Table of Contents

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States ungenye yezincwadi ezinethonya kakhulu emlandweni wesintu, umisa uhlelo lwesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi kwaseMelika futhi uvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo emakhulwini amabili eminyaka. Nakuba naphezu kokubaluleka kwawo okukhulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi, ulimi loMthetho-sisekelo luvame ukuveza izinselele ezinkulu kubantu abavamile baseMelika abazama ukuqonda amalungelo abo, imithwalo yabo yemfanelo, kanye nemingcele yamandla kahulumeni. Igebe phakathi kombhalo womthetho kanye nokuqonda umphakathi liye labangela imizamo eqhubekayo yokwenza ulimi olungokomthetho lutholakale ngokwengeziwe, iphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile mayelana nendlela esichaza ngayo izincwadi zesisekelo nokuxhumana nabantu ababusayo ngezimiso zomthetho.

Inselele Yolimi Olungokomthetho Emibhalweni Yomthetho

Ulimi olungokomthetho, oluvame ukubizwa ngokuthi lwe-oral, kudala lugxekwe ngobunkimbinkimbi, amagama alo akudala, futhi angenamigwebo. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka abameli baye baklolodwa ngohlobo lwe-produced yabo, nabagxeki beqaphela ukuthambekela komsebenzi ekukhulumeni okuyinkimbinkimbi ngokungadingekile. Umthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo, nakuba ufingqiwe ngokuphawulekayo uma uqhathaniswa nemibhalo eminingi yanamuhla engokomthetho, wabhalwa ngolimi olusemthethweni lwekhulu le-18 futhi uqukethe amagama nemiqondo engadidanisa abafundi besikhathi samanje.

Uma izakhamuzi zingawuqondi kalula umbhalo omisa amalungelo azo ayisisekelo kanye nesimiso sikahulumeni, zibhekana nezingqinamba ekuzikhuthazeni ngokwazo, zihlanganyele ngokunengqondo ezinqubweni zentando yeningi, futhi zigcine uhulumeni unecala elibalulekile. Lenkinga yokutholakala idlulela ngalé koMthetho - sisekelo ngokwawo ukuze kuhlanganiswe izinqumo ezinkulu zeNkantolo Ephakeme, ulwazi olungokomthetho, nezincwadi zikahulumeni ezichaza futhi zisebenzise izimiso zomthetho.

Izici eziningana zinezela ebunzimeni babantu abavamile lapho befunda imibhalo engokomthetho-sisekelo nengokomthetho. Okokuqala, amagama amaningi angokomthetho anencazelo ekhethekile ehlukile ekusetshenzisweni kwawo kwansuku zonke. Okwesibili, ukubhalwa komthetho ngokuvamile kusebenzisa izakhiwo zomusho eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinezincazelo eziningi ezingaqondakali. Okwesithathu, uMthetho-sisekelo wabhalwa ngomlando wemihlangano yezilimi ehlukahlukene, okwenza ezinye izingxenye zizizwe zingajwayelekile kubafundi banamuhla. Okokugcina, ukufisha kwencwadi ezihlokweni eziningi kusho ukuthi ukuqonda izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile kudinga ukujwayelana namakhulu amaningi eminyaka nomthetho ochaza izindaba.

Inhlangano Yolimi Olungenangqondo Nenguquko Engokomthetho

Isisekelo senhlangano esobala yesiNgisi siwukuthi amabhukwana angokomthetho kufanele acace---nokuqonda okwengeziwe-komuntu ovamile. Lenhlangano, eyathola amandla aphawulekayo ngawo-1970, imelela ushintsho oluyisisekelo endleleni ochwepheshe bezomthetho abacabanga ngayo ngokuxhumana nomphakathi. Umzabalazo wesiNgisi igama elinikezwa umzamo wokuqala ophumelelayo wokuguqula lokhu nokubhala izincwadi ezingokomthetho, ikakhulukazi lezo ezisetshenziswa abathengi, ngendlela engaqondwa, hhayi nje ochwepheshe bezomthetho abazifaka ezindaweni ezingokomthetho, kodwa abathengi ababoshwe ngamazwi abo.

Intuthuko Engokomlando Yolimi Oluyihlane

E-United States, inhlangano ebhekisa ekubhalweni okulula okungokomthetho yaqala ngencwadi ka-1963 ethi Language of the Law, kaDavid Mellincoff. Nokho, lenhlangano yathandwa kakhulu incwadi kaRichard Wydick ka1979 ethi Plain English for Lawyers. Le zincwadi zesisekelo zabekela inselele imikhuba yokubhala engokwesiko engokomthetho futhi zanikeza isiqondiso esisebenzayo sokukhulumisana okucacile.

Lenhlangano yathola ukusekelwa okuphawulekayo kwenhlangano lapho abaholi bakahulumeni beqaphela ukubaluleka kolimi olungokomthetho olufinyelelekayo. NgoMarch 23, 1978, uMongameli wase-U.S. Jimmy Carter wasayina uMthetho ophethe 12044, owathi izikhulu zikahulumeni kumelwe zibone ukuthi umthetho ngamunye ubhalwe ngesiNgisi esivamile futhi uqondakala kulabo okumelwe bavumelane naso. Lesisenzo sokuqondisa samelela isikhathi esidambile ekuqapheleni ukuthi uhulumeni unesibopho sokuxhumana ngokucacile nezakhamuzi.

Igatsha lemithetho ekugcineni lahlanganisa lezi zimiso nomthetho. Umthetho we-Plain Triniting Act ka-2010 wasungula imfuneko yokuthi okuqukethwe umphakathi kubhalelwe izilaleli zalo eziqondile. Lomthetho kahulumeni wamisa isibopho sikahulumeni sokucacisa ukuxhumana nezindinganiso ezimisiwe zezincwadi eziveza umphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifundazwe eziyisikhombisa ziye zafuna ukuba izivumelwano ezizimele ezithengwayo zibhalwe ngendlela eqondakalayo, zibonisa ukuthi izimiso zolimi olucacile zizuze inzuzo emazingeni amaningi kahulumeni.

