Ukucabangela Ukuthatha I - dollar

Ngaphambi kokuba icala liqale ngokusemthethweni, abantu abahlanganyelayo ngokuvamile bathatha izinyathelo ezingathonya yonke impikiswano. Izimpikiswano eziningi zixazululwa ngaphambi kokuba kuqulwe isikhalo. Ngokwesibonelo, kuthunyelwa incwadi egunyaziwe yesicelo sokuthatha isinyathelo noma isinxephezelo. Ngokufanayo, abantu bangase bavume ukubuyisana noma ukuquliswa kwamacala kule sigaba sokuqala njengesimo sesivumelwano.

Ukuqonda izindleko ezilindelekile kanye nesikhathi esizibophelelelwe ukubhalisa kubalulekile. Izindleko ezingokomthetho, izindleko zokuthola, kanye nokulimala okungokomzwelo kwabo bonke abantu kungaba nokubalulekile. Abameli abaningi batusa ukuba kuhlolwe ezinye izindlela zokufuna impikiswano, njengoba lezizindlela zivame ukushesha futhi zingabi kakhulu. Isiqeshana seMelika Bar BarBar Commentaction of Dispute Resolution zinikeza imithombo yezindlela ezihlukahlukene ze-ADR.

Okunye ukuhlola kwangaphambi kohlelo umthetho wemingcele − isikhathi esingokomthetho okumelwe kubekwe ngaso icala. Ukungawutholi lo mkhawulo wesikhathi kungavala isigwebo phakade. Ngoba lemingcele yesikhathi iyahluka ngokwesimiso nangohlobo lwe-comment, ukubuza ummeli kusemqoka. Ukubhekisa kuye kugxeka. i-Cornell Information Institute inikeza ukucaciswa okubanzi kwemithetho yokulinganiselwa [[].

Ukukhononda Nokukhononda

Uhambo lwecala luqala ngokomthetho ngokuqulwa kwecala enkantolo efanelekile. Lencwadi ichaza izikhalo zomphathi wecala, iveza isisekelo esingokomthetho salokho okushiwoyo, futhi ithi usizo lwafuna (ngokuvamile) umonakalo wemali noma ukukhululeka. Ukukhononda kumelwe kuhambisane nemithetho ehleliwe ngokuphathelene nokuhlelwa, okuqukethwe, kanye nokulawulwa.

Izici eziyinhloko zokukhononda zihlanganisa:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukukhomba:[ Amagama amacala, inkantolo, nenombolo yecala.
  • Jouridiction and Venue:'Isizathu sokuba lenkantolo inegunya nokuthi kungani lendawo ifanelekile.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Izivumelwano ezingokoqobo: Inkulumo ecacile, efingqiwe yezenzakalo ezisekela ukusho.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Izenzo: Imibono eqondile engokomthetho (umzk., ukunganaki, ukwephulwa kwesivumelwano).
  • [[Umthandazo:0] Umthandazo wosizo: Lokho ummangalelwa afuna ukuba inkantolo ikuyale.

Uma isikhalo sesiqalisiwe, umabhalane ufaka intela. Ummangalelwa kumelwe aqinisekise ukuthi uthola isaziso esingokomthetho senqubo yokumangalelwa −a eyaziwa njengenkonzo yenqubo. Inkonzo efanele ibalulekile ukuze inkantolo ithole igunya lomuntu siqu phezu kommangalelwa.

Inkonzo yenhlelo

Inkonzo yenqubo ukudluliswa okungokomthetho kwecala futhi imemeze ummangalelwa. Lesi sinyathelo sivikela ilungelo lommangalelwa lokwazi ngecala futhi aphendule. Imithetho yenkonzo iyahluka-hluka ngokwegunya. Izindlela ezivamile zihlanganisa ukuhanjiswa komuntu siqu ngenqubo, iposi eligunyaziwe, noma, kwezinye izimo, ukunyatheliswa ephephandabeni uma ummangalelwa engenakutholakala.

