Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okufanele: Isisekelo Sobulungisa

Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elilungile lingenye yezinga lokuvikela okubaluleke kakhulu kunoma yimuphi umphakathi wentando yeningi. Iqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu omangalelwa ngobugebengu unethuba eliqotho lokubeka isivikelo sakhe phambi kwenkantolo engathathi hlangothi, engenakho ukuphoqelelwa, ubandlululo, noma inqubo engekho emthethweni. Lesi simiso asisona nje isisekelo esinesisekelo esingcono; isisekelo somthetho wemithetho esemthethweni esibaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela umthetho ovikela ngayo inkululeko nokusekela umthetho. E-United States, ilungelo lokubekwa kwecala ngokulunga lifakwe kakhulu eMthethweni, ikakhulukazi nge-Sikhawu seSithathu se-Pramende, futhi siqiniswa yi-Mkhambiso-Mtheli ye-Mthethweni we-Clasifith ne-Graydmist. Ukuqonda isisekelo somthetho nomthetho ongokomthetho kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqapheleni indlela umthetho ovikela ngayo inkululeko nokusekela ngayo umthetho womthetho.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Okungokomlando Kokuqulwa Kwecala Okuqotho

Imvelaphi YangeNkathi Ephakathi: UMagna Carta Nomthetho Wokuqala Ovamile

Umqondo wanamuhla wokwahlulela ngokulunga uqala ngo-1215, lapho izigebengu zesiNgisi ziphoqelela iNkosi uJohn ukuba isayine iMagna Carta. Isahluko 39 salowomthetho - sisekelo ongokomlando samemezela ukuthi akukho muntu okhululekile oboshwe, asuswe, avunyelwe, noma athunjwe “ngaphandle kokwahlulela okungokomthetho kontanga yakhe noma umthetho wezwe.” Lo mbhalo wasungula umqondo oyisisekelo wokuthi izenzakalo ezingokomthetho kumelwe zilandele imithetho emisiwe futhi zihlanganise izahlulelo ngomuntu olingana naye. Nakuba uMagna Carta ekuqaleni ayengavikela isigaba esincane sabantu abakhululekile, izimiso zawo ezinwetshwe kancane kancane kancane ukuze zidlulisele isivikelo esikhulu. Emakhulwini eminyaka alandela, umthetho ovamile wesiNgisi wathuthukisa imibono efana nelungelo lokuzizwa, ukwenqatshelwa kwemithetho yokuziqulisa isigaba somphakathi, kanye nemfuneko okuqhutshwa ekuvulweni komphakathi.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu Nethonya Lamazwe AseNgilandi

IGlorious Revolution ka 1688 yaholela eNgilandi iBill of Rights ka 1689, eyaqhubeka inciphisa igunya lobukhosi futhi yaqinisekisa igunya lephalamente. Phakathi kwemilungiselelo yayo kwakunokwenqatshelwa kwebheyili ephakeme kanye “nokujeziswa okungavamile,” kokubili okusekela ngokungaqondile izindinganiso zokuhlola ezilungile. Lemibono yaya ezindaweni zamakoloni zaseMelika, lapho amakoloni ombuso akuqala nemithetho engokomthetho yombuso yaqala khona ukuhlanganisa iziqinisekiso ezifanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Virginia Declaractry of Rights of Rights ka-1776 esho ngokuqondile ukuthi “kuzo zonke izinhloko zemali noma izigebetho zecala ezingavamile umuntu unelungelo lokufuna ngenkani impoqo nemvelo yakhe, ukubhekana nabamangali, ukubiza ubufakazi obusekela umusa wakhe, nokuqulwa ngokushesha kwekomiti engakhethi yezehlulele.” Lolimi lwasho ngokuqondile ukuthi “kuwo wonke amajajingasi-6 asho imvume noma umthetho.

