Amasethi nokulinganisa izakhiwo yizisivikelo esivimbela noma yiliphi igatsha likahulumeni ukuba libuthe amandla anganqandeki. Kuyi-demokrati enempilo, lezi zinqubo ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukubekwa kwemithetho, ukuphatha, neziphathimandla zokwahlulela ezisebenza ngaphakathi kwemingcele ecacile, ngayinye ibeke abanye icala. Nokho, uma lezi zithiyo zintengantengiswa noma zidlula ngamabomu, isimiso siphambukela ekubuseni ngempoqo. Ukuqaphela izimpawu zesimiso sokuhlola noma sokulinganisela okungalawuleki akuyona nje imfuneko yezemfundo yezezenhlalakahle. Lesi sihloko sichaza izisekelo ezingokomthetho, izikhombo ezisebenzayo, nezisetshenziswa zangempela zalezimiso, zilinganisa ngamathuluzi okuhlola impilo kahulumeni wabo siqu.

Isisekelo Esiqinile Samasheke Nokulinganisela

Amasheke nezilinganiso akuyona ingozi yokuklanywa komthetho - sisekelo; kuyimpendulo yamabomu ekwesabeni amandla agxile.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando

Ithonya eliqondile kakhulu ekuhloleni nasekulinganiseni kwanamuhla livela kuMontesquieu isazi sefilosofi saseFrance, esathi emsebenzini waso ka 1748 Umoya woMthetho [ waphikisa ukuthi inkululeko ivikeleke kakhulu uma i-propatission, umphathi, kanye nemibuso yokwahlulela ihlukaniswa. Abahleli bomthetho womthetho we-United States bafunda iMontesquieu eduze. UJames Madison, kuFederalist No. 51, wabhala ngokudumile, "Inkululeko kumelwe yenziwe ukuba ilwe isifiso sokunikeza igatsha ngalinye indlela nenhloso yokumelana nokungenela kwabanye, ngaleyondlela kudala isimiso sokuzilawula.

Nakuba inguqulo yase-U.S. iyaziwa kakhulu, izinqubo ezifanayo zikhona ezinhlotsheni eziningi zedemokrasi. Ngokwesibonelo, ezimisweni zephalamende, umphathi uthathwa esimisweni somthetho futhi angasuswa ngevoti engathembi, kodwa ijaji lihlala lizimele. Umklamo oqondile uyahlukahluka, kodwa isimiso esiyisisekelo esiyisisekelo kumelwe sihlole amandla(*s) akhona emhlabeni wonke.

Izimiso Zomkhomo

Ngasenhliziyweni yaso, isimiso sincike emibonweni emithathu ehlangene:

  • Ukuhlukanisa amagatsha agunyaziwe: afeza imisebenzi ehlukile. Alikho igatsha elilodwa okumelwe lisebenzise ngaphezu kwenye yamandla ayinhloko (ukwenza imithetho, ukumisa imithetho, ukuchaza imithetho).
  • Igunya lokushaya ihlombe: Igatsha ngalinye linamandla athile phezu kwezinye. Ngokwesibonelo, umphathi angagunyaza umthetho, isishaya-mthetho singazishaya izikhulu, futhi ijaji lingamemezela imithetho engekho ngokwemithetho.
  • I-Muacial Livision:[ Igatsha ngalinye kumelwe liphendule kwezinye. Isishaya-mthetho sibheka umphathi ngecala ngokuqondisa nangokulawula uhlelo lokuhlela; ijaji lihlola umthetho-sisekelo wobunjalo bezenzo zomthetho nezobuphathi; umphathi umisa abahluleli futhi aphoqelele izinqumo zenkantolo.

