Isingeniso: Indima Yokuqulwa Kwamacala Okungokomthetho Esimisweni Sobulungisa

Ukuqulwa kwecala kusebenza njengetshe lesisekelo lesimiso sokwahlulela sanamuhla, kulungiselelwa indawo lapho izingxabano zilungiswa khona futhi kubekwe khona ubulungisa obala. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kusemongweni wobugebengu noma womphakathi, inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala iqinisekisa ukuthi womabili amacala anethuba lokunikeza icala lawo phambi komenzi wesinqumo ongenamkhethe. Ukuqonda ukuthi amacala abekwa kanjani enkantolo akudingekile kochwepheshe abasemthethweni kuphela kodwa nasezakhamuzini ezingase zikhonze ejajini noma zizithole zihileleke ekuhlawulweni kwecala. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela yokusebenza kwecala, abahlanganyeli abasobala, imithetho esobala, nemisebenzi ebanzi efeza ukuvivinywa.

Isisekelo Secala Elingokomthetho

Nakuba izinqubo zokuhlola zihlukahluka ezigabeni zezindawo nezinhlobo zezenzakalo, ukulingwa okuningi kulandelana ngokulandelana okunqunyiwe. Uhlelo lwesimiso luqinisekisa ukuhleleka, ubulungisa, nokugxila ngokucacile emaqinisweni nasemthetho. Ngezansi kunezici eziningi ezihlukene zesigaba ngasinye.

Intuthuko Yangaphambili Nezinyathelo

Ngaphambi kokuba icala liqale, inkantolo ivame ukuqulisa izindaba ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala ukuze ixazulule izindaba eziqulwayo. Lokhu kungahlanganisa ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuvimbela ubufakazi, ukulahla amacala, noma ukucacisa izindinganiso zomthetho. Emacalani omthetho, ummangalelwa ungena esikhongozelweni ``ecala, angenacala, noma angenamncintiswano' oveza isidingo sokuqulwa kwecala. Ingqungquthela yangaphambi kwecala isiza futhi ijaji nabameli ukuba baphathe izinhlu zecala kanye nezinhlu zafakazi.

Ukukhetha I - Jury (I - voir Dire)

Ekuqulweni kwejaji, inqubo ye eyingozi ivumela abameli nomahluleli ukuba babuze abangase babe abahluleli ukuba bavulule ubandlululo noma izingxabano zesithakazelo. Inhlangothi ngayinye ingabekela inombolo ethile yamajaji eyimbangela (umz., ubandlululo olwaziwayo) noma ukusebenzisa izinselele zokususa abasizi ngaphandle kokusho isizathu, nakuba lezi zingasekelwe ngokohlanga noma ubulili. Umgomo ukuhlanganisa abahluleli abangakhethi abazohlola ubufakazi obungenacala.

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Icala liqala ngokomthetho ngamazwi okuvula avela kubo bobabili abashushisi/abachazi nakuzivikela. Lamazwi awabona ubufakazi kodwa kunalokho ayiyomabalazwe alokho uhlangothi ngalunye olulindele ukukufakazela. Inkulumo eyisikhamiso eyisisusa inikeza abahluleli isisekelo esicacile sokulandisa okuzolandela njengobufakazi futhi ibonise. Abasekeli abaphumelelayo basebenzisa ulimi olulula futhi bagweme ukuxhumana ngokudlulele ngombono wabo siqu.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Lokhu kuwumnyombo wecala. Iqembu elithwele umthwalo wobufakazi, − umshushisi emacaleni obugebengu noma ummangalelwa emacaleni ezakhamuzi — limelela icala lakhe kuqala. Ubufakazi bungena ezinhlangothini ezimbili:

  • [[UMTH:0] ubufakazi bangempela noma obungokoqobo — izinto, amaphepha, izikhali, noma amarekhodi.
  • ubufakazi obuthatha isilinganiso [ — izinkulumo ezivela kofakazi abafungele.

