Iyini Inkululeko Yangaphakathi?

Inkululeko yomphakathi ixhomeke kumalungelo ayisisekelo nenkululeko evikela abantu ekufinyeleleni igunya likahulumeni. Lenkululeko ivame ukufakwa kumthetho-mthetho wesizwe noma kumthetho we-state, yakha itshe lokubusa kwentando yeningi. Ngokungafani namalungelo omphakathi, adinga ukuvuma ukuqinisekiswa kwezenzo zikahulumeni zokuqinisekisa ukuphathwa okulinganayo, inkululeko yomphakathi ngokuyinhloko ikhona njengemingcele egunyaniswe uhulumeni. Iqinisekisa inkululeko yomuntu siqu, ubuqu, inkululeko yokucabanga, ukukhuluma, nokwenza ngaphandle kokungenela okungenamthetho wezwe. Ukuqonda lezi sivikelo kudingekile ezakhamuzini nabafundisi ngokufanayo, njengoba zichaza imingcele yezenzo zikahulumeni ezivunyelwe emphakathini okhululekileyo.

Izimpawu Eziyinhloko Zokukhululeka Kwezakhamuzi

  • Amalungelo aphezulu:[ Inkululeko yomphakathi ibhekwa njengefa kubo bonke abantu ngenxa yesintu sabo, hhayi ngenxa kahulumeni. Iyandulela umbuso futhi ivame ukuchazwa njengamalungelo angokwemvelo.
  • Ukuvikelwa kuHulumeni: Umsebenzi oyinhloko wenkululeko yomphakathi ukuvikela abantu ekuxhashazweni uhulumeni, ukuhlukunyezwa, noma ukuphamba. Badala izifunda zokuphila komuntu siqu lapho umbuso ungenakuphazamisa ngaphandle kokuzithethelela okuphoqelelayo.
  • [ I-Frames:[ Lenkululeko ihlanganiswa ezibhalweni zesisekelo", njenge-Lill of Rights yase-U.S., iSimemezelo saseFrance samalungelo abantu, noma amalungelo abantu ezizwe zonke (izivumelwano) ziyagcinwa ezinkantolo.
  • Awuphelele:[ Nakuba inkululeko yomphakathi eminingi ingaphansi kwemithetho enengqondo uma iphikisana nezinye izithakazelo ezibalulekile zomphakathi, njengokuphepha komphakathi noma ukulondeka kwesizwe.

Umehluko Phakathi Kwenkululeko Yombango Namalungelo Omphakathi

Iphuzu elivamile lokudideka emfundweni yomphakathi lihlukanisa inkululeko yomphakathi namalungelo omphakathi. Inkululeko yomphakathi iyimingcele ephambene kuhulumeni − ivimbela uhulumeni ekuphazamiseni inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Ngokuphambene, amalungelo omphakathi adinga ukuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi wonke amaqembu ahlukene (kakhulukazi angokomlando) amukela ukuphathwa okulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, inkululeko yokukhuluma iwukukhululeka: uhulumeni akanakuyihlola indlela yakho yokukhuluma. Nokho, ilungelo lomphakathi elifuna uhulumeni ukuba abangele ukufinyelela kobulungisa nokususa imingcele engekho-mthetho. Zombili izinkolelo ezingokomlando zibalulekile, kodwa zisebenza ezikhundlekweni ezihlukene. INkanto ephakeme ngokuvamile idinga ukuhlukanisa lokhu, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezihilela ukuvikela okulinganayo ngaphansi kwe-Greademist.

Umlando Wenkululeko Yombango E - United States

Ukwakhiwa kwenkululeko yomphakathi eUnited States akwenzekanga ngokuphazima kweso. Kwathatha kakhulu emasikweni angokomthetho aseNgilandi anjengeMagna Carta (1215), eyaveza ukuthi inkosi yayingawudluli umthetho, neBill of Rights yaseNgilandi (1689), eyasekela ukuphakama kwephalamende namalungelo athile. Amakoloni aseMelika ayezazi kakhulu izingozi zamandla alawulayo angavinjelwe, futhi lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kwaguqula uMthetho-sisekelo kanye nezinguquko zawo.