Lapho lezizimiso zihlonishwa, isimiso senza ukulinganisela lapho kungekho negatsha elingakubusa khona.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zesimiso Esinempilo Sezinhloli Nokulinganisela

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okusebenza kahle sibonakala emikhubeni ebonakalayo nezimiso zokuhlela. Izakhamuzi nabahlaziyi bangafuna izimpawu ezicacile eziningana zokuthi lesi simiso sisebenza ngendlela ehlongozwayo.

Ukuqondisa Okukhuthele Nokuqotho

Izinkampani eziphethe umthetho zivame ukubukeza izenzo zezikhulu ngokuzwa, ngokuhlola, nangokucela izincwadi. Lena akuyona inqubo nje eyisigqizo sekhono; inqubo esebenzayo eveza ukuxhashazwa okungase kwenzeke. Ngokwesibonelo, ikomiti yenhlangano ebiza izinkampani ukuba zifakazele ukumiswa kwezimiso futhi ilandele imibuzo eminingi ngokulandelana kwayo ifeza indima yayo yokuqondisa. Uma ukuqondisa kuqinile, umphathi uyazi ukuthi izenzo zayo ziyohlolwa futhi ngaleyondlela zenze ngokucophelela.

Ukuzimela Nokuhlolwa Kokwahlulela

Izinkantolo kumelwe zikwazi ukubusa ngokumelene nohulumeni ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela. Isimiso esinempilo sibona ikomiti ephethe njalo ishaya phansi noma isekela imithetho esekelwe ekucabangeni komthetho-mthetho, hhayi ekukhetheni okungokwabezombangazwe. Ngisho noma inkantolo yesikhashana ivimbela uhlelo lwezikhulu, okuyisibonakaliso isimiso sesimiso sisebenza. / nikeza izikhulu eziphethe imvume yokukhipha isinqumo. Amazwe ahlola ngokuqinile, njengeNkantolo yomthetho-mthetho-mthetho ye-Federal noma iNkantolo ephakeme yase-U.

Amagatsha Ahlonipha Imingcele Yomthetho - sisekelo

Igatsha ngalinye lisebenza ngaphakathi komthetho-sisekelo walo. Isikhulu asiyithathi imithetho futhi ngamuntu; isishaya-mthetho asizami ukuthatha icala ngalinye; ijaji alimisi ebhentshini. Uma kuphakama izingxabano, zixazululwa ngezinqubo ezimisiwe (umz., ukuxoxisana, ukuguqula, noma ukunqanda umthetho-mthetho-siseko) kunokuzama ukulwa noma amandla alwayo.

Ukubona Kahle Nokulandisa Komphakathi

Izenzo zikahulumeni zihlolwa umphakathi. isimiso esinempilo sihlanganisa inkululeko yemithetho yokwaziswa, imithombo yezindaba ezimele, nezinhlangano zomphakathi ezingabika ngemisebenzi kahulumeni.

Ukwenza Isinqumo Esilinganiselayo

Imiphumela yezimiso iwumkhiqizo wokuxoxisana nokuhlehla phakathi kwamagatsha. Ngokwesibonelo, uhlelo lwemali oludlula ngemva kwengxoxo nokulungiswa lubonisa ukunikeza nokulungiswa okuklanyelwe ukuveza. Alikho igatsha elingayala amagama ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa amanye.

Nokho, lapho eziningi zibonakala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, cishe isimiso sisebenza kahle.

Ifulegi Elibomvu: Lapho Isimiso Semvelo Sinqamuka

Ukuhluleka kokuhlola nokulinganisela kungaba okucashile noma okushaqisayo. Ukuqaphela izimpawu eziyisixwayiso kusemqoka ekulondolozeni ukubusa kwentando yeningi. Amaflagi abomvu alandelayo abonisa ukuthi lesisimiso singaphansi kobunzima noma siwile.