Ngemva kokuba umshushisi noma ummangalelwa esesonqenqemeni, isivikelo singaveza ubufakazi baso, kuhlanganise nokubiza ofakazi nokuletha imibukiso. Ukulandelana kokuhlola kulandela indlela ejwayelekile: ukuhlola okuqondile (ngomkhandlu obiza ubufakazi), ukuphenya (ngeqembu eliphikisayo), ukubuyisela, nokubuyisela. Lenqubo yokuzimela ihlola ukuthembeka nokwethenjwa kobufakazi ngabunye.

Ubufakazi Nobufakazi

OFakazi bayingxenye eyinhloko yovivinyo oluningi. Ofakazi bafaka ubufakazi ngokuzibonela kwabo, kuyilapho ofakazi abangochwepheshe benikeza ulwazi olukhethekile ukuze basize abasizisi bezobuchwepheshe baqonde izindaba zobuchwepheshe (umzk., isayensi yezokwelapha, imishini yobunjiniyela). Umahluleli ubeka umthetho ngezimfanelo zobufakazi nokungaqondakali kwemibono yabo. UJurress ubheka ukuthembeka ngokucabangela isimo, ukuvumelana, nokuvumelana kobufakazi obuthile.

"Ukuhlola i-Cross injini yomthetho enkulu kunazo zonke ezake zasungulwa ukuze kutholakale iqiniso" — John Henry Wigmore

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Ngemva kokuba sekwamukelwe bonke ubufakazi, uhlangothi ngalunye lunikeza impikiswano yokuphetha. Leli ithuba lokugcina lokuncenga abahluleli ngokufushanisa ubufakazi, ukuqokomisa amaphutha ayinhloko endabeni yalabo abaphikisanayo, nokuchaza ukuthi umthetho usebenza kanjani emaqinisweni. Izimpikiswano azinakuveza ubufakazi obusha kodwa zingaveza izincazelo ezinengqondo kulokho okunikezwayo. Umshushisi noma ummangalelwa uvame ukukhuluma kuqala, futhi ulwelwelwelwe; kwezinye izinkantolo, iqembu eliphethe umthwalo lingase linikeze imvume ngemva kokuphela kokuzivikela.

Iziqondiso Zokuxoxa

Ngaphambi kokuba abahluleli baqale ukuhlobana, ijaji lifunda iziyalezo zobujukujezi `inkulumo yomthetho ofanele ijaji liwusebenzise. Lemiyalo ichaza izici ezingokomthetho zamacala noma izikhalo, umthwalo wobufakazi, nobunzima okumelwe bunikezwe ezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene zobufakazi. Ezicaleni zobugebengu, abakhohlisi bayayalwa ukuthi ummangalelwa uthathwa njengongenacala futhi icala kumelwe afakazelwe ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo.

Iziphakamiso Neziphakamiso

Abahluleli bathatha umhlala-mzilela ekamelweni labamele ukuxoxa ngecala futhi bafinyelele isinqumo. Ekuqulweni kwecala, isinqumo kumelwe sihlangane (nakuba amazwe ambalwa avumela izinqumo ezingavumelani nezimo ezithile). Izinqumo zomphakathi ngokuvamile zidinga iningi noma ukuqulwa okukhulu, kuye ngokuthi kuxhomeke ekulawuleni. Uma abahluleli bengenakuvuma, inkantolo ingakhishwa ngokungafanele. Uma isigwebo seyofundwa obala, isigaba sokuqulwa kwecala siyaphela, nakuba inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala ingalandela.

Izinhlobo Zokulingwa

Akusikho konke ukulingwa okufanayo. Umehluko oyinhloko uphakathi kokulingwa komchamo kanye [FLT] nokuvivinywa no-'uvivinyo . Okunye umehluko oyinhloko uphakathi kokuqulwa kwamajaji nokuqulwa kwebhentshi.

Ukuvivinywa Kwangaphakathi Kwezigebengu

Ekuqulweni kwecala lobugebengu, uhulumeni (ukuquliswa) umangalela ummangalelwa ngokwephula umthetho. Ummangalelwa ubhekene nezijeziso ezingase zenzeke njengokuboshwa, ukuhlawuliswa, noma ukugcinwa isigwebo. Ukuquliswa kwecala kumele kubonise icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo, /izinga eliphakeme kakhulu enkantolo. Ekuqulweni kwecala lomphakathi, iqembu elizimele (elinecala) lisheshisa elinye iqembu (elishicilelwe) ngenxa yomonakalo noma ukwenza okuthile. Indinganiso engathi ingenzeka ikhona. Indinganiso yobufakazi ivame ukuba yisivumelwano esiqinile sobufakazi [okunye] (cishe kungabi) noma, kwezinye izimo, nobufakazi obugqenelisayo [[FLT]]. Izingxabano zomphakathi, noma umndeni womuntu ngamunye, noma umthetho womuntu siqu.

