Ukuqulwa kwecala le Jury kumelela esinye sezici ezihluke kakhulu zesiko lomthetho wamaNgisi namaMelika. Kusebenza njengendlela yokuhlola amandla kahulumeni, indlela yokuhlanganyela ekwahluleleni komphakathi, nesivikelo sabamangalelwa ababhekene namacala obugebengu. Lesi sihloko sihlola umsebenzi wokuqulwa kwecala ezinkantolo zobugebengu, sihlola ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi kungani benza umsebenzi wabo, kungani bebalulekile, nezinselele ababhekene nazo ezimisweni zanamuhla zomthetho.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sovivinyo LobuJuli

Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala labahluleli libekwe e-United States Constitution, libonisa ukuzimisela koMsunguli ukuvikela izakhamuzi ekumangalelweni ngokusemthethweni. ISiphakamiso III, iSiqendu 2 sinikeza ukuthi "Ukuqulwa kwamacala onke obugebengu, ngaphandle kwecala le-Impeachment, kuzoba nguJury," kanye Isimemezelo sobushiqela [ siqinisekisa ilungelo lokubekwa "ecala elisheshayo nelasobala, ngejaji elingakhethi" lesivikelo somthetho-mthetho sigcizelela indawo eyinhloko yejaji eMelika enecala lobugebengu.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando

Amajaji anamuhla athatha umsuka wawo eNgilandi enkathini ephakathi, lapho i-Asgna Carta kaClarendon ngo- 1166 yamisa khona isimiso samadoda endawo ayezobika ubugebengu futhi kamuva abe aba aba abasebenzi beqiniso. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, abahluleli baqala ukuvela endikimbeni yofakazi babe iqembu elingathathi hlangothi elihlola ubufakazi obunikezwa enkantolo. IMagna Carta ka-1215, eyathembisa isahlulelo sontanga yomunye, yabeka isisekelo sokuqala samalungelo abahluleli ababezothonya izimiso zomthetho zaseMelika ezilawulwa amakoloni kamuva.

Ubukhulu Besokudla

Akuwona wonke amacala obugebengu afanelekela ukuqulwa kwecala labahluleli. INkantolo Ephakeme inqume ukuthi ilungelo leSiqeshana seSichibiyelo lisebenza kuphela " ngokungathi sína" amacala .Ngalabo abaphethe isigwebo esingase sibe yisigwebo sokuboshwa izinyanga eziyisithupha. Amacala amancane, njengabahluleli abancane, angaqulwa phambi komahluleli kuphela. Lokhu kulinganisela izicelo zemali zokuqulwa kwecala ngokumelene nesithakazelo sontanga.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngesisekelo somthetho-sisekelo, hlola Cornell Legin Information Institute's Sixth Isichibiyeli [[FLT: 1]].

Umsebenzi Ombango Wezincwadi: Ukuthola Amaqiniso Nokumelela Umphakathi

UJuries ufeza izinjongo ezimbili ezihlangene emacaleni obugebengu. Okokuqala, usebenza njenge-odoli beqiniso, uhlola ubufakazi obunikezwa nhlangothi zombili. Okwesibili, umelela unembeza womphakathi, usebenzise izindinganiso zomphakathi emibuzweni yokuzisola noma ubumsulwa.

Indima Ethola Iqiniso

Ecaleni lobugebengu, umahluleli unquma imibuzo yomthetho, kuyilapho abahluleli benquma imibuzo yeqiniso. Lengxenye yezisebenzi iqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho engokomthetho isetshenziswa njalo kuyilapho izimpikiswano ezingokoqobo zixazululwa yizakhamuzi ezivamile. Ijaji lizwa ubufakazi obungokoqobo, lihlola ubufakazi obungokoqobo, futhi lihlola ukuthembeka kofakazi ngamunye. Kumelwe linqume ukuthi ukushushisa kufakazele isici ngasinye sobugebengu ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo [[, indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu yobufakazi esemthethweni waseMelika.

Ukumelelwa Komphakathi

Juries uthola igunya lawo embonweni wokuthi ummangalelwa kufanele ahlulelwe ngokwengxenye yomphakathi, hhayi ngezikhulu zikahulumeni. Lesi simiso sinikeza isilinganiso somthetho: isahlulelo sezakhamuzi eziyishumi nambili ezivamile sithatha ukufaneleka okukhulu kunesinqumo samajaji oyedwa. Ukumelelwa komphakathi kuletha futhi imibono ehlukene egumbini lokuhlola, ukunciphisa ingozi yokuba noma imuphi umbono owodwa ulawule umphumela.