Izimiso Zolimi Olungacacile

Abasekeli bolimi olulula baye basungula izindlela eziqondile zokwenza ukuba amaphepha angokomthetho atholakale kalula ngaphandle kokukhipha ukunemba noma ukunemba okungokomthetho. I-Sevences kufanele igcinwe imfishane, futhi ihlanganise ukwaziswa okudingekayo kuphela. Umusho omude, weverbose uthambekele ekunikezeni ukwaziswa okuningi kakhulu ngesikhathi esisodwa, futhi ufiphaze iphuzu lawo eliyinhloko. Umbhalo kufanele uqonde futhi uhambe kalula.

Izimiso eziyinhloko zokubhala ulimi olulula zihlanganisa:

  • Sebenzisa amagama avamile: faka amagama adala noma obuchwepheshe ngamagama afanayo anikeza incazelo efanayo
  • Izwi elisebenzayo: cacisa ukuthi ubani othatha isinyathelo kunokuba ufihle isikhungo sokwakha ngokungasebenzi
  • Imisho ebanzi: Igqashula imiqondo eyinkimbinkimbi ibe yizilinganiso ezigayeka abafundi abangazenza kalula kakhulu
  • hlela ngokunengqondo: ulwazi olukhona ngokulandelana okunengqondo kubafundi, namaphuzu abaluleke kakhulu kuqala
  • Sebenzisa ukuhlela okuwusizo: Izihloko zomqashi, izinhlu, nesikhala esimhlophe ukwenza amadokhumende angakwazi ukuvinjwa kakhulu
  • [[UMTL:0] Amagama obuchwepheshe abalulekile abalulekile: [Uma amagama akhethekile engagwemeki, anikeza izincazelo ezicacile
  • Bhala izilaleli zakho:[ Cabangela izinga lolwazi nezidingo zabantu abazofunda idokhumende

Abasekeli bokutholwa kolimi olulula baphikisa ngokuthi kuthuthukisa ukuqonda nokufunda futhi kunikeza abafundi ithuba eliningi lokuthola ukwaziswa. Ulimi olulula luvumela ukuba amabhukwana afundwe futhi aqondwe yizilaleli eziningi, njengoba ukusebenzisa ulimi olulula ngokuvamile kuhilela ukubhalwa kabusha kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nezincwadi ezicacile, njengezincwadi ezingokomthetho nezezokwelapha.

Izimpikiswano Nokugxeka

Naphezu kokutholwa kwayo kabanzi, inhlangano yolimi oluvamile iye yabhekana nokugxekwa abanye ochwepheshe bezomthetho abakhathazekile ngezinkinga ezingase zivele.

Enye yezimpikiswano ezingase zivele kule nqubo ukuyinkimbinkimbi kokuqukethwe. Imiqondo eyinkimbinkimbi idinga ulimi oluyinkimbinkimbi futhi izikhathi eziningi ayinakuchazwa ngokulula. Lokhu kukhathalela kuqokomisa ukuqina kwangempela kokubhalwa okungokomthetho: isidingo sokunemba nokufinyelelwa. Eminye imiqondo engokomthetho iye yacwengisiswa emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka yencazelo yokwahlulela, futhi iguqula ulimi olusetshenziselwa ukuyiveza ingaguqula incazelo yayo noma ibangele incazelo entsha.

Nokho, amaqiniso olimi olucacile aphikisa ukuthi ubunkimbinkimbi obungokomthetho abudingeki futhi busebenza ngokuyinhloko ukulondoloza ulwazi olunzulu lochwepheshe kunokuba lufeze incazelo eqondile. Amagama asetshenziswa lapho enganezelwa khona incazelo: ukufakaza, lapha, ngokwengxenye, i-quator. Amagama kanye namabinzana asetshenziswa lapho kutholakala khona izinto ezilinganayo ezingcono zesiNgisi ngokushesha: ukuthi noma ezinje (ukubonisa ukuthi igama elithile liye lasetshenziswa ngaphambili), lapha ngenhla, ngaphansi, kubhalwe. Amagama asetshenziswa lapho umuntu angenza khona: amandla nethonya, ukudayisa, ukudlulisela, nokudlulisela, nesivumelwano. Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi ulimi oluvamile lungalula ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yincazelo noma inzuzo.

Izindlela Zokuchaza Umthetho - sisekelo

Ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo nezazi zomthetho ezichaza ngayo lo Mthetho-sisekelo kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi le ncwadi yekhulu le-18 iyaqhubeka ibusa kanjani ukuphila kwanamuhla. Ochwepheshe bezomthetho namajaji basebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza, ngayinye inefilosofi yayo ngendlela yokuthola incazelo embhalweni womthetho-sisekelo. Lezi zihlongozo zithonya kakhulu indlela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezichazwa ngayo emphakathini futhi zisetshenziswe ngayo ezindabeni zanamuhla.

Ukubhala Ngemibhalo: Ukugxila Emazwini Ngokwawo

I-Textalism iyindlela yokuchaza egxile encazelweni ecacile yombhalo wencwadi engokomthetho. Lendlela igcizelela lokho okushiwo yiwo ngempela, kunokuba isho abachazi abangase bafune ukusho noma yiziphi imithombo engaphandle esikisela ukuthi kufanele isho. I-textalism igcizelela indlela amagama aseMthethweni ngokuvamile aqondwa ngayo ngabantu ngesikhathi agunyazwa ngaso, kanye nomongo lowo mbhalo ovela ngaso. Izincwadi ngokuvamile zikholelwa ukuthi kunencazelo enenjongo yombhalo, futhi azibuzi imibuzo ngokuphathelene nenhloso yabaqondisi, abamukela, noma abaqondisi bomthetho womthetho kanye nokwaziswa lapho bethola incazelo ebhalwe embhalweni.

Abalobi baphikisa ngokuthi indlela yabo yokubhala ithuthukisa izindinganiso zentando yeningi nokuvimbela kokwahlulela. Abasekeli baphikisa futhi ngokuthi ukubhalwa kwemibhalo kuthuthukisa izindinganiso zentando yeningi ngoba kunamathela emazwini oMthetho-sisekelo owamukelwa abantu ngokuphambene nalokho amaJaji acabanga noma akukholelwayo. Ngokulinganisela abahluleli ekuchazeni amagama angokoqobo oMthetho-sisekelo, ukubhalwa kwemibhalo kuyabavimbela ekubekeni iziqondiso zabo siqu ngaphansi kokuchaza ngomthetho - sisekelo.