Uma umsebenzi ungaqediwe kahle, inkantolo ingalilahla icala noma idinge ukulilungisa. Ikakhulukazi, abamangalelwa benkampani ngokuvamile banezimfuneko ezithile zenkonzo, ngokwesibonelo, ukukhonza ummeli obhaliwe wenkonzo. Ukuqonda lezizici kubalulekile; U.S. isiqondiso seNkantolo ekuqaleni icala imininingwane yezimo zikahulumeni ezilindelwe yinkonzo.

Uma eseyitholile, ummangalelwa uba nesikhathi esilinganiselwe − ngokwezinsuku eziyi 21 kuya kwezingu-30 — ukufaka isahlulelo esilungile noma ukuzifaka engozini.

Ukusabela Kwemlweli

Ngemva kokuthola isikhalo, ummangalelwa kumelwe aphendule. Okuyinhloko okungakhethwa yilokhu:

  • Impendulo: sabela emangalweni ngamanye, kungaba ukuvuma, ukuphika, noma ukusho ulwazi olunganele ukuba luphendule. Impendulo ingabuye iqinisekise ukuthi yeya isivikelo (umz., umthetho wemingcele, ukulinganisela izingozi).
  • Ukulahla: Kuphikisa ukugculisana okungokomthetho kwesikhalo. Izizathu ezivamile zihlanganisa ukuntuleka kwemithetho yesihloko, ukwehluleka ukusho ukuthi uyavuma, noma indawo engafanele.
  • Ibalauclaim: Uma ummangalelwa efuna ukumelana nomphathi we-staff, bangafaka i-cancampal njengengxenye yecala elifanayo.
  • Iphutha:[ Uma ummangalelwa ehluleka ukuphendula, ummangalelwa angahamba ukuze athole isahlulelo esinephutha, awine ngempumelelo icala ngaphandle kokuqulwa.

Lesigaba singaba esiwujuqu. Ukunyakazisa okuphumelelayo kungaqeda icala ngokushesha, kuyilapho impendulo ebhalwe kahle ibeka iqophelo lokuthola. Imithetho ye-Civil Procediture [ ilawula lempendulo ezinkantolo zikahulumeni futhi ngokuvamile iboniswa ngemithetho kahulumeni.

Ukuthola I - Phase

Ukuvubukula kuyinqubo ehleliwe lapho abantu bexoxa ngokwaziswa nobufakazi obuvumelana nendaba. Le ngxenye ivame ukuba ingxenye ethatha isikhathi futhi ebiza kakhulu yokuqashwa, kodwa ibalulekile ekwakheni ikhambi eliqinile nokugwema ukumangala lapho kuqulwa icala.

Izinhlobo Zokuthola

  • [ Imibuzo elotshiwe okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo. Iwusizo ekuqoqeni amaqiniso ayisisekelo, ukuhlukanisa ofakazi, kanye nokucacisa izikhundla.
  • Izicelo ze Umkhiqizo wamabhukwana: Izicelo zezicelo zezincwadi ezihlobene, ama-imeyili, izivumelwano, izithombe, namanye amarekhodi. Enkathini yonyaka, ukutholakala kwemishini (e-revory) kuyingxenye enkulu, imbobo yokuhlanganisa ama-imeyili, izisethi zokuxhumana, nokuqukethwe kwezokuxhumana.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Izimo:[ Ubufakazi obuyindida obunikezwa amaqembu, ofakazi, noma ochwepheshe. Intatheli yenkantolo ibhala inqubo, futhi ubufakazi bungasetshenziswa ekuqulweni kwecala noma ekusekeleni inqubo. Ukulungiselela ukukhipha imvume kuyagxeka ngoba izifungo ezenziwe ngaphansi kwesifungo zingasetshenziselwa ukunikeza ubufakazi kamuva.
  • Icela ukudluliswa kwecala: omunye ucela omunye ukuba avume noma aphike amaqiniso athile. Ukuvuma amaqiniso kunikeza izikhombo ngokunciphisa izimpikiswano.
  • [[INT: 0] Ukuhlola okungokomzimba nokungokwengqondo: ezimweni lapho isimo somzimba noma sengqondo yomunye siphikisana, inkantolo ingayala ukuba kuhlolwe uchwepheshe ozimele.