Indima yejaji njengommeleli womphakathi inemiphumela ewusizo. Abameleli bangasebenzisa [[FLT: 0] ukulahlwa kwamajaji , lapho bekhipha ummangalelwa onecala ngokwesayensi ngaphansi komthetho uma bekholelwa ukuthi umthetho ngokwawo awulungile noma usetshenziswa kabi. Nakuba abahluleli bengawafundisi amajaji ngaleligunya, uhlala uyisivikelo kumacala omshushisi.

Ukwakha I - Jury: Inqubo Yokukhetha

Inqubo yokuhlanganisa ikomiti yabasizi bejaji iqala esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala futhi ihilela izinyathelo eziningana ezihlelwe ngokucophelela eziklanyelwe ukuveza iqembu elinobulungisa nelingakhethi.

Ukufingqa Nokwenza Ufaneleke

Abameleli bejaji abangase bakhethwe emithonjeni enjengeziqwembe zokuvota, amarekhodi emvume yokuvota, noma amabhuloho entela kahulumeni. Izimemo zeposi zifuna ukuba abantu bavele enkonzweni yejaji ngezinsuku ezicaciwe. Ukuze bafanelekele, umuntu kumelwe abe isakhamuzi sase-U.S., okungenani esineminyaka engu-18 ubudala, isakhamuzi sasesifundani sokwahlulela, futhi sikwazi ukuqonda isiNgisi. Abantu abanezinkolelo eziqinile noma ukukhubazeka okuthile engqondweni noma emzimbeni bangavunyelwa noma bathethelelwe.

Umsindo: Ukubuza Indawo Yohlu

Kuke kwabizwa abajaji abangase bahlome, inqubo ifuna ukuveza ubandlululo olungathinta ikhono lomuntu lokunquma kahle. Ngokwesibonelo, umahluleli nommeli obengaba yisisulu sobugebengu obufanayo noma obenemibono eqinile ngezizinda, izinkolelo, nemibono engathi ingenzeka. Inqubo ifuna ukuveza ubandlululo olungase luthinte ikhono lomphathi wejaji lokunquma kahle icala.

Izinselele: Ngenxa Yezimbangela Nesilingo

Izinhlobo ezimbili zezinselele ezingokomthetho zivumela abameli ukuba bakhe ijaji lokugcina. Izaba zembangela zivumela noma yiziphi izinhlangothi ukuba zisuse ijaji elibonisa ubandlululo olucacile noma ukuhluleka ukungakhethi. Akukho mngcele kulezinselele, kodwa umahluleli kumelwe avume ukuthi imbangela ikhona. Inselele yenselele [[[FLT:]] ivumela abameli ukuba basuse inani elilinganiselwe labasizi bejaji ngaphandle kokusho isizathu. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme ilindele ukuthi izinselele azinakusetshenziswa ukukhipha izigebetho ezisekelwe ehlangani noma ebulilini, njengoba lokhu kususa i-Classic Claus ([FLT:]]]FLT]]Bsonson.[5]]]]

Izinhlobo Zamajukuthu: Iphethiloli Nenkulu

Izehlakalo zobugebengu zihlanganisa izinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene zemikhandlu yamajaji. inquma icala noma ubumsulwa bommangalelwa oqulwa icala. Icala lecala lihlanganisa amalungu ayishumi nambili, nakuba amanye amazwe esebenzisa iziphakamiso ezincane ezibekwayo ngenxa yecala elincane. Isinqumo sawo kumelwe sihlangane. [FLT:] [FLT] [FLT] [uhlu] olukhulu , ngokuphambene, unganqumeli icala. Kunalokho, abukeli ubufakazi obunikezwa abashushicileli ukuba bathole ukuthi kunesizathu esifanelekile sokuphikisa icala futhi kuqhubeke icala lobugebengu. [umpetho luna amalungu angamashumi amabili nantathu, futhi izigino zabo ziyimfihlakalo.

Isakhiwo Secala Lesigebengu

Ukuqonda indlela ukuqulwa kwecala okuvela ngayo kusiza ekucaciseni indima yabasizi bejaji eqenjini ngalinye. Indlela elandelanayo ilandela indlela ecacile eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zombili izinhlangothi ziveza amacala azo ngendlela elungile.