Nokho, ukubhalwa kombhalo akuyona into elula njengoba kungase kubonakale. Umbhalo akufanele uthathwe ngokuqinile, futhi akufanele uthathwe ngokuyekethisa; kufanele kucaciswe ngokunengqondo, ukuhlanganisa konke okushiwo yi-preference, njengoba uMahluleli uAntonin Scalia, umbhali ovelele, echaza. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abaqondisi-mbhalo kumelwe basho izingcingo ngokuphathelene nokuthi yimaphi amagama "ashoshoshosho" emongo, okungaholela ekuxabanani naphakathi kwabalobi bemibhalo.

Ukuqala: Ukuqonda Umlando

Originalism is a legal theory in the United States which bases constitutional, judicial, and statutory interpretation of text on the original understanding at the time of its adoption. While related to textualism, originalism places greater emphasis on historical context and how people at the time of ratification would have understood constitutional provisions.

Nakuba abaqondisi bemibhalo begxila kakhulu ekuchazeni umthetho-sisekelo kuphela embhalweni wencwadi, abasunguli bacabangela incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo njengoba iqondwa okungenani ingxenye ethile yomphakathi ngesikhathi sokusungulwa. Lokhu kubaluleke: abasunguli baqala babheka ngalé kwamagama ukuze bahlole imithombo engokomlando njenge Federalist Papers, impikiswano ye-ratiation, kanye nezinye izincwadi zamuva ukuze baqonde ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wawusho ukuthini kubantu abawamukela.

Nokho, abaqondisi bemfundiso yenkolo bayavuma ukuthi umbhalo woMthetho-sisekelo wawunencazelo eqapheleka ngokusemthethweni" noma eqondene nomphakathi ngesikhathi sokusungulwa okungakashintshi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi umsebenzi wamajaji namaJaji (kanye nabanye abahumushi abanomthwalo wemfanelo) uwukwakha lencazelo yasekuqaleni. Lendlela ithatha ukuthi incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo imiswe ngesikhathi sokubekwa kwe-rative futhi ayiguquki ngezimo ezishintshayo zezenhlalo.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kombhalo obhaliwe nokuqala buye baphikiswana phakathi kwezazi ezingokomthetho. I-textualism iyisigqebhezana esingaphansi kobukhombana futhi yavezwa ukugwema ezinye zemiphumela ephazamisayo yobuKhosi bokuqala njengoba kwakuchazwe okokuqala. Ababhali bokuqala bagxila "enhloso yakuqala" yamaFramers, eyabonakala inzima ukunquma nokuphakamisa imibuzo ephathelene nokuthi inhloso yakhe iyini okufanele ibe nenani. Uma sibhekene nobunzima, futhi ngempela ukungafaneleka, ukuzama ukufunda izingqondo zababuthululi boMthetho-sisekelo, abasekeli bemfundiso yokuqala ngokushesha basekela ekukhulumeni ngenhloso yokuqala, futhi esikhundleni sokugxila encazelweni yokuqala yamazwi oMthetho-sisekelo, manje sibiza ukuvumelana kombhalo.

Umthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo: Ukuvumelana Nezindinganiso Zanamuhla

Ngokungafani nemfundiso yokuqala, umthetho-sisekelo ophilayo umi evumelana nokuthi incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo kufanele ishintshe ngokushintsha izindinganiso nemibandela yomphakathi. Ukuvuselelwa kobufundisi kuma-1980 kwakuyisenzweni senkolelo-lwazi ye-"Umthetho-sisekelo Ophilayo" leyonkolelo-lwazi yayifuna ukuba abahluleli bachaze uMthetho-sisekelo, hhayi ngokwezilimi zawo, kodwa ngokwezilinganiso zobusosha. Ngamanye amagama, abahluleli akumelwe bagxile kulokho okushiwo nguMthetho-sisekelo, kodwa lokho okufanele bakusho uma ubhalwe namuhla.

Abasekeli bomthetho-sisekelo ophilayo baphikisa ngokuthi abaxhasi basebenzisa ngamabomu ulimi olubanzi, oluvumelanayo emithethweni eminingi yomthetho-sisekelo ukuze bavumele izizukulwane zesikhathi esizayo zivumelanise le mibhalo nezimo ezishintshayo. Bakhomba emalungiselelweni afana "nenqubo yomthetho esele," isivikelo esilinganayo" nesijeziso esingavamile" njengezibonelo zolimi olubhalwe ngenhloso oludinga ukuchazwa ngokulula ngokwezindinganiso zosuku lwanamuhla nolwazi.

Nokho, abagxeki bobuProgramu obuphilayo, baphikisa ngokuthi inikeza amajaji ukwahlulela okuningi kakhulu futhi ivumela ukuba aphoqelele izinqumo zawo siqu ngokuzisholo ukuthi zichaza umthetho-sisekelo. Baphikisa ngokuthi uma incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo ingashintsha ngaphandle kokulungisa okungokomthetho, ayisebenzi njengesimiso esiqinile sikahulumeni futhi ibe yinoma yini abahluleli abathi ikhona nganoma isiphi isikhathi.

Ukuzitika: Ukucabangela Imiphumela Ewusizo

Abanye abahluleli nezazi basekela indlela elula yokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo ecabangela imiphumela esebenzayo yokukhetha okuhlukile kokuchaza. Uma igama noma amazwi engacacile, uthi, umahluleli kufanele adlule ngalé kombhalo afune eminye imithombo yosizo. "Ngokwesibonelo, ungase ubheke ukuthi yayiyini injongo yabantu ababhala lokhu," Breyer wachazela izilaleli. Umahluleli uStephen Breyer ubengumsekeli ovelele walendlela, ephikisa ngokuthi amajaji kufanele acabangele izici eziningi ezihlanganisa umbhalo, umlando, inqubo, imiphumela ewusizo lapho echaza uMthetho-sisekelo.

Izazi ze-Pragmatic ziphikisa ngokuthi ukunamathela ngokuqinile kunoma yiliphi icebo elilodwa lokuchaza lingaholela emiphumeleni engenangqondo noma eyingozi. Baphikisa ngokuthi amajaji kufanele asebenzise noma iliphi amathuluzi okuchaza awusizo kakhulu ekufinyeleleni izinqumo ezinengqondo ezifeza izinjongo eziyisisekelo zoMthetho-sisekelo. Abagxeki baphendula ngokuthi ukuthatha i-pragmat kunikeza isiqondiso esinganele futhi kuvumelanisa amajaji kakhulu ukuba afinyelele imiphumela yawo ethandekayo.

