [iSiko loMcimbi woMthetho - sisekelo ohlanganisayo [.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela: Uhlobo Lwamandla Ahlukene

Abasunguli be-United States, bedweba ongqondongqondo abakhanyiselwe njengoMontesquieu, baklama isimiso lapho igatsha ngalinye lingase “lihlole” elinye ukuze livimbele ubushiqela. Alikho igatsha elingathatha isinyathelo sodwa ngokuphelele; yonke inyathelo elikhulu lidinga ukubambisana noma ukubekezela kwelinye igatsha. Lesi simiso saziwa ngokuthi amahlola nokulinganisela, futhi sisebenza njalo.

Izibonelo Zokuhlola Nokulinganisela

  • Igunya phezu kwesikhulu:[ ulawulo lwezimali zombuso; ingalawula amavetoe kamongameli; iqinisekisa noma ilahle ukumiswa; futhi ingasusa umongameli.
  • Isenzo esingaphezu kwemithetho:[ Umongameli angakhipha izikweletu; angabiza uMkhandlu ukuba ube yisimiso esikhethekile; futhi, njengesikhulu sokuphoqelela umthetho, anganquma ukuthi uphoqelele kanjani imithetho.
  • Inkantolo elawula imithetho: ingashaya imithetho njengengavumelani nemithetho; ingachaza imithetho ukuze ilinganise ukusebenza kwayo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Inkantolo ephethe: ingavimbela iziyalezo zezikhulu noma izenzo zenhlangano ezidlula igunya elingokomthetho; ingadelela izikhulu eziphethe ngokungazinaki iziyalezo zenkantolo.
  • Igunya phezu kokwahlulela: IziKhongolo zimisa inani lamajaji namajaji asenkantolo ephansi; zingaveza izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho ukuze kushintshwe izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme; zingamisa amajaji ahlangene.
  • Isehlulelo ekwahluleleni: Umongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni (noqinisekiso) futhi angakhipha intethelelo, elinganisela amandla okwahlulela.

Izibonelo Zezwe Langempela Zamasheke Nokulinganisela

Phakathi nehlazo leWatergate, iNkantolo Ephakeme yayala uMongameli Nixon ukuba akhiphe amakhasethi aqoshiwe, enqaba ukuzisholo kwakhe ilungelo lokuphatha. Kamuva uKhomishane waqala ukujezisa, okwaholela ekuyekeni kwakhe. Ngo-2012, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela eziningi zezincwadi ze-Affordal Care Act kodwa yaqeda ilungiselelo elalizophoqelela amazwe ukuba andise uMdicaid, esebenzisa ukubukeza kokwahlulela ukuze aphinde athathe iziphazamiso zikahulumeni. Muva nje, uKhomishane uye wasebenzisa amandla awo ukuhlola ukuziphatha kwegatsha, umqulu ongaphansi kwezincwadi nobufakazi bokulinganisela okuthimba enkantolo ngokuvamile okuholela ekulweni kwenkantolo ngokwawo.

Ukuze uhlole ngokujule kakhulu ukuthi lokhu kuhlangana kuye kwawuguqula kanjani umlando wase-U.S., i-National Archives yebhukwana lokusungula ikhasi inikeza imibhalo yokuqala nomongo.

Amagatsha Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke: Isizathu Sokuba Abaluleke

Ukuqonda amagatsha amathathu akuyona nje i-trivia − ayithonye ngokuqondile indlela izakhamuzi ezihlanganyela ngayo ekubuseni ngentando yeningi. Uma uvotela ilungu le-Congress, ulolonga igatsha lemithetho. Uma uvotela umongameli, ukhetha inhloko yegatsha eliphethe. Futhi uma usekela noma uphikisa ukumiswa kweNkantolo Ephakeme, uthonya ifilosofi yokwahlulela amashumi amaningi eminyaka.

Ziningi izibonelo zansuku zonke: Umthetho wendawo ongavumelani nawo ungabekelwa inselele enkantolo (izehlulelo). Ukushintsha okulawulayo kwemithetho yendawo ezungezile kuvela enkampanini ephethe i-athom. Ikhono lokudlulisa ithikithi elisheshayo lixhomeke enkantolo ezimele. Ngisho nentengo kaphethiloli ithonywa umthetho wentela, umthetho wezentela wangaphandle, nemithetho yenkantolo yemithetho yamandla.

Indlela Yokuhlanganyela Negatsha Ngalinye

  • [[QUT: 0] I-egistrate: Xhumana nabameleli bakho, ufaka ufakazi ezindlebeni zamakomiti, futhi uvote kukhetho oluyinhloko noluvamile. Sebenzisa izindawo ezinjenge [[QULT:2] SATE.gov ukulandelela umthetho.
  • Isenzo: phawula ngezimiso ezihlongozwayo nge-Federal Register, uya emihlanganweni yasobala yezinhlangano eziphethe, futhi sebenzisa i Freedom of Information Act ukucela amarekhodi kahulumeni.
  • Jodicial:[ Yiba khona enkantolo, ubhale ama-amicu mifingqi (uma unolwazi olungokomthetho), futhi usekele izinhlangano ezivikela inkululeko yomphakathi.

Igatsha ngalinye linendlela ehlukile yoshintsho.

Isiphetho

Amagatsha emithetho, abaphathi, nahluleli awayona imiqondo engaqondakali − ayizimishini eguqula uhulumeni wemithetho ube umvikeli wenkululeko. Igatsha lomthetho libhala imithetho, isikhulu siyenza iphoqelelwe, futhi igatsha lokwahlulela liqinisekisa leyomithetho ukuba ihloniphe uMthetho-sisekelo. Ngokuhlukanisa amandla nangokudala imishini, lesimiso siqaphe ubushiqela kuyilapho sihlala sivumelana ngokwanele ukuba sivumelane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi, umvoti, noma umshisekeli, wazi ukuthi lezi zinqubo zisebenza kanjani kuwe ukuze uhlanganyele ngokunenjongo. Idemokhrasi aliwona umdlalo oyisibukeli; lixhomeke ekuhlanganyeleni kolwazi. Hlala unelukuluku, hlala uhilelekile, futhi ukhumbule ukuthi amagatsha aklanyelwe ukukusiza.