Ukumisa UMthetho - sisekelo Wase - United States Nesiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

Lapho i-Constitution of the First Commission ihlangana ngo-178791, incwadi yokuqala yayinezindlela ezimbalwa zokuvikela amalungelo. Abalwa ne-Federalist baphikisa ngamandla, bephikelela ekufuneni amalungelo njengesimo sokudilizwa. Isithembiso sokulungisa saholela ekuthatheni iziphakamiso ze-First Congress iziqinisekiso eziyisithupha ezicacile: iSichibiyelo seSiphemende seSitha, kanye neSimende seSimemezelo seSigqi sesihlanu soMnyango uCelasimende, saba umsuka wamalungelo alungile eUnited States. [[FLT:] [ixth Refected Refectivement] [iced Reveloption ye-ography] esiqinile nesolustration yomphakathi, umsizi ongakhethi ovela esizweni nasezweni, ukuphawula ukumangalelwa, ukukhokhwa kofakazi, ukukhokhwa kokwa kweso, ukukhokhwa kofakazi.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo E - United States

Isichibiyelo Sesithupha Esiningiliziwe

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha sinikeza ilungiselelo elibanzi lokuquliswa kwezigebengu.

  • Icala lejubane: livikela ummangalelwa ekuboshweni okunganqunyiwe futhi liqinisekisa ukuthi ubufakazi abululazi. INkantolo Ephakeme ku- Barker v. Wingo[ [772] yasungula ukuhlolwa kokulinganisela okulinganiselayo okulinganisa ubude besikhathi, isizathu sokulibala, ukubekwa kommangalelwa, ukubekwa kweso kwesokudla, nobandlululo kummangalelwa.
  • Umthetho we-Public: ukhuthaza ukubonakala futhi unqande imicimbi eyimfihlo. Umphakathi nomshini ngokuvamile unelungelo lokuya ezimpilweni, nakuba ezinye zikhona ngenxa yezindaba ezibucayi.
  • I-Jury engakhethi: Ifuna ukuba abagcini bejaji bangabi nazibopho futhi bakhishwe kumphakathi omelele uhlangothi lwesiphambano. UVoir ohlazayo uvumela abameli ukuba baphikise abangase babe abajaji ngembangela noma ngokugadla.
  • Amanothi amacala: Ummangalelwa kumelwe atshelwe “ngecala nangembangela yalelicala,” ukuze akwazi ukulungiswa kwesivikelo. I-Pue noma amachashaza ayimfihlo aphula lelilungelo.
  • Ukubhekisisa u-Claus: kuqinisekisa ilungelo lokubonana nofakazi abamelene ne-expomine. Icala lengqokoso . Washington[ [2004]) elivinjelwe ukuvunywa kwehemuhemu lenkolo ngaphandle kokuba ideclarant ingekho futhi ummangalelwa wayene ithuba langaphambili lokuhlanganisa i-express.
  • Inqubo eyimpoqo ye-CPUM: Ummangalelwa angafakaza ngangaphansi kwempompona futhi aqhube ubufakazi babo. Lelilungelo libalulekile ekwakheni isivikelo.
  • Ukulahla Iseluleko: Mhlawumbe ilungelo elibaluleke kakhulu. Gideon v. Wainwright[ [1963], iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi kumelwe inikeze iseluleko kubamangalelwa abamangalelwa abanecala elibi kakhulu, kamuva benwetyelwe kunoma iliphi icala elihilela isigwebo sejele.

Inqubo Elindelekile Nokuthungatha

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu siqinisekisa ukuthi akekho umuntu oyoba “nomphumela wokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.” INkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza lesi sisho ukuba sifune izinqubo ezilungile ngokuyisisekelo kokubili ezigebengwini nasemongweni wesizwe. ISichibiyeli seshumi naneth sisebenza inqubo efaneleyo ezizweni, futhi ngemfundiso yokukhetha, cishe zonke izimemezelo zeSimemezelo zeSithandathu manje zisebenza ekwakheni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Mathews v. I-Elditridge isetshenziswa ekuhloleni ukuthi inqubo inzuzo edingayo, inzuzo yangasese, ingozi yokuswela okungalungile, isithakazelo sohulumeni.

Izingxenye Zokuqulwa Kwecala Okufanele

Umbono Wokungabi Nandaba

Ukucabanga ukuthi umsulwa kuwuphawu olubalulekile oluhambisana nobulungisa bobugebengu. Kusho ukuquliswa kwecala kunomthwalo wokuqinisekisa zonke izici zobugebengu ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Lendinganiso ivikela ummangalelwa ekusolweni ngokusekelwe ekusolweni noma ekungaqinisekini. Ukungabaza okunengqondo akuwona umgoqo ozimele; kuyisivikelo esigxilile esifuna ukuba abahluleli babe neqiniso ngokokuziphatha lokuzethemba. Izinkantolo zifundisa ngokuphindaphindiwe amajaji ukuthi ummangalelwa akanabo ubufakazi. Uma ummangalelwa ehluleka ukuhlangabezana nomthwalo wakhe, kumelwe alandele i-ahvere.