Ukuqulwa Kwemizamo Ye - Bencon v.

Ecaleni lebhentshi, umahluleli usebenza njengawomathola iqiniso kanye nomsizi womthetho. Ukuqulwa kwecala likaBench kuvamile ezindabeni zomphakathi eziyinkimbinkimbi (umz., ukugunyazwa kwemvume) noma lapho bobabili bededela ilungelo lokuba babe yijaji. Bathambekele ekuthatheni isigwebo esifushane nangokwekhono ngokwengeziwe. Ekuqulweni kwecala. Enkantolo yamajaji, amajaji anquma iqiniso kuyilapho ijaji exazulula imibuzo yomthetho nenqubo yokulawula. U.S. uMthetho-Constitution uqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala enkantolo yobugebengu nasecaleni kwezakhamuzi eziningi ezihilela impikiswano ethile.

Izindima Zabahlanganyeli Abayinhloko

Ukuqonda lezi zindima kucacisa indlela ukuqulwa kwecala okusebenza ngayo njengenqubo ehlangene, ehambisanayo.

Umahluleli

Umahluleli usebenza njengomphathi ongathathi hlangothi, eqinisekisa ukuthi icala liqhubekela phambili ngokwemithetho engokwesiko nesobala. Umahluleli ubeka imithetho ngokuphikisa, unquma ukuthi ubufakazi abunakuqinisekiswa, ufundisa abahluleli, futhi uphatha imfanelo ehloniphekile enkantolo. Ekuqulweni kwebhentshi, umahluleli usebenza futhi njengomuntu othatha icala futhi akhiphe isahlulelo. Ukungakhethi kubucayi; noma ikuphi ukubonakala kobandlululo kungaba yisisekelo sokukhombisa noma sokunxusa.

Jury

Iqembu labahluleli liyindikimba yezakhamuzi ezifungela ukukhipha isinqumo esisekelwe ebufakazini obunikezwayo. Abasizi kumelwe banqume amaqiniso aphikisanayo asetshenziswa umthetho njengoba efundiswa amajaji. Ubukhulu bamajaji buyahlukahluka: ukuqulwa kwecala kuvame ukusebenzisa amajaji angu-12, nakuba amanye amazwe evumela ukuba kube mbalwa. Amajaji angaphakathi angasukela kumalungu ayisithupha kuya kwayishumi nambili. Amajaji angawa ngamabomu, awavikela ekucindezeleni kwangaphandle kodwa futhi enza acabange ngendlela ecacile. Imfuneko yokungahloniphini ezinkantolo zobugebengu ibonisa ukubaluleka okukhulu okubekwa ekuvikeleni abamangalelwayo enkantolo ehlukene.

Ukumangalela (Emacaleni Ezigebengu)

Umshushisi umelela uhulumeni `federal, isifundazwe,'endaweni' futhi unomthwalo wokubonisa icala lommangalelwa. Abashushisi babophekile ngokwezimiso ukufuna ubulungisa, hhayi izinkolelo nje. Kumelwe badalule ubufakazi bokuqulwa (okwaziwa [ izinto ) futhi bagweme izimpikiswano ezingafanele. Emacalani omphakathi, indima efanayo ummeli we-palthist, omelela iqembu eliletha icala.

Ukuvikela I - Attorney

Ummeli ovikelayo umelela ummangalelwa (noma ummangalelwa ecaleni lomphakathi). Ezindabeni zobugebengu, iSichibiyelo sesithupha siqinisekisa ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko ngokuphumelelayo. Indima yokuzivikela ihlanganisa ukubekela ubufakazi bamangalelwa inselele, ukunikeza ezinye izincazelo, ukuvikela amalungelo ommangalelwa, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uhlangabezana nomthwalo wakhe. Ngisho noma ummangalelwa ngokunokwenzeka enecala, ummeli kumelwe asekele ngentshiseko phakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho ukuze ahlole icala lommangalelwa.