Ukuvubukulwa kulawulwa imithetho eqinile yokuvimbela ukuxhashazwa. Amadili kumelwe ahlangane futhi ahlangane ukuze kuxoxwe ngamasu okuthola, futhi izingxabano zixazululwa inkantolo. Umthetho owenziwe nge-Foledal of Civil Proceducement 26[[FLT: 1] uchaza izinga lokuthola nemingcele.

Izinselele Zokuthola Izindaba Nezanamuhla

Amarekhodi emishini aguqukile. Umthamo omkhulu wokwaziswa (ama-email, imiyalezo yokuthumela imiyalezo, amafu) ngokuvamile udinga i-software ekhethekile nolwazi olungokomthetho. I-Spoliation(ukubhubhisa noma ukwehluleka ukulondoloza ubufakazi) kungaholela ezivumelweni ezingathi sína, kuhlanganise neziqondiso ezingathi sína kubahluleli noma ngisho nokuxoshwa. Izinhlangano eziningi manje zisebenzisa izimiso ezisemthethweni zokulondoloza ukwaziswa okubalulekile uma kulindelwe ngokunengqondo.

Ukuhamba Kwangaphambili

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, abahlangene bangase bathathe ama-hide ukuze baxazulule izindaba zomthetho, bafake icala elincane, noma ngisho nokuliqeda ngokuphelele. Isihluthulelo sokuthatha isinyathelo ngaphambi kokwahlulela sihlanganisa:

  • Ukuqulwa kwesinqumo semfishane: Ama-Ague ukuthi akukho ukuphikisana kweqiniso elingokoqobo, ngakho iqembu elinyakazayo linelungelo lokwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho. Uma livunywa, ukuqulwa kwecala kuba okungadingekile. Ukwahlulela okufingqiwe kuvamile ezimweni zesivumelwano lapho amaqiniso ephikiswa kakhulu.
  • Motion in Limine: ifuna ukukhipha ubufakazi obuthile ekuthethweni lapho kuqulwa icala. Ngokwesibonelo, umthene angahamba ukuze akhiphe inzwabethi, izithombe zokukhetha, noma izinkolelo zangaphambili.
  • Motion to Compel Discovery: Uma omunye ehluleka ukusabela ezicelweni zokuthola, omunye angacela inkantolo ukuba iphoqelele impendulo, ngokuvamile ngezijeziso.
  • Ukuhlelwa kwe-Sanctions: ngokwephula imithetho yenkantolo noma izibopho zokuthola.

Le mithetho idinga ukuhlaziywa ngokucophelela futhi ingalihlela ngokuphawulekayo icala. Ukuhamba okuhlelwe kahle ukuze kuthathwe isahlulelo esifushanisiwe, uma siphumelela, kungaphumela ekwahluleleni okuhle ngaphandle kwezindleko nengozi yokuqulwa kwecala.

Ukuxazulula Inkinga Nezingxabano Ezihlukile

Amacala amaningi awafinyeleli enkantolo. Ukuxoxa ngezingxoxo kungavela nganoma iliphi izinga ("ngaphambi kokuba kudluliswe isikhalo, kutholakale, noma ngisho nangemva kokuba sekukhishwe isinqumo. Ukuhlala kahle kuvumela abantu ukuba balawule umphumela, bagweme ukungaqiniseki, futhi banciphise izindleko.

Isiphazamiso

Kuzokuxhumana, iqembu lesithathu elingathathi hlangothi lisiza izingxoxo kodwa aliphoqeleli isinqumo. Umlamuleli usiza ekutholeni izithakazelo, amabhuloho, namabhuloho amagebe. Ukukhipha imvume kuyimfihlo futhi akunakuhlanganisa ngaphandle kokuba kufinyelelwe futhi kusayinwe. Izinkantolo zivame ukucela amaqembu ukuba azame ukudlulisa izigila-mizwa ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala.

Ukudluliselwa Kwezindawo

I-ADR inqubo esemthethweni kakhulu lapho umphathi we-aDR (noma iqembu) ezwa khona ubufakazi futhi enze isinqumo esibophayo. Izivumelwano eziningi zezentengiselwano zigunyaza ukudluliswa kwesivumelwano. Nakuba kushesha futhi kungavumelekile kakhulu kunendlela yokuhlola, ukutholakala kwezinto kungase kulinganiselwe, futhi izinqumo zokuthatha indawo ngokuvamile zigcina ngezizathu ezimngcingo.