Imithetho - sisekelo Kahulumeni Yakuqala Nesivumelwano Somthetho - sisekelo

Ngaphambi kokuba kube khona iBhili yamaLungelo kahulumeni, imithetho-mthetho eminingi kahulumeni kakade yayihlanganisa izimemezelo zamalungelo. ISimemezelo samalungelo (776), sabuthelwa uGeorge Mason, inkululeko evikelekile yezindaba nenkolo. Lapho uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ubhalwa ngo-1787, wawungaqukethenga incwadi yamalungelo ekuqaleni ethusayo (a) ethusayo ku-Anti-Federalist. Impikiswano ye-ratiation yaholela esithembisweni sokuthi i-Bill of Rights izokwenezelwa ngokushesha, okwenzeka ngo-1791.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

Ngo-1791, iBill of Rights yahlanganisa izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi zoMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. Lezi zinguquko zaveza ngokucacile inkululeko ehlukahlukene yomphakathi ekhonza njengesithiyo kuhulumeni. Okuphawulekayo, iBhili yamaLungelo ekuqaleni yasebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni kuphela. Kwakuze kube yilapho iSichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo seSinamba saQumrhu se-U. sagunyazwa ngo-1868 nemfundiso eyalandela eyasungulwa yiNkathi yeNkanto ePhakathi Ephakeme ukuthi isivikelo esikhulu sasetshenziswa kohulumeni kanye. Isihluthulelo sihlanganisa:

  • [[UMTL:0] Isichibiyeli sokuqala: sivikela inkululeko yokukhuluma, yenkolo, yokunyathelisa, yemihlangano, nesicelo.
  • Isichibiyeli sesine:[ Abaqaphi ngokuphenya okungacabangeki nokuquleka futhi badinga izimvume ezisekelwe ekutheni kungenzeka.
  • Isichibiyeli se-pith: siqinisekisa ilungelo ngenqubo efanele, isivikelo ekuzichayeni, futhi sinqabela izingozi eziphindwe kabili futhi sithatha ngaphandle kokukhokha.
  • Isichibiyeli se-xxte:[ iqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi elisheshayo, i-avareji engakhethi, kanye neseluleko somthetho.
  • Isichibiyeli se-engile: inikeza ibheyili ephakeme, amafashini, nesijeziso esinonya nesingavamile.

Imfundiso Yokuvumelana

ISichibiyelo seNdlela ye 14 seSikhawulo sika-Claus seSigqi seMicimbi yeMicimbi yeshumi nane saba imoto yokusebenzisa iBill of Rights kumazwe. Ngochungechunge lwamacala ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 .Nyakatho . Getlow v. New York (1925]) ngenxa yokukhuluma ngokukhululekile nokuqhubeka [[FLT:]] Mapp v. Ohio [1961]) (1961) ngenxa yokukhishwa komthetho we-RCUNIT] iNKARHAWULE Ilungiselelo eligcweleyo lweMiyalelo Engcwele yamalungiselelo. Lenqubo yaqinisekisa indawo yombuso yenkululeko yomphakathi, ivimbela ukuphula umthetho wenkululeko eyisisekelo.

Inkululeko Enkulu Ephakathi Egxilwe Kuyo

Ukuze siqonde ithonya langempela lenkululeko yomphakathi, kusiza ukuhlola amalungelo athile izinkantolo eziwachazeyo futhi zawasebenzisa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lamalungelo awami ndawonye; ayazivelela njengoba umphakathi ushintsha futhi kuvela ubuchwepheshe obusha.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma

Inkululeko yokukhuluma ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "isimo esingenakulungiseka" senkululeko ecishe ibe yiyo yonke. Ivumela abantu ukuba baveze imicabango, imibono, kanye nemiqondo ngaphandle kokucushwa kukahulumeni. Nokho, isiVumiso sokuqala asizivikeli zonke izigaba zenkulumo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqopha izigaba zenkulumo ezingavikelekanga, kuhlanganise nokugqugquzelwa kwesenzo esisondelayo sokungabi namthetho ([[FLT:]]] Brandenburg v.[FLY] v.[FFF]]], usongo lweqiniso, ukuhlanjalazwa kwezibalo ([[FLT:]]]]]][FLT]] v York Times.[FFLT], u-194], nokwenziwayo oluvikayo oluvinjelwe yi-Swokuhluphayo.[194], futhi i-Spective.[5] i-Expressod trains, i-Aup, i-Expoup.[f.[4], i-od Revision, i-od Re

Ilungelo Lokuba Wedwa

Nakuba igama elithi "privracy" lingaveli ngokucacile eMthethweni, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-mthethweni lokukhipha izinguquko ezithile. Griswold v. Connecticut[[ [[65], iNkantolo yabulala umthetho ovimbela ukuvimbela ukuvimbela ukuvimbela inzalo, ithola ilungelo lokukhipha imfihlo kuvikelwa yi "indlela yokufihla imfihlo ye-omfundazo zomshado" ye-Bill of Rights. Le sizathu sanwetshwa [[FLT]] [[FLT:]] v. [FOoe.[2][FT] [eg.], futhi, i-auntrounce org , futhi i-mostion org (e, ngokwezimo ye-mestrup]) ezikhathini zomthetho zomthetho zomthetho womthetho womuntu siqu, [F.] [F]], izimonyst, ngokwezinye, izimome, izimome,[3], ezi

