Table of Contents

Ifa Elihlala Njalo Lokuzikhethela EMthethweni Womthetho - sisekelo WaseMelika

Umqondo wokukhetha usebenza njengenye yezimfundiso eziguqula kakhulu ezinqubweni zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Yalungisa ubudlelwane phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni nezifundazwe ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi isivikelo esibekwe kuyiBhili yamalungeni asisebenzi nje kuphela eSivumelwaneni kodwa nakuhulumeni bendawo. Lemfundiso engokomthetho, eyasungulwa ngochungechunge lwezinqumo eziyinhloko zeNkantolo Ephakeme, iye yadala ubudlelwane besizwe benkululeko engenakwephulwa yizwe. Ukuqonda ukuthi isivikelo sayo sisebenza kanjani eSikhungweni somthetho-sisekelo sibalulekile ekuqondeni indlela uhulumeni ozivikela ngayo zonke izisulu.

Inkathi Yangaphambi Kokuhlobana: Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu njengeNsika Evikelayo

Ukuqonda Kokuqala NoBarron Ngakolunye IBaltimore

Emashumini ambalwa okuqala eRepublic yaseMelika, iBill of Rights yaqondwa njengesebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni. INkantolo Ephakeme yamisa ngokuqiniseka lesi simiso ku- Barron v. Baltimore (1833). IJaji eliyinhloko uJohn Marshall, ebhalela iNkantolo evumelanayo, yakholelwa ukuthi isithi isithiyezo zeSimemezelo seNkaniso sesihlanu sokuthatha impahla yomphakathi ngaphandle kokukhokhwazwa kuphela ngaphandle kokukhokhiswa imbulelwa kuhulumeni wombuso, hhayi ezimisweni. Isinqumo sasisekelwe embhalweni nasekwakheni woMthetho-sisekelo: izivumelwano zeNkathi yeMithetho: iMithetho engokomthetho emisha, futhi akukho lutho olwezilimini lwazo oluhlongoniswayo ukuba kuhlanganiswe izivumelwano ezizweni.

Lencazelo yashiya umthetho-mthetho wombuso ngamunye njengokuphela kwesivikelo ekuncishweni kwamalungelo ombuso. Nakuba imithetho-mthetho yombuso eminingi yayinezivikelo ezifanayo, izinga nokugcinwa kwalamalungelo kwakuhluka kakhulu kulo lonke izwe. Izakhamuzi kwesinye isifundazwe zingajabulela izivikelo eziqinile zokukhuluma, kuyilapho lezo kwesinye zingabhekana nemingcele enzima. Ukugcinwa kwamalungelo kwabangela igebe elikhulu esimisweni somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika, igebe elalingeke likhululwe kuze kube ngemva kweMpi Yombango.

Izinqumo Zempi Zangemva Kwempi Ne - Shift ESontweni LikaFederal

Ukuhlaziywa kweZichibiyelo zeshumi nanhlanu, zeshumi nane neshumi elinesihlanu kwayiguqula ngokuyisisekelo i-projekthi yomthetho-sisekelo. ISichibiyelo se-14th, esamukelwa ngo-1868, sasibaluleke kakhulu. ISichibiyelo sawo iSinyathelo sikaClaus sasinikeza ukuthi akukho mbuso ozothi "ukhiphe noma yimuphi umuntu wokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho." Amalungelo noma ama-Immunitunites Claus, asho ukuthi "awusoze wamisa noma usebenzise noma umthetho ozovimbela amalungelo noma isiphi isiphi isivikelo sezakhamuzi zase-United States"" lamalungiselelo abonakala evula umnyango ukuze avikele amalungelo ombuso enzweni.

Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme yavala ngokushesha lowomnyango e- Icala Lendlu-mfantu (1873]). INkantolo yakhipha ukufundwa okuncane kwamalungelo noma amaImmunituni Clause, iphethe ukuthi yavikela kuphela iqoqo elilinganiselwe lamalungelo athathwa ekubeni yizakhamuzi ezimele, njengelungelo lokunxusa kweSishaya - mthetho noma ilungelo lokungena ezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Iningi kakhulu lamalungelo omphakathi ahlala ngaphansi kokulawulwa yizwe. Lesi sinqumo sawaphula ngokuphumelelayo amalungelo ombuso noma i-Immunitunius Claus njengemoto yokuhlanganisa i-injini futhi iNkantolo yenze ukuba ibheke kwenye indawo isisekelo somthetho sokusebenzisa i-Bill yamalungelo ezwe.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nane Nokuzalwa Kokukhetha

Inqubo KaClaus Elindelekile Njenge - Vehicle Yokuhloba

Uma amaRouty noma ama-Inmut Claus enikezwa kakhulu, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaphendukela ku-Simendo se-Claus yeSichibiyelo se-14 njengendlela eyinhloko yokuhlanganisa. Inkolelo-lwazi yayithi "ukwethulwa" okuvikelwe yi-Ceastement ye-Sendment Claus yahlanganisa amalungelo ayisisekelo abekwe eBill of Rights. Uma ilungelo lalibhekwa njengelibalulekile esimisweni sobulungisa saseMelika, i-Ucted Procesme Clausle yadinga ukuba izikhulu zika-Claus ziwahloniphe.