Iqhinga Nestartic Deccis

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ikhetha ukuchaza indlela yokusebenza, amajaji kumelwe acabangele futhi isibonelo esingaphambili sesinqumo senkantolo esichaza amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo. Imfundiso yokubheka nge-decisis (ngesiLatini ye-"lokuma ngezinto ezinqunyiwe") iyavuma ukuthi izinkantolo ngokuvamile kufanele zilandele izinqumo zazo zangaphambili ukuze zithuthukise ukuhleleka nokubikezela emthethweni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuqonda uMthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile kudinga ukujwayelana namashumi eminyaka noma amakhulu ezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, hhayi nje umbhalo womthetho ngokwawo.

Indima yesibonelo idala ukungezwani ne-ronaryism kanye nokubhalwa kwemibhalo. Uma incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo imiswa ngesikhathi sokudilizwa, yini okufanele yenziwe izinkantolo uma izinqumo zangaphambi ziyichaza ngokwehlukile? Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi, uma iNkantolo inamathela ngokuqinile ekwakheni isiqalo, uma nje isimisiwe nje isiyisiqalo esikhona endabeni yomthetho-sisekelo, okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuguqula ukuthi ukubusa kuwukuqeda uMthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kuphikisana phakathi kokwethembeka eziqondeni zokuqala nokuhlonipha incazelo yakudala kuhlala kuyinselele eqhubekayo ekuchazeni umthetho ngokomthetho.

Izimiso Zokuhumusha Umthetho Zokuqonda Umphakathi

Lezi zindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza umthetho - sisekelo ezisetshenziswa izinkantolo nezazi kumelwe ekugcineni zidluliselwe emphakathini ngolimi olufinyelelekayo. Le nqubo yokuhumusha ibalulekile ekubuseni kwentando yeningi, njengoba izakhamuzi zingenakuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo ezimpikiswaneni zomthetho - sisekelo noma ziqonde amalungelo azo ngaphandle kokuqonda indlela uMthetho - sisekelo ochazwa futhi usetshenziswe ngayo.

Indima Yemfundo Yasemthethweni Nemfundo Esemthethweni

Imfundo engokomthetho inendima ebalulekile ekulungiseleleni abameli ukuba bakhonze njengabahumushi phakathi kwemfundiso eyinkimbinkimbi yomthetho-sisekelo nokuqonda umphakathi. izikole zomthetho zaseMelika zaqala ukufuna ukuba abafundi bathathe amakilasi okubhala angokomthetho ayebakhuthaza ukuba basebenzise isiNgisi esicacile ngangokunokwenzeka futhi bagweme isigebengu esingokomthetho, ngaphandle uma kudingekile ngempela. Lokhu kushintsha kwemfundo engokomthetho kubonisa ukuqaphela ukuthi abameli banomthwalo wemfanelo ongokomthetho wokuxhumana kahle namakhasimende nabantu.

Ngaphandle kwemfundo engokomthetho, izinhlelo zomphakathi zokufundisa ukufunda nokubhala zihloselwe ukusiza izakhamuzi ezivamile ukuba ziqonde izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo namalungelo azo. Lezi zinhlelo zibhekene nenselele yokwenza imiqondo eyinkimbinkimbi engokomthetho itholakale ngaphandle kokuzikhohlisa. Imfundo ephumelelayo yomphakathi kumelwe ilinganisele ukutholakala nokunemba, inikeza izakhamuzi ukuqonda okuqotho kunokujwayelana nje okungasho lutho ngezikhalo zomthetho.

Izinto zokufundisa, izinhlelo zomphakathi nezobuchwepheshe ze - Internet zingasiza izakhamuzi ukuba zingaqondi nje lokho okushiwo uMthetho - sisekelo, kodwa nendlela okuye kwachazwa futhi kwasetshenziswa ngayo kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika.

Imibono Yenkantolo Ephakeme Nokukhulumisana Komphakathi

Imibono yeNkantolo Ephakeme imelela ukuchazwa okunegunya kwezimiso zomthetho-mthetho, kodwa lemibono ivame ukubhalwa ngolimi lobuchwepheshe olubekela inselele abangekho emthethweni. Abanye abahluleli baye benza imizamo yokubhala ngokucace kakhudlwana, beqaphela ukuthi imibono yabo ithonya ukuqonda komphakathi amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo kanye nemibuso kahulumeni.

Imibono yeNkantolo isiza izibukeli eziningi: amajaji asenkantolo ephansi okumelwe asebenzise izibonelo, abameli okumelwe baqondise amakhasimende, abafundi bomthetho kanye nezazi ezifunda imfundiso engokomthetho-mthetho, kanye nomphakathi ovamile othintekayo ngezinqumo. Ukulinganisela izidingo zalezi zilaleli ezihlukahlukene kuveza izinselele. Imibono kumelwe iqonde ngokwaneleyo ukunikeza isiqondiso esicacile ezinkantolo eziphansi kuyilapho ihlala ingaqondakali kubantu abafundele abangemthetho abafuna ukuqonda incazelo yeNkantolo.

Izindaba eziqanjwe ngezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme zinendima ebalulekile ekuhumusheni umthetho-mthetho ochaza umphakathi. Izintatheli kumelwe ziguqule ukucaciswa okuyinkimbinkimbi komthetho kube izindaba ezifinyelelwe, ngokuvamile ngaphansi kwezikhathi ezimisiwe kakhulu. Lenqubo yokuhumusha ngokungenakugwenywa ihilela ukucushwa, ngezinye izikhathi okungaholela ekuqondeni kabi noma ekuxazululeni ngokweqile izimiso zomthetho ezicacisiwe. Ukunikeza amaphepha-zincwadi angokomthetho asemthethweni kudinga ukuqonda kokubili umthetho osemthethweni nekhono lokuxhumana ngokucacile.

Ukutholakala Kwemithombo Yezinto Yamanani Nomthetho - sisekelo

I-Internet iye yandisa kakhulu ukutholakala komphakathi emibhalweni engokomthetho, ezinqumweni zenkantolo, nasekuhlaziyweni komthetho. Amawebhusayithi kahulumeni, izisethi ezingokomthetho, iziteshi zemfundo, nezinhlangano zezemfundo zinikeza ukufinyelela okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili emithonjeni eyisisekelo nezinto ezichazayo. Lokhu kuhlelwa kwemininingwane engokomthetho kunika izakhamuzi amandla okucwaninga imibuzo engokomthetho ngokuzimela kunokuthembela kuphela kubameli noma ezixwebeni zezindaba.