Ilungelo Leseluleko Nosizo Oluphumelelayo

Ilungelo lokululeka liye lakhula kakhulu ngaphezu kokuba khona kommeli. INkantolo Ephakeme [ku- Strickland v. Washington (19984) yasungula ukuhlolwa okuyingxenye emibili kosizo olungaphumeleli: ummangalelwa kumelwe abonise ukuthi ukusebenza kweseluleko kwehla ngaphansi kwendinganiso eqinile yobulula futhi ukusebenza kabi kuhlale kuyinselele ebucayi. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi iseluleko asiyona nje indikimba efudumele kodwa sinikeza ukumelelwa okusemthethweni. Nokho, izimiso zomphakathi zokuvikela inqubo yamahlala njalo ngaphansi kokuthweswa kwecala nokukhulu, okungalulaza izinga lokumelela. Inkulumo yalezi zimpikiswano inqubo ihlala iyinselele.

Umahluleli NobuJudiya Abangakhethi

Umenzi wesinqumo ongakhethi ubalulekile. Abahluleli kumelwe baziphendulele lapho benobandlululo lomuntu siqu noma isithakazelo sezimali emphumeleni. Abasizi-jaji kumelwe bahlolwe ukuba nobandlululo, futhi inqubo yokukhetha abahluleli ihlose ukuqeda labo abangakwazi ukunquma icala elisekelwe ebufakazini kuphela. i-federal judicary[ inikeza iziqondiso eziningi zokuqinisekisa amagebebe abonisa umphakathi. Izenzakalo eziphezulu ezisemqoka zidinga ukuthatha icala elibi noma ngisho nokushintsha indawo enkulu ukuze kutholakale abagcini bejaji abangakhethi.

Ukuqulwa Kwamacala Omphakathi Nokuvuleka

Ukubona gcakundlela kuvimbela ukuziphatha okubi kokwahlulela nokujezisa, kukhuthaza ofakazi ukuba baqhubeke, futhi kufundise umphakathi ngesimiso sobulungisa. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi umphakathi nezindaba zinelungelo lokuya enkantolo yomphakathi weSichibiyelo Sokuqala sokuya ezinkantolo zobugebengu. Okuhlukile kungokobufakazi obuhilela izimfihlo zezentengiselwano, ukulondeka kwesizwe, noma ofakazi abavikelekile, kodwa ukuvala akuvamile futhi kumelwe kulungiswe kancane. Eminyakeni yamuva, ukukhula kwezehlakalo zomthetho phakathi nobhadaba lweCOVIID kwaphakamisa imibuzo emisha ngemibandela ephatheleneze ngokomthetho, nezingatsha ezithi zempilo ezimelene neziqinisekiso zomthetho.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala Okusheshayo Nokuvinjelwa Kokulibala

Ubulungisa benqatshelwe. I-Piney Trial Claus ivikela ummangalelwa ekuhluphekeni ejele ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi ubufakazi abupheli. UKhomishane wafaka i-Purcey Trial Act ka- 1974, ifuna ukuba kuqaliswe ukuqulwa kwecala phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-70 (ngaphandle). Ukulibala okubangelwa ukuminyana kwenkantolo, ukuziphatha okubi kommeli, noma ukuzivikela ngokwakho kulinganiswa ngokucophelela. Ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, izindinganiso zomthetho zenza ukuba kusetshenziswe nge- Barker ukulinganisela. Ukunqikaza okudluliswayo kuhlala kuyinkinga ezinkantolo zasedolobheni, ngokuvamile abamangalelwayo ukuba bakhethe phakathi kokulindwa noma ukwamukela icala.