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Icala liqala ngamazwi okuqala avela kukho kokubili ukuquliswa kwecala nolwelwelwelo. Abashushisi bakhuluma kuqala, basho ubufakazi obuhloselwe ukubunikeza futhi batshele abahluleli ukuthi yini elindele ukufakazela. Ukuvikela kunganikeza amazwi akho okuvula ngokushesha ngemva noma kulinde kuze kube yilapho umshushisi ethatha icala lakhe. Izinkulumo zokuvula akuwona ubufakazi kodwa kunalokho ayizizimemezelo ezisiza abagcini bejaji ukuba baqonde ukuthi kuzozani. I-Attorney ingase ingaphikisa noma ithole iziphetho phakathi namazwi okuvula; bamane babheke amaqiniso.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Ingxenye ephambili yomthetho ixhomeke ekunikezelweni kobufakazi. Ukuqulwa kwecala kuthwele ubufakazi, ngakho kunikeza indaba kuqala. Ubufakazi buthatha amafomu amabili amakhulu: ubufakazi obuyi-aluntensi [ obuvela kofakazi kanye nobufakazi obubonakalayo noma obuyikhonjiwe obunjengezikhali, izivumelwano, noma imibiko ye-ocessic.

OFakazi bahlolwa nge- ukuhlolwa okungaqondile yiqembu elibabizayo, lilandelwa ukuhlola okungaqondakaliyo [ yiqembu eliphikisanayo. Isiphambano siyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuhlola ukuthembeka nokunemba kobufakazi. Umahluleli ushaya imithetho ephakanyiswayo nhlangothi zombili, eqinisekisa ukuthi ubufakazi buhlangabezana nezindinganiso ezingokomthetho zobunkonzo nokwethembeka.

Ngemva kokuba ummangalelwa enikeze ubufakazi bakhe siqu, ummangalelwa unelungelo elingokomthetho lokungafakazeli, futhi abahluleli bangase bangabheki noma yikuphi ukuphikisa kulesosinqumo.

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Uma izinhlangothi zombili sezinikeze ubufakazi bonke, abameli banikeza izimpikiswano zokuphetha. Leli ithuba lokugcina labameli lokuncenga abahluleli. Bafingqa ubufakazi, baqokomisa ukungavumelani kwecala eliphikisayo, futhi baphikisane ngokuthi kungani abahluleli kufanele bafinyelele isinqumo esithile. Ngokungafani nezinkulumo ezivulayo, izimpikiswano zokuphetha zingahlanganisa izincazelo ezinengqondo ezithathwe ebufakazini nasekunxuseni kobulungisa kwabahluleli. Nokho, abameli benqatshelwe ukuba bangabushayi hlangothi ubufakazi noma bakhiphe izinkulumo ezimfekethezayo.

Iziqondiso Zokuxoxa

Ngaphambi kokuba abahluleli baqale ukuhlobana, ijaji lifunda iziyalezo zobujukujezi. Lemiyalo ichaza umthetho osebenza ecaleni, kuhlanganise nezici zobugebengu nomthwalo wobufakazi. Ijaji lichaza amagama angokomthetho anjengokuthi "ukungabaza okunengqondo" futhi lichaze ukuthi abagcini bamajaji kufanele bakubheke kanjani ukwethembeka nobufakazi obuqhubekayo. Iziqondiso zigxeka ngoba abaqondisi kumelwe basebenzise umthetho njengoba ushiwo umahluleli, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imibono yabo siqu iyini ngokuphathelene nomthetho.

Ukulahla Nokukhipha Isinqumo

Umsebenzi wejaji uba mkhulu kakhulu ngemva kokuba ijaji lidlulisele iziyalezo futhi lizithumele egumbini lokuhlobanisa. Yilapho abasizi besuka khona ezibukelini ezingenzi lutho baba abenzi besinqumo abakhuthele.

Inqubo Yokuzinqumela

Abaqondisi bakhetha umholi ukuze baqondise ingxoxo futhi baxhumane nenkantolo. Babukeza ubufakazi, baxoxe ngobufakazi babo, futhi baphikisane ngokusetshenziswa komthetho emaqinisweni. Izinqumo zingathatha amahora noma izinsuku, kuye ngokuthi indaba iyinkimbinkimbi kangakanani futhi izinga lokungavumelani phakathi kwabahluleli. Umahluleli banganikeza iziyalezo ezengeziwe uma abahluleli becela ukucacisa imibuzo, kodwa umthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko uxhomeke kubasizi ngokwabo.