Nokho, ukukwazi ukuthola ukwaziswa akuziguquleli ekuqondeni. Umqulu wezinto okhona unganqoba ongengochwepheshe, futhi ukuhlukanisa imithombo ethembekile nokwaziswa okudukisayo noma okunganembile kudinga amakhono acushiwe okucabanga nokufunda okuyisisekelo. Imithombo yezemishini iphumelela kakhulu uma ihlanganisa imithombo eyisisekelo nezincazelo ezicacile ezibhalelwe izilaleli ezingezona ezikhethekile.

Izinhlangano ezifana ne- I-Constitution Annoted yomsebenzi othathwe eMtatsheni we-Congress unikeza izincazelo ezinegunya zezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo kanye nombhalo ngokwawo. Le mithombo isiza ekuvaleni igebe phakathi kolimi olungokomthetho-sisekelo nomphakathi ngokunikeza umongo ongokomlando, ukufushaniswa kwezinqumo zeNkanto ebaluleke kakhulu, kanye nezincazelo zendlela ehlukene eziye zachazwa ngayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Umphumela Wencazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo Efinyelelekayo Ngentando Yeningi

Lapho izakhamuzi ziqonda amalungelo azo omthetho - sisekelo nesimiso sikahulumeni, zihlonyiselwa kangcono ukuba zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo ezimisweni zentando yeningi, zisekele izithakazelo zazo, futhi zigcine izikhulu zikahulumeni zinecala.

Ukunika Izakhamuzi Amandla Ngolwazi Lomthetho - sisekelo

Ukuqonda amalungelo omthetho kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuqaphela lapho lawo malungelo esongelwa noma ephulwa. Ulwazi lweSichibiyelo Sokuqala sezokukhuluma nenkolo, iziphetho Zesine zokuvikela ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo, iSichibiyelo seNguquko Yesihlanu esifanele, nezinye izivumelwano zomthetho - sisekelo zenza abantu bakwazi ukuqinisa amalungelo abo lapho besebenzelana nezikhulu zikahulumeni, abaqashi, izikole nezinye izinhlangano.

Ukubhala ngomthetho-mthetho futhi kwenza ukuvota nokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe kube nokuqondisisa. Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo nendlela eziye zachazwa ngayo, zingahlaziya kangcono izikhundla zabazohlolwa ezindabeni zomthetho-sisekelo, zihlole izimiso ezihlongozwayo ezimayelana nezinkathazo zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, futhi zihlanganyele ngokunenzuzo ezimpikiswaneni ngokulungisa umthetho-mthetho--- sisekelo noma ukumiswa kwezomthetho-mthetho. Lokhu kuqinisa ukufaneleka kwentando yeningi futhi kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi uhulumeni uhlale unomthwalo wemfanelo kubantu.

Ukuthola incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo eqondakalayo kukhuthaza ukulingana phambi komthetho. Uma ulwazi olungokomthetho lugcinwe kochwepheshe kuphela, labo abakwaziyo ukunikeza abameli izinzuzo eziphawulekayo kunalabo abangakwazi. Nakuba izindaba zomthetho eziyinkimbinkimbi ziyozuza njalo ebuchwephesheni bobuchwepheshe, ukufunda nokubhala okuyisisekelo komthetho-sisekelo kusiza ekulolongeni inkundla yokudlala futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi amalungelo ayisisekelo awalinganiselwe ngokuphumelelayo kulabo abanemali ukuze baqashe iseluleko somthetho.

Ukwakha Ukwethemba Izikhungo Ezingokomthetho

Ukuveza umbono ocacile ezincazelweni zomthetho-sisekelo kusiza ekuthuthukiseni ukuthembana komphakathi ezinkantolo nakwezinye izikhungo zomthetho. Uma abahluleli bechaza indlela abacabanga ngayo ngolimi olulula futhi umphakathi ungaqonda ukuthi izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo zisetshenziswa kanjani, isimiso somthetho sibonakala singaziwa futhi singenawo amandla. Lokhu kuqondana kubalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuqashelwa komthetho-mthetho ($) amandla ezinkantolo okuqeda imithetho ephula uMthetho.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma ukuchazwa komthetho-mthetho kubonakala kuyinto efiphele noma ehlukile embhalweni ongokoqobo woMthetho-sisekelo, ukuthembela komphakathi ezinkantolo kungaphela. Uma abantu bekholelwa ukuthi amajaji amane abeka izintando zawo siqu kunokuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo ngokwethembeka, ukuhlonipha izinqumo zokwahlulela nomthetho kungancipha. Ukukhulumisana okucacile mayelana nezindlela zokuchaza nokucabanga kusiza ukuba kulondoloze umehluko phakathi kokuchaza okungokomthetho nokukhetha kwezombangazwe.

Ukuqonda umphakathi ngencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo nakho kulula ukuphikisana okunemiphumela ngezinqumo eziphikisanayo. Uma abantu beqonda ukucabanga okungokomthetho okubangelwa izinqumo abaphikisana nazo, bangahlanganyela ekugxekeni kakhulu nasekuqondiseni okwengeziwe ngezindlela ezifanele ("bangashintsha ngokulungisa komthetho-sisekelo, umthetho omusha phakathi kwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo, noma ukumiswa kwamajaji amafilosofi ahlukahlukene achazayo. Lokhu kunikeza inkulumo yentando yeningi futhi kusiza ukuphikisana kweziteshi ukuba kube ngcono kunokuba kube yizimo ezibhubhisayo.

Izinselele Zokulinganisela Ukutholakala Nokunemba

Imizamo yokwenza ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo kutholakale kakhulu kumelwe iqondise ukungezwani phakathi kokuzinza nokunemba. Umthetho womthetho-mthetho uyinkimbinkimbi ngempela, uveza amakhulu eminyaka okuchaza, izindinganiso eziphikisanayo, nemibuzo enzima mayelana nendlela yokusebenzisa umbhalo wekhulu le-18 ezinkingeni zonyaka wama-21. Ukuzimela ngokweqile kungadukisa umphakathi futhi kwakhe ukuqiniseka okungaphelele.