Ukubhekana Nokungenwa Kwesiphambano

I-Breade Claus iqinisekisa ilungelo lokuhlola ukuthembeka kofakazi abangalungile. Ukuhlola isiphambano kubhekwa njengenjini yomthetho enkulu kunazo zonke ezake zasungulwa ukuze kutholakale iqiniso. Isinqumo seNkantolo . i-Crawford v. Washington yaguqula ukuhlaziywa kokuhlola ngokugxila ehemuhedeni. Uma umshushisi efuna ukuvuma amazwi angaphambili asho ukuthi ufakazi, ideclarant kumele ifakaze futhi iphathwe ngokunqamleza, ngaphandle kokuba ideclarant ayitholakali futhi ummangalelwa waba nethuba lokuqala lokunqamleza i-aia angene. Imibiko, 911, nokubuza amaphoyisa aphakamisa zonke izimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi ngaphansi kwale mfundiso.

Ithonya Elibanzi Enkonzweni

Amalungelo amahle okuqulwa kwecala awakho kuphela ngenxa yenzuzo yabamangalelwa. Asebenza kakhulu izinzuzo zomphakathi. Uma ukulingwa kubhekwa njengokulungile, umphakathi uthemba isimiso sobulungisa, esikhuthaza ukubambisana nokugcinwa komthetho nokwamukela izinqumo. Ukulingwa okulungile kunciphisa izinkolelo ezingalungile, okungagcini nje ngokuvikela abantu abangenacala kodwa futhi kuvimbele abakhohla umthetho abaqotho ukuba bangahlali bemiyalo emikhulu. [[FL:] I-Innocence Project [ ifaka amakhulu emisebenzi yokuthatha izigwegwegwe ngobufakazi obungenaphutha ngobufakazi be-DNA, eminingi ehilela izinqubo zofakazi obona ngamehlo ongafanele kanye nokuvuma izono okungamangalelwayo. Ukuqinisa izivumelwano eziqondileyo zokulungisa imithombo enjalo yephutha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenza ngokulinganayo kuthuthukisa izindinganiso zomthetho womthetho, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ubumpofu, ukunquma kobumpoqoko lwecala. Umthetho owena owena owena owenziwe ngokomthetho owenziwe ngenhla kugunya wonke umthetho owenziweyo.

Izinselele Zangesikhathi Esidlule Ekwahluleleni Kwamalungelo Okulunga

Ukufinyelela ekumelelweni okungokomthetho

Inhloso yokuqondisa ngentshiseko ingqubuzana namahhovisi omphakathi avikela angenamsoco. Abamangalelwa abaningi abakhohliswayo bathola usizo olusemthethweni olusho ukuthi luyiwo, abameli abaqeqeshiwe befaka amakhulukhulu ezindaba. Lokhu kungaholela ekucindezeleni ukuba bavume ukuthi banecala ngisho nalapho isivikelo sikhona. Izindlela zamuva nje, njengaye NLADA[ nezinguquko zesifunda, inhloso yokuhlela imingcele yokufaka isikhwama somthwalo nenkokhelo, kodwa intuthuko ayifani. Kwezinye izindawo zasemaphandleni, isimiso sonke sincikelele kumanxusa agunya athengwayo awe kakhulu.

Izinhlanga Nezenhlalo Nezomnotho

Naphezu kwesiqinisekiso somthetho-sisekelo, ubandlululo oluphelele nobandlululo lwezimiso luyaqhubeka lungena esimisweni sokwahlulela kobugebengu. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi abamangalelwa abamnyama nabaseSpain basengozini kakhulu yokubekwa ngaphambi kokwahlulela, bathola imigwebo emide, futhi babhekene nobandlululo. Inqubo yokukhetha ijaji, nakuba iklanyelwe ukuqeda ubandlululo, iyakwazi ukuvumela ukulahla isigwebo. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Batson v. Kentucky [1986] igebese-get-sbet, kodwa iyaqhubeka iqinile. Ukuqeqeshelwa kobandlululo kwabahluleli nabameli, kanye neqoqo lemininingwane yezomthetho ehlukanisayo.

Ithonya Lemithombo Yezindaba Nokusakaza Umphakathi

Ezimweni ezivelele, ukusakazwa kwezindaba okugcwele yonke indawo kungalimaza i-quat commist. Imithombo yezokuxhumana iqinisa lomphumela, njengoba abahluleli bengase babhekane nobufakazi obunemibono ephambene noma obungakholeki. Izinkantolo zisebenzisa izinyathelo ezinjengeziyalo ze-gag, ukushintsha kwendawo, izigijimi ezihlotshisiwe, futhi zinwebe kakhulu ukuze zinciphise ubandlululo. Nokho, umngcele phakathi kokubika ngokungakhethi nokugxeka uhlala uphikisana. Ukwanda kwe-internalismsism, lapho abamangalelwa belahlwa khona obala phambi kokuqulwa kwecala, kuveza usongo olusha lokungakhethi.