I- American Arbitration Association inikeza imithetho nemithombo yemali yakho kokubili ukunqanyulwa nokuhlelwa koku-anthoration.

Ukuhlala kuvame ukuhilela isizumbulu semali esixoxiwe, kodwa kungase kuhlanganise nokusebenza kwezinkonzo, ukushintsha kwemikhuba yebhizinisi, noma ukuxolisa komphakathi. Lamazwi aqoshwe esivumelwaneni sokuhlala, okuyisivumelwano esingokomthetho.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Uma icala lingaxazululeki futhi lingashintshwe, kuqulwa icala. Ukuqulwa kwamacala kungaba ukuqulwa kwebhentshi (kunqunywe umahluleli kuphela) noma ukuqulwa kwecala. Isakhiwo esiyisisekelo si:

Ukukhetha I - Jury (I - voir Dire)

Omahjolo babuza ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba abasizi bejaji bavulule ubandlululo futhi baqinisekise ukuthi isigaba sobulungisa. Izinhlangothi ngazinye zingabekela inselele abajaji ngembangela (esekelwe ekukhetheni) noma zisebenzise izinselele ezilinganiselwe zokubulala abajahisi ngaphandle kokunikeza isizathu. Ukukhetha uJury kuwumkhuba okhethekile − zombili izinhlangothi zifuna ukuzwelana nendaba yazo.

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Izinkulumo zokuvula azibona ubufakazi kodwa ziwumabalazwe walokho okuzoboniswa ubufakazi.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

I-paltiff (noma ukuquliswa icala emacaleni obugebengu) inikeza ubufakazi kuqala. Iqembu ngalinye libiza ofakazi, abafaka isiqiniseko ngaphansi kwesifungo, futhi bafaka imibukiso. Abathathi bahlola ofakazi babo ngokuqondile futhi bahlola ofakazi abamelene nabo. Izizathu zokunikeza ubufakazi zenziwa ngaphansi kwemithetho yobufakazi (isib., inzwa, i-athonsity). I-jaji lishaya imithetho ngokuphikisa, ngokuvamile ephepheni noma ngaphandle kwecala lejaji.

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Ngemva kokuba zombili izinhlangothi seziphumule, abameli banikeza izimpikiswano zokuphetha, befingqa ubufakazi futhi benxusa ukuba banqume.

Ukufundisa Nenkululeko

Umahluleli ufundisa abahluleli ngomthetho osebenzayo (ngokwesibonelo), ukuthi yini ewubufakazi obuqashelwayo noma ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Ijaji libe selithatha umhlalaphansi ngamabomu, lifinyelele isinqumo. Ekuqulweni kwebhentshi, ijaji liveza okutholakele kokuyiqiniso neziphetho zomthetho.

Ukulingwa kungathatha kusukela ngosuku olulodwa kuya ezinyangeni eziningana, kuye ngezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi. Izindawo eziphezulu ezingezona ezisemthethweni (isib. ukugqekeza, ukungasebenzi kahle kwezokwelapha) ngokuvamile kuhilela amasonto obufakazi kanye nemifanekiso engamakhulu.

Isigwebo Nokwahlulela

Ecaleni lomphakathi, isinqumo sibonisa ukuthi iliphi iqembu elikhona futhi uma kunokwenzeka, inani lezingozi.

Khona - ke inkantolo ikhipha isahlulelo esingokomthetho esiqeda inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala. Isahlulelo singahlanganisa imiyalo yokukhokha, imiyalo, noma enye impumuzo. Iqembu eliwinayo livame ukuhlela isahlulelo esihlongozwayo umahluleli ukuba asisayine.

Uma abahluleli bethola ukuthi isikhulu sejaji sithola isigwebo semali encishisiwe (ukuze kukhokhelwe ukulahlekelwa) futhi kwezinye izimo, isijeziso (ukujezisa ukuziphatha okungafanele). Umahluleli angase anciphise noma andise umonakalo ezimweni ezithile (ukuvuseleleka noma ukunezela).