Ngokwesibonelo, ichaza ukuthi iSichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela "inkululeko yokukhuluma" kodwa asiphelele. Umphakathi udinga futhi ukuqonda ukuthi lesivikelo sisebenza ngokuyinhloko ekuvinjelweni kukahulumeni ngenkulumo, hhayi imingcele eyimfihlo; ukuthi izigaba ezithile zenkulumo azitholi sivikelo; ukuthi isivikelo senkulumo ngezinye izikhathi kumelwe silinganiswe kwezinye izithakazelo ezibalulekile; nokuthi izinga lesivikelo liye lavela ngencazelo yokwahlulela. Ukuveza lomehluko ngolimi olufinyelelekayo kudinga ikhono nokunakekela.

Ngokufanayo, ukuchaza amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo kudinga ukuvuma ukuthi abantu abanengqondo nabahluleli abanengqondo abavumelani ngendlela yokuchaza amalungiselelo amaningi.

Amalungiselelo Aqondile Omthetho Nencazelo Yawo

Ukuhlola indlela imithetho ekhethekile echazwa ngayo futhi ichazwe emphakathini kubonisa izinselele nokubaluleka kokuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo ofinyelelekayo.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala Nenkululeko Yokubonisa

Isivikelo seSichibiyelo sokuqala so "inkululeko yokukhuluma" sibonakala sicacile, kodwa incazelo yaso ihlanganisa imibuzo enzima. Ingabe "intethelekiso" ihlanganisa ukuziphatha okungokomfanekiso njengokushiswa kwefulege? Ingabe ivikela ukukhangisa kwezentengiselwano? Imiphi iminikelo yezentengiselwano? Izinkantolo kufanele zilinganisele kanjani ukukhulumela ngokukhululekile kwezinye izithakazelo ezibalulekile ezinjengokulondeka kwesizwe, ukuba wedwa, noma ukuvimbela ukulimala?

Izinkantolo ziye zasungula ukuhlolwa okuhlukahlukene nezimfundiso zokuphendula lemibuzo, kuhlanganise nemingcele esekelwe ku-oqualiyo kanye nokuqukethwe, ukucubungula ngokunembe imingcele esekelwe ku-oktholiwe, umehluko phakathi kwenani eliphakeme nenani eliphansi lenkulumo, nemfundiso yomphakathi ye-athom. Ukuchazela umphakathi lezici eziyisisekelo ngolimi olufinyelelweyo kuyilapho ukulondoloza ukunemba kudinga ukunakwa ngokucophelela kokubili ukucacisa nokwe-sclone.

Ukuqonda komphakathi izimiso zeSichibiyelo Sokuqala kuthinta izimpikiswano ezibalulekile mayelana nesimiso sezokuxhumana, inkulumo yokuzonda inzondo, izimali nezinye izindaba eziningi zanamuhla. Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sivimbela uhulumeni ngokuyinhloko kunabadlali bomuntu siqu, zingahlola kangcono izinkulumo ezithi “ukuphula inkululeko yokukhuluma" kwezinkampani ezizimele. Uma ziqonda ukuthi inkulumo ethile ayitholi isivikelo esingokomthetho esincane, zingahlanganyela ngokunenzuzo enkulu ezingxoxweni eziphathelene nokuqondisa inkulumo elimazayo.

ISichibiyelo Sesibili Namalungelo Ezibhamu

Ulimi lwesiHluzi sesibili (-"A iMilitia ebekwe kahle, ngoba idingekile ekulondekeni koMbuso okhululekile, ilungelo labantu lokuphatha futhi ukuphatha izilwi, ngeke liphazanyiswe""_____ingabanga elinamandla ngencazelo yayo kanye nesilinganiso sayo. Ingabe ivikela umuntu ngamunye ilungelo lokuba nezibhamu zakhe, noma ilungelo elihlangene kuphela elihlobene nenkonzo yamabutho? Imiphi imithetho evumelana nalelilungelo?

Umbono woMahluleli uScalia abaningi eSifundeni saseColumbia v. Heller ubonisa ukusetshenziswa kwencazelo yomphakathi yasekuqaleni ekuchazeni umthetho-sisekelo. Lesinqumo sathi iSichibiyelo Sesibili sivikela ilungelo lomuntu ngamunye lokuba nezikhali zokuziphindisela, ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwendlela ulimi lokulungisa olwalungaqondwa ngayo ngesikhathi sokuchaza. Ukuchaza lendlela yokuchaza kanye nezici ezihlobanayo emphakathini kudinga ukuxoxa kokubili ngobufakazi obungokomlando nangezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngomthetho wesibhamu.

Ukuqonda komphakathi incazelo yeSichibiyelo sesibili kuthinta izimpikiswano mayelana nomthetho wokulawula izibhamu, ukufihla imithetho nezinye izibhamu. Izakhamuzi zidinga ukuqonda kokubili ukuthi ukulungisa kuvikela amalungelo ezibhamu ngamanye nokuthi lesivikelo asisona esiphelele, funa ukuba kubekwe imithetho enengqondo evumelana nezinjongo zale mithetho.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nane Nesivikelo Esilinganayo

Isiqinisekiso seSichibiyelo seshumi nane sesiqinisekiso so "ukuvikelwa ngokulingana kwemithetho" siye saba sisekelo esiyinhloko kumalungelo omphakathi kanye nokushintsha kwezenhlalo. Kodwa yini isivikelo esifanayo esidingekayo? Ingabe sivimbela ubandlululo lwamabomu kuphela, noma izimiso ezinemiphumela yokulahla icala? Yiziphi izinhlobo zokuhlelwa okubangela ukuhlolwa komthetho okukhulisiwe? Izinkantolo zingazihlola kanjani izinhlelo zokuvuma?

Izinkantolo ziye zasungula uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lokuhlola izivikelo ezilinganayo, ngamazinga ahlukene okuhlola izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zohlelo. Izindlela ezisekelwe kuhlanga zithola ukucubungula okuqinile, ukuhlelwa ngokwendlela yobulili obufanayo, futhi ezinye izigaba eziningi zithola isisekelo esinengqondo kuphela. Ukuchaza lesici emphakathini kudinga kokubili ukucaca ngokuphathelene nohlelo oluyisisekelo nokwethembeka ngezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokuphathelene nohlelo lwazo.