Ukungabi Nabulili Ne - Hung Juries

Ezicabeni zobugebengu zikahulumeni nasemacaleni amaningi ombuso, isinqumo kumelwe sihlangane. Bonke abahluleli abayishumi nambili kumelwe bavume ukuthi ummangalelwa unecala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo ngenxa yecala. Uma ijaji lingakwazi ukufinyelela isinqumo esivumelanayo ngemva kokuxoxa ngesizathu esengeziwe, umahluleli angamemezela inkantolo ngenxa ye-"hung comvin"." Kuleso senzakalo, ukuquliswa kungakhetha ukulihlola icala phambi kwejaji elisha. Abanye bavumela ukuba kuthathwe izinqumo ezingaphelele ezimweni ezithile, kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme ifuneke ingabi yize yenzelo yecala enecala elingathi sína ([[FLT]2]]]] Rhosos. v[FFF]]]], 2020]).

Imiphumela Engase Ivele

Ijaji libuyisela omunye wemiphumela emithathu. isahlulelo esinecala sisho abahluleli bathola ukuthi umshushisi ufaka icala lakhe ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. ungenacala [[ usho ukuthi abahluleli babengaqinisekanga kakhulu; lemiphumela yokukhulula, futhi ummangalelwa akanakubuyiselwa ecaleni elifanayo ngaphansi kwecala elingu-Cuberty Clausleus. [[FLT:]]

Amandla Nobuthakathaka Besimiso Sobusha

Ukuqonda izinhlangothi zombili zale mpikiswano kucacisa indima eqhubekayo yabahluleli ekwahluleleni kobugebengu.

Amandla: Ukubonana Nokuhlanganyela Kwe - cobic

I-Jury ukulingwa kuthuthukisa [ umehluko [ ngokuletha inqubo yobulungisa emphakathini. Izakhamuzi ezikhonza enkantolo zizuza okuhlangenwe nakho komthetho ngokwethu nomthetho, zikhuthaza ukwethemba imisebenzi yazo. Isimiso futhi izakhamuzi ekubuseni , ukufeza inhloso yentando yeningi yokuthi abantu abavamile kufanele bahlanganyele ekusebenziseni amandla kahulumeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imfuneko yokuba ummangalelwa aqinisekise abantu abayishumi nambili abenze icala lommangalelwa inikeza ukuhlola okuqinile mayelana nokungathembekile noma ukuvinjelwa okubi.

Ubuthakathaka: Ukungafani Nokuyinkimbinkimbi

Abagxeki baveza ukuthi abacuphi bangaletha ubandlululo olungaboni lutho [ egumbini lokuhlobanisa elisekelwe emjahweni, esigabeni, noma kokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu. Naphezu kokuvikelwa kwe-voir brain, ubandlululo oluthile olungatholakali. Okunye ukukhathazeka ukucunula [: amacala obugebengu anamuhla ngokuvamile ahilela ubufakazi obuyinkimbinkimbi, imibhalo yezezimali, noma imiqondo engokobuchwepheshe engadidanisa noma ithala engokomthetho. Ingozi yokungaqondi kahle ubufakazi noma ukukhomba okunga kahle iziqondiso zejaji impela.

Imithombo yezindaba ekhuluma ngecala eliphakeme iphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokungakhethi kwejaji. Kungenzeka ukuthi abasizi bejaji bafunda noma babukela ukusakazwa okukhulu kwangaphambi kwezindaba, banikeza imibono ngaphambi kokuzwa noma yibuphi ubufakazi. Izinkantolo zikhuluma lokhu ngokuhlasimulisa, ngokushintsha indawo, noma ngokuqamba amajaji phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, kodwa inkinga iyaqhubeka emacaleni asemacaleni adumile.

Ukuze uthole ukulinganisela kokulinganisa amandla nenani lesimiso sokwahlulela, bheka ukuhlaziywa kwe-American Bar Association kuJournal's .

Umbono Oqhathaniswayo: Ukuvivinywa Kwezinye Izimiso Ezingokomthetho

Amasiko ahlukahlukene angokomthetho asingatha indaba yokuhlanganyela ekwahluleleni kobugebengu ngezindlela ezihlukile.

United Kingdom

INgilandi neWales, indawo okwazalelwa kuyo abahluleli bomthetho abavamile, igcina amacala ejaji enkantolo engathi sína eSihlalo. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwecala kwamajaji kuye kwancipha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. ISigebengu somthetho womthetho u-Criminal Justice 2003 savumela ukuqulwa kwecala ngaphandle kwejaji emacala athile ayinkimbinkimbi futhi ezimweni lapho kunengozi yokuphamba amajaji. Amajaji ase-UK ahlanganisa amalungu ayishumi nambili futhi kumelwe afinyelele isinqumo esivumelanayo, nakuba inkantolo ingasamukela isinqumo esikhulu ngemva kwesikhathi esithile uma kungaqiniseki ukuthi ukumelana nesinqumo.