Inqubo Efanelekile Namalungelo Okuqulwa Kwamacala Okungagwebi

Inqubo efanelekile iyisisekelo sesimiso sobulungisa, ifuna ukuba uhulumeni alandele izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuncisha umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Inqubo efanelekile ihlanganisa ukuqaphela nokuzwa, kuyilapho inqubo efanelekile eyisisekelo ivikela amalungelo ayisisekelo ekungeneleni kukahulumeni ngisho nalapho kungekho ukwaphulwa komthetho. Izehlo ezingokomthetho eziqinisekisa inqubo efanele. Izenqandelo ezibalulekile ngaphansi kweSiphendu seSithandathu zihlanganisa ukubekwa kwecala ngokushesha nokuvinjelwa komphakathi, i-jajikijelwa, ilungelo lokumelana nofakazi, kanye nelungelo lokuyalela ofakazi, nelungelo lokuthola iseluleko esingokomthetho. [FLT:] [0] Mira ne-Mira. [FL.[FLD:1] [196] i-Equastriances [6] isungulile] i-pointryscreances projectives of Disordernslationsting producessssssssss (irtiption, i-ognailm) esetshenziswa ngokuviving, ngokuvivivivi

Inkululeko Yenkolo

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala siqukethe izigaba ezimbili ngokuphathelene nenkolo: u-Ganqulment Claus, ovimbela uhulumeni ekumiseni inkolo engokomthetho noma ukusekela enye inkolo ngaphezu kwenye, kanye ne-Free Express Claus, evikela amalungelo abantu okusebenzisa ukholo lwabo. INkantolo Ephakeme iqondise izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinjengomthandazo wesikole ([[[FLT: 0]]] Engel v.[FLT]] [FLT]], [6]), ukuxhasa kwezinhlangano zenkolo ([FFLT].[195], iSimmons-Harris [[FLT] [FL]], 2002], ukukhulula imithetho enzima ([FLMFM]: [4]]],[3],[3]) futhi i-Extransport:[4], [4],[1] i-evoct.[1][19]

Izinkinga Zesikhathi Esizayo Ekwamukelweni Kwenkululeko Yangaphakathi

Inkululeko yomphakathi ayilungiswa unomphela. Ubuchwepheshe obusha, inqubo eshintshashintshayo yezenhlalo, nokusongela kokuphepha okuvelayo kuvivinya imingcele yesivikelo somthetho - sisekelo.

Ukudla Nokuzifihla Kukahulumeni Enkathini Yamanani

Ukuhlasela kwamaphekula ngo-September 11, 2001, kwangenisa inkathi yamandla kahulumeni anwetshiwe angaphansi kwemithetho enjenge-USA PATRIOT Act. Izinhlelo ezifana neqoqo lemitapo yemitapo ebanzi ze-National Security Agency (NSA, eyambulwa ngu-Edward Snold ngo-2013, yaveza ingxoxo yesizwe mayelana nobunzima phakathi kwenhlala-zwe nelungelo lobumfihlo. INkantolo Ephakeme yakhuluma ngalezi zimpikiswano: [FLT:] RY] R [v:[FLD] [F:] [200] [200]] [200], iNkathi engokomthetho, iNkathi yemithetho yezicelo zezobuchwepheshe, ifuna ukuthunye inqubo yezezobuchwepheshe, nokukhula kokuqamba ingqala ingqalaza ingqalaza ingqa ekubozaneni kocingo; [FT]:[2] i-F3] i-FG.[3] Inkantolo yombuso kahulumeni (uthofuze).[20] i-E.U.) kumelwe ukuba

Inkululeko Yokubonakaliswa Kwemithombo Yezindaba Yomphakathi

Ama-computer ezenstruction njenge-Facebook, Twitter (manje engu-X), u-YouTube, no-Tik Tok sebeyindawo yomphakathi yanamuhla. Nokho bayizinhlangano ezizimele ezinganelisayo ngokwemibandela yazo. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ezimpikiswaneni zokuhlola, ukudalula, nokuguqula imithetho ye-algoric. Ku-2021, iNkantolo Ephakeme iPackhan v. INyakatho Carolina yaqaphela ukuthi imithombo yezokuxhumana ibalulekile yezolimi, kodwa imele ukuhlelwa kwezindaba. Nokho, kusele imibuzo: Amapulatimende kufanele aphathwe njengabadlali bezomthetho lapho izikhulu zikahulumeni ziphethe? Ingasho ukuthi amapulati okuphatha inkulumo ethile? Imithetho yezenhlalakahle yezenhlalakahle, ngaphansi kwemithetho yezembubhiyo, ukubukeza i-Texalson ne-Florida, ngaphansi kwemistruption, ukulinganisela kwemistrup, ukulinganisela amalungelo ezindawo zezezezindaba zezezezindaba.