Ukuqonda komphakathi izimiso ezilinganayo zokuvikela kuthinta izimpikiswano eziphathelene nokwahlulela ngokohlanga, ukulingana kwabesilisa nabesifazane, amalungelo e - LGBTQ nezinye izindaba eziningi zamalungelo omphakathi.

Ikusasa Lokuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo Nokuqonda Komphakathi

Njengoba umphakathi waseMelika uqhubeka ushintsha, kuba nezinselele ezintsha ekuchazeni umthetho - sisekelo nasekuxhumaneni nomphakathi. Ubuchwepheshe, ukushintsha kwenani labantu, kanye nokushintsha kwezindinganiso zomphakathi konke kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi zingasetshenziswa kanjani izimiso zomthetho ezimweni ezintsha.

Ubuchwepheshe Namalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Ubuchwepheshe bezinombolo buphakamisa imibuzo ewumthetho-sisekelo ekhona engenakuyilindela. Ingabe isivikelo seSichibiyelo sesine sokuvimbela ukuphenywa okungacabangeki kokwaziswa kwendawo yocingo, ukuxhumana nge-imeyili, noma izikhungo zezokuxhumana? Izimiso zokuVumela ISichibiyelo sokuqala zisebenza kanjani ekulinganiseni ngezindawo zomphakathi? Ingabe uMthetho-sisekelo uvikela ukuba wedwa esikhathini sokuhlola nokuqoqwa kokwaziswa okungekhona okwaziwayo?

Ukuchaza indlela izinkantolo ezisebenzisa ngayo umbhalo wekhulu le-18 womthetho-sisekelo kusetshenziswa kwe-21 yezobuchwepheshe obuphambili kudinga ukusiza umphakathi ukuba uqonde kokubili izimiso eziyisisekelo zomthetho-sisekelo nendlela ezihumushela ngayo emongweni omusha. Le nqubo yokuhumusha ibalulekile empikiswaneni yomphakathi esekelwe olwazini ngomthetho wobuchwepheshe namalungelo emishini.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukufunda Ngokusemthethweni

Ukusiza umphakathi ukuba uqonde incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo kudinga umzamo oqhubekayo ezifundeni eziningi. Izinhlangano zemfundo kumelwe zifake imfundo yomphakathi edlula ukuthatha ngekhanda amaqiniso ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuqonda okuqotho kwezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo nezimpikiswano ezichazayo. Ochwepheshe bezomthetho kumelwe baqhubeke bethuthukisa amakhono abo okukhulumisana nokuzimisela ukuchaza imiqondo engokomthetho ngolimi olufinyelelekayo. Izinhlangano zamaMede kumelwe zifake imali emalini engokomthetho enikeza izimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi zomthetho-mthetho eziwudlulisela ngokunembile ezibukelini ezivamile.

Ubuchwepheshe bunikeza amathuba amasha emfundo yomthetho-mthetho ngamawebhusayithi ahambisanayo, amavidiyo emfundo, ama-podcast, neminye imithombo yezobuchwepheshe. La mathuluzi angenza ukuba ukufunda umthetho-sisekelo kube okunengxenye nokufinyeleleka ngokwengeziwe, kufinyelele izilaleli ezingase zingafundi imibhalo engokwesiko engokwesiko. Nokho, ukuqinisekisa ukunemba nokufaneleka kwale mithombo kusebalulekile, njengoba ukudukiswa kwamalungelo omthetho kungasakazeka kalula njengokwaziswa okunembile.

Izinhlangano ezinikezelwe emfundweni yomthetho-sisekelo, njenge- Constitution Center , zifeza indima ebalulekile ekunikezeni imithombo yemfundo nezinhlelo. Lezi zikhungo zisiza ekuvaleni igebe phakathi kwemfundo yomthetho-sisekelo nokuqonda umphakathi, zenza imiqondo eyinkimbinkimbi engokomthetho ifinyeleleke ngaphandle kokulahla ukunemba noma ukuguquguquka.

Ukulondoloza Ingxoxo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Emphakathini wentando yeningi, izakhamuzi zinelungelo nomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlanganyela emibuzweni engokomthetho futhi zihlanganyele ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kuthembisa kudinga ukuba kukhulunyelwe ngolimi abantu abavamile abangaluqonda futhi baluhlole.

Ukuxoxa ngomthetho - sisekelo okuvezayo kudinga inhlonipho kanye nokuvumelana okuhle phakathi kwamafilosofi ahlukahlukene nemibono engokwezombangazwe. Abantu abasekela ukuchazwa kwemfundiso yokuqala nalabo abasekela ukugcinwa komthetho-sisekelo kokubili banganikeza ukuqonda okuwusizo ezimpikiswaneni zomthetho - sisekelo. Ukuqonda izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ubunkimbinkimbi bemibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo kanye nokungavumelani okungokomthetho okukhona ngokuphathelene nendlela yokuyixazulula.

Umgomo wokuchaza umthetho - sisekelo ofinyelelekayo awukona ukuqeda ukungezwani noma impikiswano, kodwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimpikiswano eziphathelene nencazelo yomthetho - sisekelo ziyatshelwa futhi zihlanganisa. Lapho izakhamuzi ziqonda uMthetho - sisekelo nendlela oye wachazwa ngayo, zingahlanganyela ngokunengqondo ekulolongeni ukuthuthuka komthetho - sisekelo ngezinqubo zentando yeningi ($], ukuhlobisana kwentando yeningi, inkulumo yeningi, nokuthembisa umphakathi.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokuqonda Ukuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo

Kubantu abafuna ukuqonda kangcono incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo namalungelo abo ngaphansi koMthetho - sisekelo, izinyathelo eziningana eziwusizo zingasiza ekuthuthukiseni lolu lwazi nokufunda.

Ukufunda Imithombo Eyisisekelo

Ukufunda uMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo kuyisiqalo esibalulekile. Iphepha lifushane futhi lifinyeleleka uma liqhathaniswa nemibhalo eminingi engokomthetho. Nakuba amanye amalungiselelo engase abonakale engacacile noma edala, ukufunda umbhalo wangempela kunikeza umongo obalulekile wokuqonda indlela ochazwe ngayo. Izinguqulo ezicacisiwe zoMthetho-sisekelo ezihlanganisa amaphuzu achazayo nezifushaniso zezinqumo zenkantolo ezihlobene nawo zingasiza abafundi ukuba baqonde umbhalo kanye nencazelo yawo.