Izimiso Zomthetho Wangaphakathi

Amazwe amaningi aseYurophu alandela isiko lomthetho wesizwe asebenzisa izinkantolo ezihlangene kunokuba athathe iziqu zamacala ezingokomthetho. EJalimane naseFrance, amajaji angochwepheshe ahlala eduze kwamajaji avamile ukuze anqume kokubili icala nesigwebo. Abahluleli abavamile bahlanganyela ekubuzeni ofakazi futhi bakhipheni icala nabahluleli abangochwepheshe, behlanganisa amakhono angokomthetho nokuhileleka komphakathi. Amanye amazwe, njengase-Spain naseJapane, aye athatha izimiso zejaji ezigqugquzelwe yikhombamthetho kodwa avumelanisa nezimiso zawo siqu ezingokomthetho.

Izinkantolo Zezigebengu Zezizwe Zonke

Izinkantolo zomhlaba wonke, njenge - International Criminal Court ne - International Criminal Tribunal yezwe elaliyiYugoslavia, azisebenzisi izigila-jaji. Kunalokho, izishaya - mthetho ezingochwepheshe zinquma kokubili icala nesijeziso. Lokhu kubonisa isimo esikhethekile somthetho wobugebengu womhlaba wonke nezinselele ezisebenzayo zokuhlanganisa abameleli bejaji emazweni ahlukahlukene.

Ukuze baqonde ngokuqhathaniswa, abafundi bangahlola ukungenela kwe-Encclopedia Britannica's esimisweni sokwahlulela .

Ikusasa Lokulingwa Kwamajukuthu Ezweni Elishintshayo

Ukuvivinywa kukaJury kubhekene nezingcindezi ezibangelwa ukushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, ukuthwala izindleko, nokuhlanganisa amathemba omphakathi. Umqedazwe we-COVOVID-19 uzama ukukhetha abahluleli abakude ngisho nokuqulwa kwemibuzo, kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi ingabe inqubo yobuchwepheshe ingalondoloza yini izinzuzo ezingokwesiko zokucabangisisa.

Ukucwaninga kwezesayensi yezenhlalo kuyaqhubeka kuhlola ukuziphatha kobujaji. Ukuhlolwa komgunyathi wejaji nangemva kwezingxoxo zangemva kwenkantolo kuye kwaveza indlela abaphathi bejaji abasebenzisa ngayo ukwaziswa, indlela amaqembu ashukumisa ngayo ukuqamba, nokuthi yiziphi izici eziphembelela. Lokhu kucwaninga kwazisa izinguquko njengokuvumela abasizi bejaji ukuba babhale amaphuzu, ukubuza imibuzo yofakazi ngokubhala, nokunikeza iziyalezo zokuqala ngaphambi kokuba kuqalwe ukuqulwa kwecala.

Isicelo sokukhomba siphakamisa inselele enkulu kakhulu. Amaphesenti angaphezu kwangu-95 ezephulamthetho e-United States axazululwa ngezivumelwano ezidluliswayo kunokuba aqulwe. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukwehla kwecala lejaji kululaza umsebenzi wokuhlola amajaji futhi kugxilise amandla ezandleni zabashushisi. Abasekeli bezicelo basekela iphuzu lokuphumelela kanye nokuqiniseka kwemiphumela. Umbango phakathi kwempumelelo kanye nelungelo lokuqulwa kwejaji uyoqhubeka uthuthukisa umthetho womthetho owephula umthetho.

Isiphetho

U Jury ukuqulwa kwecala kuseyisisekelo sobulungisa bobugebengu e-United States nakwamanye amazwe avamile omthetho. Kufeza imisebenzi ebalulekile: ukunquma amaqiniso, ukusebenzisa izindinganiso zomphakathi, ukuhlola amandla kahulumeni, nokuhlanganyela izakhamuzi ekuqondiseni isahlulelo. Ukuqonda indlela ukuqulwa kwejaji okusebenza ngayo (kusukela esisekelweni somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ngokukhetha, ukuqulwa, nokuhlola), nokuhlola (‘izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele amandla nokulinganiselwa kwalenhlangano ehloniphekayo. Njengoba isimiso somthetho siqala ukubhekana nezinselele ezintsha, indima yamajaji ngokungangabazeki iyakuvumelana, kodwa injongo yaso eyinhloko yokuqinisekisa isahlulelo esilungile kubantu abavamile cishe izakuhlala.