Ukuqondisa Igunya Elingokomthetho

Lapho umphathi eqala ukubusa ngesinqumo, iziyalezo zezikhulu, noma imibuso ephuthumayo engenasisekelo esicacile esingokomthetho, ibonisa ukwenqatshwa kokulawula imithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, umongameli osebenzisa ngokuphindaphindiwe iziyalezo eziphetheyo ukuze abhale imithetho enqabile ukudlula uKhongoloshe, unikeza imvume ngokuphumelelayo. Nakuba iziyalezo eziphethe ziyithuluzi elingokomthetho, ukusetshenziswa kwazo okuhleliwe ukuvimbela ukumiswa kwemithetho kuyisibonakaliso esicacile sokungalingani.

Ukuzibusa Okungalawuleki

Ukuhlasela enkantolo yamajaji − njengokunqaba ukusebenzisa iziyalezo zenkantolo, ukupakisha izinkantolo nabasekeli bomthetho, noma amajaji ahlabayo obala ababusa ngokumelene nohulumeni − kuphakathi kwezimpawu ezibonisa ukuhluleka nokulinganisela. Uma uhulumeni ephatha ijaji njengesitha kunegatsha elilinganayo, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuhlaselwa ngokuqondile. Izibonelo zihlanganisa umbuso kahulumeni wasePoland osekela isijeziso sahluleli (kamuva esitholakele sokwephula umthetho we-EU) kanye neminye imizamo kahulumeni yokulinganisela ukucubungula.

Ukugxilisa Ingqondo Emandla Egatsheni Noma Egatsheni Elilodwa

Uma elinye igatsha lihlanganisa imisebenzi engokwesiko engeyenye, ngokwesibonelo, lapho umphathi ethatha indima ye-partiam ye-application noma amandla axolelwayo ejaji, u-("ukulinganisa kuyaphuka. Izenzakalo ezinkulu zihlanganisa ukunyuka "kwezintlola-abameli" kwamanye amazwe, lapho umongameli elawula khona isishaya-mthetho, lapho emisa abahluleli, futhi engamele amabutho ngaphandle kokuhlola okuphumelelayo.

Ukubona Indaba Ngokubona Okuncishisiwe Nokulandisa

Ohulumeni abalulaza inkululeko yokwaziswa, abavimbela inkululeko yokucindezela, noma abalulaza izindikimba eziqondisayo bazama ukufihla izenzo zabo ukuze bangahlolisisi.

Imithetho Engaphansi

Esimisweni esingaphumeleli, isishaya-mthetho siyeka ukusebenza njengesehlo esizimele. Singase sibe "isitembu sokwehlisa ijubane," sivumele zonke iziphakamiso zezikhulu ngaphandle kwempikiswano. Abaqondisi abamelene nomphathi bangase babhekane nokuphindisela kwezombangazwe noma ngisho nokususwa. Iphalamende elingamenzi umphathi aphendulelwe icala liyishiyile indima yalo engokomthetho-sisekelo.

Isembozo esisodwa asisho ukuthi isimiso sesimiso asiphumelelanga, kodwa indlela yokuziphatha okunjalo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi idinga ukunakwa.

Imishini Esunguliwe Yokulandisa

Ukuze siqonde ukuthi amasheke nokulinganisela kuyasebenza yini, kuyasiza ukuhlola amathuluzi akhethekile igatsha ngalinye eliwasebenzisayo ukuze ligcine amanye enecala.

Ukuphatha Okungokomthetho

Imithetho inezikhawu zemithetho ezihlukene: ukuzwa kwekomiti, izimpompo, ukulawula uhlelo lokuhlela, ukuqinisekiswa kokumiswa, ukugunyaza, namandla esikhwama semali. Uma lamathuluzi esetshenziswa ngamandla (ngokwesibonelo, uma isishayamthetho senqaba ukuxhasa uhlelo olungavumelani nemithetho noma amavoti okubhalisa isikhulu esonakele(85) isimiso siyasebenza. Uma singanakiwe noma sishintshwa sibe yizikhali ezihlukene, amasheke ayawohloka.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Izinkantolo zingamemezela imithetho nezenzo zokuphatha ezingekho emthethweni. Ukuze lokhu kube ukuhlola okuphumelelayo, amajaji kumelwe alonde isilinganiso nekhono lokukhipha izinqumo ezibophayo. Ijaji elihlala libekelwe isikhulu noma eligcwele abanikeli abaphezulu lilahlekelwa ukuthembeka kwalo. Icala lengqoko yesifunda burybry v. Madison lisungule ukubukezwa kokwahlulela eUnited States, futhi izimfundiso ezifanayo zikhona kwezinye imibuso eminingi ye-democratics.