Ukufuna Amalungelo Nokucindezelwa Kwemishini

Nakuba ilungelo lokuvota liyilungelo lobuzwe lobuzwe, imingcele yokuvota ingacindezela inkululeko yomphakathi ngokuthwesa umthwalo oyisisekelo welungelo lokuhlanganyela embuthweni wentando yeningi. Imithetho efuna i-ID eqinile yokuvota, ikhiphe ibhulorho, inqanda ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, noma ukuvala izindawo zokuvota ezindaweni ezimbalwa kuye kwabekelwa inselele njengokuphula imithetho evimbela ukuvota. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme [FLT:] Shelby County v. Raker [2013]) yahlasela ilungiselelo eliyinhloko le-Vont Act, iholela ekubeni igalelo lemithetho yokuvota evimbela ukuvota eqinile ezizweni eziningi. Abagxeki iphikisa lesinqumo silingana nokungalawuleki kwe-votisccensevs , kuyilapho abasekeli bethi i-dentine.

Amalungelo Amaqembu Angemthetho

Inkululeko yomphakathi ayikho endaweni evulekile . Kufanele ivikeleke kubo bonke, kuhlanganise nemiphakathi encishisiwe. Izindaba ezinjengokukhipha imingcele yobuhlanga, ukuphoqelelwa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, iLGBTQ+ amalungelo, kanye nokuphatha abantu ababoshiwe ziyaqhubeka ziphakamisa ukukhathazeka kwenkululeko yangaphakathi. I-Black Lives Confect iqokomisa unya lwamaphoyisa nokusetshenziswa okungalingani kwesivikelo somthetho-mfashini. [Obergefeb v. Hodges [2015], iNkanto ephakeme yeNkanto eqaphela umshado ofanayo-wengeziwe njengendlela eyisisekelo ngaphansi kwe-Calctive Programme ne Provitection Clation. Okwamanje, ukufinyelela amalungelo empilweni ewuhlanjeni yomzimba nakusetshenziswa ehlambululo, kuyimba eqhubekayo yezelelwe ihhosholo. I-Immestruption idinga ukunakekelwa komphakathi womphakathi wonke.

Indima Yeqembu Lobufundisi Ekuvikeleni Inkululeko Yombango

Izinkantolo zisebenza njengezivikeli eziyinhloko zenkululeko yomphakathi, nakuba zingezona zodwa abavikeli. Ngokuhlola kokwahlulela, izinkantolo zichaza imithetho noMthetho-sisekelo ukushaya izenzo zikahulumeni eziphazamisa amalungelo ayisisekelo. Amandla eNkantolo Ephakeme okumemezela imithetho engagunyazi imvume yemvume nenkululeko yezikhulu. Izindawo ezichaphazelekayo ezinjenge [[FLT:] Brown v. v.[FLT] [54] [19] [54] [isivikelo esilinganayo), [[FLT] i-Proult:] [indlela engaphezulu yokuhlola imvume], [[FLT]] i-irrandavasss. [iimvume yomthetho] ifaka imvume yokuvikelwa kweminye izivumelwano, futhi isekela ukuvikelwa kwezindawo ezingokomthetho. Izikhulumo zomthetho ezingokomthetho wombuso wombuso wombuso, isekela ukuvikelwa kwezinqunyuko. Izikhulu zezindawo ezingaphezulu kakhulu zezikhombo zombuso zezindawo ezizimele, futhi zisekela ukuvikelwa ukuvinye isilinganiso. Iziphendukunye isilinganiso kwezindawo

Isiphetho

Inkululeko yomphakathi ayiyona nje imiqondo engabonakali; iyizihlangu ezisebenzayo ezivumela abantu ukuba baphile ngokukhululekile, bacabange, futhi bahlanganyele ekubuseni ngentando yeningi ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindisela kukahulumeni. Kusukela ekuthatheni iSigqi samalunge nokwethulwa kwezindaba zomuntu siqu nasezimpini zanamuhla zenkululeko yokukhuluma nge-inthambi, lezi zisivikelo ziye zavela ngomthetho, izinxulumano zomphakathi, nokuchaza. Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqonda inkululeko yabantu kusho ukuqaphela kokubili izimpande zabo zamuva kanye nokusebenza kwabo. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe obusha nezingcindezi zezombangazwe kuvivinya imingcele yamandla kahulumeni, ukuqapha kwezakhamuzi kanye nokuthembeka kwezinkantolo kuhlala kuqinile ekuxazululeni ukucushwa. [FOFOF:] ukuhlola ngokwengeziwe, [FLD:] izinqumo zenkululeko yomphakathi, futhi ukuzimisela komphakathi ngamunye. [umbangonyaka ophakeme womphakathi, ukunciphisa umbango.[Foct.]