Ukuhamba Nezingcingo Nezingcingo Zangemva Komshado

Iqembu elilahlekelwayo alizitholi ngokuzenzakalelayo ngaphandle kokuziphindiselela. Izenzo zangemva kwecala zicela inkantolo equlunqayo ukuba iphinde ihlole. Ukukhetha kuhlanganisa:

  • [[NT.0] Ukuthatha i-"quator" njengendaba yomthetho (JOL):[ Isho ukuthi ubufakazi babunganele ngokomthetho ukusekela isinqumo.
  • [[INT.:0] Ukuqulwa kwecala elisha: kusho ukuthi amaphutha phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala (umz., iziyalezo ezingafanele zamajaji, ukuziphatha okubi) kucwasa umphumela.
  • [[[Umthetho:0] Ukuhlanganisa ukunquma ukwahlulela:[ ifuna ukulungisa ukwahlulela, ngokuvamile ngokuphathelene nomonakalo noma isithakazelo.

Uma le mithetho ihluleka, iqembu elilahlekelwayo lingase lidlulisele icala enkantolo ephakeme. Izikhalo azizona inkantolo egcina icala, ihlola irekhodi lamaphutha angokomthetho. Izikhulu zifaka iziphakamiso ezibhaliwe futhi zinganikeza izimpikiswano zomlomo. Isinqumo se-appellate singaqinisekisa, sibuye sibuye sifake isiqinisekiso, sibuye sibuye sidlulise noma silungise isahlulelo senkantolo ephansi.

Ukudlulisa amacala kungaba kude, ngezinye izikhathi kuthathe isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka. Kwezinye izimo, ukudluliswa kwecala kuyenzeka enkantolo ephakeme yesifundazwe noma eNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S., kodwa lezo zinkantolo zinelungelo lokulalela ingcosana yamacala. U.S. Izinqubo zeNkantolo Ephakeme zichaza inqubo ye-certiorari [.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kokwahlulela

Ngisho nangemva kokwahlulela kokugcina, umgembuli kungase kudingeke aqoqe imali ekhokhelwe noma aqikelele umthetho othile.

  • Izindawo zokwenziwa: ezigunyaza ukuphangwa kwempahla yangempela noma yomuntu siqu, ukuncishiswa kweholo, noma ama-akhawunti ebhange abandayo.
  • Intethelelo: Uma umcimbi wephula umyalo wenkantolo (umz., wenqaba ukukhokha ukusekela umntwana), bangadelelwa, babhekene nenkokhelo noma isikhathi sokuboshwa.

Ukukhipha isahlulelo kungaba yinselele, ikakhulukazi uma obolekwe imali enempahla embalwa noma efihlekile. Abakweletayo bokwahlulela bangadinga ukuphishekela ukutholwa kwempahla noma ukusebenzisa izinqubo zokunezela. Cornell LII ukungenela komthetho wokwahlulela [ kuchaza izindlela ezivamile zokuqoqa iqoqo.

Isiphetho

Uhambo lwecala elingokomthetho (kusukela ekuhlolweni kokuqala kwecala ngaphambi kwesigaba) ngokufaka, ukuthola, ukuqulwa kwecala, ukuqulwa kwecala, futhi okungase kudingeke (inqubo ehlelwe kahle kodwa evame ukudingwa). Isigaba ngasinye sifeza injongo ehlukile: ukuqinisekisa ubulungisa, ukuncishiswa kwezindaba, ukuqoqa ubufakazi, futhi ekugcineni ukuxazulula impikiswano. Nakuba isimiso singabonakala sinamandla kakhulu, ukuqonda lezi zigaba zinika izigigaba amandla okwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi, ukuthi zingaba ngabamangalelwa, noma bamane nje izingqapheli zesimiso somthetho.

Ukunikeza incazelo ephumelelayo akudingi ulwazi lomthetho ophansi kuphela kodwa futhi nekhono lenqubo nesu. Kulabo ababhekene ne-ligitary, ukuxhumana nommeli onolwazi ekuqaleni kwenqubo kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokulawula ubunzima nokuvikela amalungelo omuntu. Isinqumo sokugcina (‘enokuba yisinqumo, isinqumo, noma isikhalo) siveza isiphetho somsebenzi omkhulu wamaqembu, iseluleko, nenkantolo.