AmaVetos NamaPardon

Isikhulu singagunyaza umthetho we-veto, kanjalo siphoqelele isishaya-mthetho ukuba siphinde sicabangele noma sifeze impumelelo enkulu. Lokhu kuyinhlolo - vo esemthethweni ekuphathweni kwemithetho. Nokho, umphathi osebenzisa i-veto ukuvimbela wonke umthetho wokuphikiswa ngokuhlelekile kungenzeka ukuthi wephulwe ngokwesimiso. Ngokufanayo, amandla okuthethelela angasetshenziselwa ukuxazulula ukungabi nabulungisa noma ukuvikela izibopho ekuphenduleni icala.

Izifundo zecala elingokoqobo lezwe

Ukuhlola amazwe athile kuyasiza ekuboniseni indlela ama - check ne - stical esebenza ngayo.

E - United States

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. unikeza ukuhlukaniswa okuvamile kwesibonelo segunya. Emashumini eminyaka amuva, izingqapheli ziye zaphawula impumelelo kanye nobunzima. Ngokwesibonelo, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Trump v. United States[ [2024] ngemibuzo ephakanyiswayo yezokuvikela umongameli mayelana namandla empawu. Okwamanje, uMkhandlu uye wazama ukuqondisa ezinye izimpikiswano, kuyilapho ukusetshenziswa kweziqondiso kuye kwanda ngaphansi komongameli abaningi. Inqubo yokungathwali, kuyilapho isetshenziswa, ihlala inyukela kakhulu. Ukunyukela kakhulu, iNational Constitution Center inikeza iziqondiso zokuhlola nokulinganisela: [FL:] uMthetho-Constitution [FFF:]

I - United Kingdom

I-UK ayinawo umthetho-mthetho omiswe ndawonye kodwa incike emihlanganweni nasebuseni bephalamende. Isikhulu (uNdunankulu nomphathi) sithathwa kumthetho wendlu yomthetho, futhi ijaji lizimele. UMthetho we-Human Rights neNdlu Yobukhosi zinikeza izinhloli ezithile. Izimpikiswano zamuva ngokumiswa kwePhalamende (okungavunyelwe ngokomthetho yiNkantolo Ephakeme ngo-2019) ziqokomisa indlela imihlangano ehlolwa ngayo. Isimiso se-UK's ibonisa ukuthi ihlola nokulinganisela kungaphila ngaphandle komthetho-mthetho oqinile olotshiwe, kodwa zidinga iziqondiso eziqinile nokusekela umphakathi.

Ezinye Iziphazamiso

EJalimane, iNkantolo ye-Federal Constitution iye yazilahla ngokuphindaphindiwe izenzo zikahulumeni eziphula amalungelo ayisisekelo, zisebenza njengenhlolo enamandla. ENdiya, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa amandla ayo okuhlola ukuqeda iziyalezo zezikhulu kanye nokulungisa komthetho-sisekelo okululaza isimo esiyisisekelo somthetho-sisekelo. Ngokungafani, iHungary nePoland iye yabhekana nokuhlukumezeka kwentando yeningi njengoba ohulumeni bayo beye balulaza izinkantolo zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho kanye nemithombo yezindaba ezimele. Bracting Institutions[[[ inyathelise ukuhlaziwa okukhulu kokususwa kwedemocriciation nendima yokuhlola nokulinganisa.