Ukufunda imibono yeNkantolo Ephakeme, noma okungenani ukufushanisa izinqumo ezinkulu, kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde indlela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezisebenza ngayo ezicaleni ezithile. Izinqumo eziningi ezibalulekile zibhalwe ngolimi olufinyelelwayo, ikakhulukazi imibono eminingi ememezela ukuthi iNkantolo ibambelele kumthetho. Ngisho nalapho imibono inezici ezingokomthetho, izisekelo eziyisisekelo nezingaqondakali ngokuvamile ziyaqondakala kubantu abafundi abangemthetho.

Ukusebenzisa Imicebo Yemfundo

Imithombo eminingi yemfundo elinganayo ichaza izimiso zomthetho-mthetho ngolimi olufinyelekayo. Izifundo, amavidiyo emfundo, nama-producasts zinganikeza amathuba okufunda ahlelwe kahle. Izinhlangano ezinjenge American Civil Liberties Union (]ACLU[), i- Information Institute eCornell Law School[, futhi izisekelo zemfundo ezihlukahlukene zinikeza imithombo yesihle echaza amalungelo omthetho nomfanekiso.

Izincwadi ezibhalelwe izibukeli ezivamile zezazi zomthetho-sisekelo, izintatheli, nochwepheshe bezomthetho zinganikeza izingeniso ezilula eziqondene nezihloko zomthetho-sisekelo. Lezi zincwadi zihumusha imiqondo eyinkimbinkimbi engokomthetho ngolimi abangaluqondiyo kodwa baluqonde kahle futhi baluqonde kahle. Ukufunda imibono eminingi ngezindaba eziphikisanayo zomthetho-sisekelo kusiza ukuba uqonde ngokugcwele izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza.

Ukuhlanganyela Emsebenzini

Ukuhlanganiswa okuwusizo nezimpikiswano zomthetho-mthetho ngokuhlanganyela komphakathi kuqinisa futhi kujulise ukuqonda. Ukuba khona komphakathi ezingxoxweni zomphakathi, ukuhlanganyela ezingxoxweni zomphakathi, ukuxhumana nabameleli abakhethiwe ngezinkathazo zomthetho-sisekelo, nokuvota konke kunikeza amathuba okusebenzisa ulwazi olungokomthetho ezimweni ezingokoqobo zezwe. Lokhu kuthembisa okuqhubekayo kuguqula izimiso ezingekho ngokomthetho ukuba zibe okuhlangenwe nakho okuphilayo futhi kusize izakhamuzi ziqonde ukubaluleka kokuchazwa komthetho ngokomthetho.

Ukukhonza emajajini, lapho ebizwa, kunikeza okuhlangenwe nakho okuqondile ngamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo asebenzayo, kuhlanganise nenqubo efanele, ilungelo lokuqulwa icala lijaji, nesivikelo ekuzimelani. Lomsebenzi womphakathi unikeza ukuqonda okuwusizo ngendlela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezisebenza ngayo esimisweni sokwahlulela sobugebengu kanye nendima ebalulekile efezwa izakhamuzi ezivamile ekuvikeleni amalungelo omthetho sisekelo.

Isiphetho: Inqubo Eqhubekayo Yokutholakala Komthetho - sisekelo

Ukwenza ukuba izakhamuzi ezivamile zikwazi ukufinyelela incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo akuyona nje inselele yobuchwepheshe yokuhumusha ulimi olungokomthetho − kuyimfuneko eyinhloko yokubusa kwentando yeningi. UMthetho-sisekelo uthola igunya lawo ku-"Thina bantu," futhi abantu abanakukwazi ukusebenzisa ubukhosi babo ngendlela enenjongo uma bengakwazi ukuqonda incwadi emisa amalungelo nokwakha uhulumeni wabo.

Inhlangano yolimi olulula iye yenza intuthuko ebalulekile ekudambiseni amarekhodi angokomthetho nasekuthuthukiseni ukukhulumisana okucacile phakathi kochwepheshe bezomthetho nomphakathi. Lemizamo kumelwe iqhubeke futhi yandiswe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ihlala ifinyeleleka futhi iqondakala. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukutholakala akumelwe kutholakale ngokunemba okudinga izincazelo ezicacile nezithembekile zomthetho-mthetho.

Izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza indlela yokubhala − ukuchaza imibhalo, ukusungula, ukuphila komthetho-sisekelo, ukuthatha i-pragmat , nikeza izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuqonda incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Imfundo yomphakathi ngalezi zimo isiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo kuhilela izinselele zobuhlakani eziqotho nokungavumelani okungokomthetho, hhayi nje ukukhetha kwezombangazwe okufihlekile njengokusekelwe ekucabangeni okungokomthetho. Lokhu kuthuthukisa inkulumo eyinkimbinkimbi nezuzisayo engokomthetho.

Ikusasa lentando yeningi yomthetho-sisekelo lixhomeke esazini esikwaziyo ukuqonda nokuhlanganyela ngemibuzo engokomthetho-mthetho. Njengoba kuvela ubuchwepheshe obusha, izinguquko zezenhlalo, nezinselele, isidingo sokuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo okufinyelelekayo siyokhula kuphela. Ochwepheshe bomthetho-mthetho, othisha, izintatheli, nezinhlangano zomphakathi zonke zihlanganyela umthwalo wemfanelo wokuqinisekisa ukuthi ulwazi olungokomthetho luhlala lufinyeleleka kuwo wonke amaMelika, hhayi nje kuphela lawo aqeqeshwa ngomthetho.

Ekugcineni, ukwenza ulimi olungokomthetho lube lula nokuchaza umthetho-mthetho kungokonika izakhamuzi amandla okuqonda amalungelo azo, ukuthatha iqhaza elibalulekile ekubuseni kwentando yeningi, futhi kugcine uhulumeni wawo unecala. Uma uMthetho-sisekelo utholakala ngempela kubantu ababusayo, ungagcwalisa isithembiso sawo njengomthetho wenkululeko nohlelo lokuzimela. Lo msebenzi oqhubekayo wokuthola umthetho ubalulekile eMelika entando yeningi nasebuseni lomthetho.