OFakazi

OFakazi banikeza ubufakazi obufakazelwe ngaphansi kwesifungo. Bangase babe ofakazi abayiqiniso (ababone noma bezwe okuthile okubalulekile) noma ofakazi abangochwepheshe (abanikeza imibono esekelwe olwazini olukhethekile). Ukwethembeka koFakazi ngokuvamile kunquma umphumela wecala. Izici ezithonya ukuthembeka zihlanganisa isimo, ubandlululo, izinkulumo eziphikisanayo, kanye nokungaqondani kobufakazi. Zombili izinhlangothi ezingavumelani nofakazi abameleneyo ngokuhlola ngesiphambano noma ngokuveza ubufakazi obuphikisanayo.

INkantolo IClerk Neqembu Labantu

Nakuba engabonakali, unobhala unakekela izincwadi zenkantolo futhi ukhipha izifungo, kuyilapho i - belif igcina ukuhleleka futhi iqinise ijaji.

Ubufakazi Nemithetho Engokwesiko

Ukunikezwa kobufakazi kulawulwa imithetho eqinile eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi unokwethenjelwa nokulunga.

Ukukwazi Ukubhekana Nezimo: Ukuphinde Uzwe Nezwi

Ubufakazi kumele bube [[QUL:0] prolev], okusho ukuthi, kumelwe kube nokuthambekela ekwenzeni iqiniso libe nomphumela noma lingabalula. Ngisho nobufakazi obubalulekile bungakhishwa uma inzuzo yalo yokuveza ingcono ikhudlwana kakhulu ngengozi yokucwasa okungalungile, ukudideka, noma ukuchitha isikhathi.

uzwayo [1] `inkulumo engaphandle kwenkantolo ehloselwe ukufakazela iqiniso lendaba' yagomela-kenziwa ("ivamile"ingakholeki, ngaphandle kweminingi.] Ngokwesibonelo, izimemezelo ezenziwe ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthi ukwelashwa, amazwi avusa amadlingozi, nemibhalo yebhizinisi kungavunyelwa. Ukuqonda amahlebezi kuyagxeka kubameli nakwabahluleli ngoba kuvimbela izinkulumo ezingahlolwanga ekuthonyeni amajaji.

Umthwalo Nendinganiso Yobufakazi

Ubufakazi buxhomeke eqenjini eligomela icala. Emthethweni wobugebengu, umshushisi kumelwe afakazele isici ngasinye ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Kumthetho wesizwe, ummangalelwa kufanele afakazele icala ngokuqamba ubufakazi. Ezinye izindaba zomphakathi (umz., ukukhwabanisa, ukujezisa) zidinga indinganiso ephakeme: ubufakazi obucacile nobugculisayo. Isimiso siyala abahluleli ukuba baqiniseke ukuthi kumelwe babuse kanjani ummangaleli noma umbuso.

Imibono Nemithetho Yokwenqaba

Ama-athorney angaphikisa lapho umphikisi ephula imithetho esobala, ngokwesibonelo, ngokubuza umbuzo oholayo ekuhlolweni okuqondile noma ngokuthulula amahemuhemu. Uma i-aversari aqinile, ubufakazi noma umbukiso awufakwa. Uma egunyaziwe, ubufakazi buyavunywa. Ama-athorney kumelwe alondoloze izimpikiswano zokubukeza ngokubhala umbhalo ocacile. Lokhu kulola izimpikiswano ngokushesha futhi kusiza ekuvimbeleni ukuqulwa kwecala.

Ukubaluleka Kokuqulwa Kwamacala Okungokomthetho

Ukulingwa kufeza imisebenzi engenakuxazulula izingxabano ngazinye, kuqinisa umthetho, kunikeza ukulandisa komphakathi, futhi kunengxenye ekuthuthukiseni izimiso zomthetho.