Indima Yomphakathi Wezindaba Nezakhamuzi

Amasethi nama-ace nama-ascer alinganiselwe ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni. I-pacter yamahhala isebenza njengengxenye yesine yefa, idalula ukuxhashazwa nokutshelwa komphakathi. Iphepha lokuhlola eliveza ukonakala noma ukuphaphamela izikhulu elicindezela amanye amagatsha ukuba athathe isinyathelo. Izinhlangano zomphakathi zenza utho lomphakathi − njenge-American Civil Liberities Union (ACLU) e-US noma i-Libertion e-UK/ligateate ngokumelene nezenzo zobuzwe nokungamelelishwa. Uma lezi mishini zangaphandle zinamandla, zingakhokha ubuthakathaka phakathi kukahulumeni ngokwawo. Uma zicinezelwa, isimiso siba sesisulu kakhulu.

Izakhamuzi kufanele ziqaphele impilo yemithombo yezindaba ezimele nezinhlangano ezingezona ezohulumeni. Ukuhlaselwa kwezintatheli, ukudukiswa kwamaqembu ezinja, kanye nemingcele yokuhlangana ngokuthula konke kuyizimpawu eziyisixwayiso zokuthi isayensi ebanzi yezinto eziphilayo nokulinganisela kusengozini.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingahlola Futhi Zivikele Ngayo Amasheke Nokulinganisela

Izakhamuzi zifeza indima ebalulekile. Ngokuhlala zinolwazi, zihlanganyela nabameleli, kanye nezinhlangano ezisekelayo ezikhuthaza ukubonakala kwangaphandle, abantu bangasiza ekulondolozeni lesi simiso. Izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zihlanganisa:

  • landela izenzo zikahulumeni emazingeni amaningi: ukuba khona emihlanganweni yomkhandlu wendawo, ukufunda amarekhodi engqungquthela noma ephalamende, futhi uqaphele iziyalezo eziphethe kanye nezinqumo zenkantolo.
  • I-partism ezimele yezindaba: Zibophelele kumaphepha ezindaba abikayo, futhi uqaphele imithombo yezindaba elawulwa uhulumeni.
  • Izikhulu ezikhethiwe: Isidingo sokuba zisebenzise ukuqondisa nokusekela imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo.
  • Paricipate kwimfundo yomphakathi: Funda ukuthi isimiso sezwe lakho sokuhlola nokulinganisa sisebenza kanjani. Ku-US, i-US USA. umqondisi we-[ uchaza inqubo yomthetho nendima yegatsha ngalinye.
  • Advocate yenguquko:[ Uma uphawula ubuthakathaka, ukusekela isilinganiso njengekhomishane yokulungisa izakhiwo ezizimele, inguquko yezezimali, noma isilinganiso segama lokwahlulela esisekelwe kulendaba.

Ukuqapha kuyintengo yenkululeko. Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela esingavikelwa ngenkuthalo kuyoncipha kancane kancane.

Isiphetho

Ukuqaphela lapho izinhlolo-ndlela nezilinganiswa zisebenza noma zihluleka kudinga ukunakwa kokubili inqubo nomphumela. Isimiso esinempilo sibonisa ukuqondisa okusebenzayo, ukuzimela kokwahlulela, ukuhlonipha imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo, ukubonakala, nokwenza izinqumo ngokulinganisela. Isimiso esihlulekayo sibonisa izimpawu zokuphamba kwezikhulu, ukuhlasela kwemithetho, ukubekwa kwemithetho ye-gastia, nokubekwa amandla asemthethweni. Ngokuqonda izisekelo ezingokomthetho nezimpawu ezisebenzayo, izakhamuzi zingahlola isimo sombuso wazo wokubusa ngentando yeningi futhi zithathe isinyathelo sokuyivikela. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zinamandla kuphela njengokuzimisela komphakathi ukuzinakekela.