I - Plea Bargain Nezinhlansi Zokwahlulela

Amacala obugebengu angaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-90 e-United States aphetha ngokunxusa kunesigwebo. Ukucindezela okukhulu ukwamukela isicelo, okuvame ukuphumela ekubekeni isigwebo esiphansi kunokufaka isigwebo engozini .[1] Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwejaji. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi isimiso saphoqelela abamangalelwa abaningi abangenacala ukuba bancenge icala, ikakhulukazi uma bebhekene nesigwebo esincane kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunxusa kusuke kubekwe izikhalazo ezingekho emthethweni, kuholela ekulahlekeni kwecala nasemahlolweni okungaba umshushisi. Amanye amagunya manje adinga ukuqondisa noma ukuvunywa kobufakazi ngaphambi kokuba isicelo sivunywe.

Izinqubo Zobuchwepheshe Nezobuchwepheshe

Ubuchwepheshe buletha kokubili amathuba nezingozi. Icala elingokoqobo lasakazeka phakathi nobhadane, kubangela ukukhathazeka ngelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi nokukhulumisana okuphumelelayo phakathi kwabamangalelwa neseluleko. Nakuba ukubonakala kude kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, kunganciphisa futhi ukuhlonipheka kwenkantolo futhi kunciphise ikhono lamajaji lokuhlola isimo sobufakazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kokuhlakanipha kokuzenzela ekuhloleni izimpawu zengozi, ukuhlola izimpawu zengozi, kanye nokuveza okuthola kumelwe kucatshangwe ngokucophelela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi abamangalelwa bangaba yinselele ubufakazi obunikezwayo.

Umbono Nesivikelo Ezweni Lonke

Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elilungile aliyona nje indlela yaseMelika. ISiphakamiso 10 seSimemezelo somhlaba wonke samaLungelo angabantu (1948) sithi: “Wonke umuntu unelungelo eliphelele lokulingana necala elilungile nelasobala ngenkantolo ezimele nengakhethi.” Isivumelwano sezizwe zonke samaLungu eSivumelwano samalungelo omphakathi nawamaProvil (ICPR) sichaza iSiphakamiso 14, kuhlanganise neziqinisekiso zokulingana phambi kwezinkantolo, ukumiswa kobumsulwa, ukuvinjelwa okuncane, nelungelo lokudluliswa. I-European Convention on Human Rights ngokufanayo ivikela amalungelo alungile ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 6, ngeNkathiwe yeNkathi Yezibo-Hulumelo eveza imibandela ecebile yomthetho. Nakuba izinqubo ezithile zihluka ngokwezibo zomthetho, izimiso eziyisisekelo zokungakhethi, inqubo yokungaculiselwa emhlabeni wonke. Le mishini yezizwe zonke ziyaqalwa futhi imibandela ezindaweni ezingcono njengamaqembu amaqembu angena amalungelo amaqembu angabantu angabantu angabantu angabantu angabantu angabantu nangabantu angenayo.

Isiphetho

Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elilungile alisona isimiso esiqinile sesikhathi esidlule kodwa isimiso esiphilayo esidinga ukuqapha njalo. Isisekelo saso somthetho ngokomthetho esisekelweni seSichibiyelo seSihla sesithupha ne-Gradix Claus sinikeza isisekelo esiqinile, kodwa ukufezeka kwangempela kobulungisa kuxhomeke emalini eyanele, imikhuba engasoleki, nokuhlonipha izivikelo zokuvikela okungathathi hlangothi. Njengoba kuphakama izinselele ezintsha . Ngokusuka kulokhu kubekwa phansi kwezimiso zomphakathi ezivikelayo ezithonyeni zezokuxhumana + + system system systemsmee orgams as angeke alahlekelwe umbono womgomo oyisisekelo: ukuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu omangalelwa ngethuba lokuzwa phambi komenzi wesinqumo esingathathiwe. Kubafundisi, abafundi, nezakhamuzi, ukuqonda lamalungelo okungawo kuqala ekuzimeleni komphakathi. Izimiso zobulungisa.