Ukuqinisekisa Ubuqotho Nenqubo Efanele

Ukuqulwa kunikeza umphakathi ohlelwe kahle, lapho izinhlangothi zombili zinganikeza khona ubufakazi nempikiswano phambi komenzi wesinqumo ongathathi hlangothi. Lokhu kuvikela ekuthatheni isinyathelo sikahulumeni sobugebengu, ikakhulukazi ezimweni zobugebengu lapho uhulumeni unamandla amakhulu khona. Isimiso somthetho siqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa bangabhekana nofakazi, ubufakazi obuyinselele, futhi babe nommeli ohlangothini lwabo.

Ukumisa Izenzakalo Zangaphambili

Ezimisweni ezivamile zomthetho, izinqumo zenkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala (ikakhulukazi lapho kudluliswa) zimise izibonelo eziqondisa amacala esikhathi esizayo. Nakuba izinkantolo ngokwazo eziqulwayo zingabopheleli ezinye izinkantolo, ukucabanga kwazo kuthonya ukuziphendukela kwemvelo komthetho. Uvivinyo lwezwe lokuphawula (njenge-] Miranda v. Arizona (ilungelo lokuhlala uthule) noma Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo yezemfundo [ikolo:] [iisikole se-decritan]] [inqulutionssssss ezimangalweni ezabukezwa kamuva ezicaziswe ngenkantolo ze-appelma. Ngisho kuthethwa ngokuqhubekayo kungacacisa ukuchaza incazelo noma izimfundiso ezivamile.

Ukunikeza Inkundla Yobulungisa Nezokucusumbula Komphakathi

Ukuqulwa kwecala kuvumela abantu ukuba bafune amakhambi ezingozi, izivumelwano eziphoqelelwe, futhi babheke abenzi bobubi icala. Izisulu zobugebengu, ukuqulwa kwecala kunikeza indlela yokujeziswa nokuvalwa. Kumphakathi, ukuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi kubonisa ukuthi isimiso somthetho sisebenza ngokusobala, siqinisa ukwethembana. ISichibiyelo seSember silondoloza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala enkantolo yomphakathi, okubonisa inkolelo yabasunguli yokuthi ukuhlanganyela komphakathi kuthuthukisa ubulungisa.

Ukubhekana Nemfundo Nezenhlalo

Ukuqulwa kwecala elikhulu kufundisa umphakathi ngezinqubo zomthetho, amalungelo, kanye nobufakazi obuyinkimbinkimbi. Kudalula futhi izimpikiswano zesimiso sobuhlanga − njengokukhetha i-jaji noma ukulahla kwesayensi efuna ukubuswa kwe-conomest jption . Ngokuhlanganyela ezakhamuzini njengejaji, isimiso sokuhlola sithuthukisa umthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi nokuqonda umthetho.

Isiphetho

Izehlo zomthetho ziyinkimbinkimbi, zineziteji eziningi ezihlanganisa izimiso zokulunga, ukubonakala, nokulandisa. Kusukela ekuthatheni inqumo yangaphambi kwenkantolo nasekukhetheni ukunikeza ubufakazi nokuphetha izimpikiswano, isigaba ngasinye siklanyelwe ukuvivinya amandla ecala ngalinye. Izehlulelo , izigebengu, abameli, nofakazi zenza indima ehlukile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi iqiniso liyavela nokuthi ubulungisa benziwa. Ngokuqonda inqubo nemithetho yokuqulwa, izakhamuzi zingaqonda kangcono indlela isimiso somthetho esixazulula ngayo izimpikiswano nokuvikela amalungelo. Ngokuqondene nalabo ababizwa ukuba bakhonze enkantolo, lolulwazi luthuthukisa ikhono labo lokucabanga ngamabomumu futhi banikeze isahlulelo esilungile. Njengoba isisekelo sesimiso somthetho, ukuvinjelwa kuhlala kusenesidingo esingokomthetho somthetho esisekela umthetho womphakathi.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola [[FLT: 0] i-Cornell Legal Information’s ukucazululwa kwenqubo yokwahlulela ne-[FLT :2] American Bar Association's qondiss kwizethameli zenkantolo. Imithombo eyengeziwe yemithetho yobufakazi ingatholakala kuwebhusayithi ye-Evidence[[FLT:]