Lendlela ayizange yenzeke ngehora elilodwa. Amashumi eminyaka ngemva kweSigebengu seSalaughter, iNkantolo yamelana nomqondo wokuthi iSichibiyelo seshumi nane safaka noma yiliphi ilungiselelo eliqondile leSiphendulo samalungelo abantu. Hurtado v. California [1884] [1884], iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi iSimemezelo esikhulu seSimemezelo sejaji seSimemezelo secala seSigqi sesihlanu asisebenzi ezindaweni. Ngokufanayo, Maxwell v. Dow[FLT:] [1900] [i], iNkanto yeNkanto ephethe ukuthi iSiqendulo seSibo seSiqendulo seSithathu sasingamele ukuqulwa kwecala. Imibono eyandile yayiwubheka kakhulu ukuthi i-Celadiouss Provicestion (iementations) iMist Clay Claus) ihlelwe engokomthetho engokomthetho ekhethekile yeMic.

Inkathi Yokushintsha: IGtlow v. iNew York

Inkathi yanamuhla yokukhetha yaqala nge- Gitlow v. New York (1925). uBenjamin Gitlow waboshwa ngaphansi komthetho wesiphithiphithi sobugebengu waseNew York wokwabela amapheshana asekela ukugumbuqelwa kukahulumeni. INkantolo Ephakeme, ewumbono kaMahluleli uEdward Sanford, yaqinisekisa ukuqiniseka kodwa yenza isimemezelo esigxekayo: "Ngenjongo yamanje singase sithathe leyo nkululeko yenkulumo nezokunyathelisa — evikelelwa yiSiphendulo Sokuqala esisekelwe eqenjini likahulumeni — iphakathi kwamalungelo abalulekile aweyo kanye 'nomthetho we-Edwa' ovikelwe ngenqubo efanele yezehhdluenzipho ye-14 ezisuka ekuncipheni kwezwe yizwe yizwe yizwe yizwe yi-Eroundlands.""

Nakuba uGitlow alahlekelwa icala lakhe ngenxa yokuthi iNkantolo yathola ukuthi inkulumo yakhe yaphunyuka ngaphandle kwesivikelo seSichibiyelo Sokuqala, ukuqashelwa kokungaphili kwakuyisikhathi sokusheshiswa. Okokuqala, iNkantolo yaqaphela ngokucacile ukuthi ilungiselelo leSivumelwano samalungelo abantu lingasebenza ezifundazweni nge-Curreate Proces Clause. Lokhu kwavula amafasitela okufaka izimpikiswano zesikhathi esizayo.

Incazelo yokukhetha: Ukusondela kwecala nge-Case

Ukuvivinywa Kwamalungelo Okuyisisekelo

INkantolo Ephakeme ayizange isebenzise indlela "ephelele yokufakwa", eyayiyosebenzisa lonke iBill of Rights eMadodeni amakhulu. Kunalokho, yalandela indlela "ekhethayo" indlela, ihlola ilunga ngalinye enkantolo ngesisekelo ukuze ithole ukuthi yayibaluleke yini emqondweni waseMelika wenkululeko emisiwe. Lendlela yachazwa nguMahluleli Benjamin Cardozo [FL:0].Palko v.Connecticut [197]

EPalko, iNkantolo yacabangela ukuthi isivikelo seNguquko seNkathi yesihlanu esiphindwe kabili esisebenza ezifundazweni. IJaji Cardozo yachaza ukuthi lawo malungelo "asekelwe emqondweni wenkululeko ehleliwe" kuphela okufanele ahlanganiswe. Wayehlukanisa phakathi kwamalungelo amane nje aphuma phambili nalawo abizwa ngokuthi "asemqondweni wecebo lokuthola inkululeko esemthethweni". INkantolo yayibalulekile, uma u-Cardozo abhalwe, uma ukuphulwa kwawo "kungabeka ummangalelwa ebunzimeni obunobukhali futhi kushaqindise kangangokuba intebo yethu ingayikukhuthazelela." Ngaphansi kwalokhu kuhlola, iNkanto yenqaba ukuhlanganisa izingozi eziphindwe kabili ngalesosikhathi, nakuba kamuva yayizoguqula isikhundla sayo.

Ukuhlolwa kwePalko kwasungula indinganiso evumelanayo necacile. Yavumela iNkantolo ukuba ihlanganise amalungelo ngokushintsha, ivumelane nokushintsha inqubo ye-social ne-stations. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lolu vivinyo lwalunesizo oluphansi kakhulu futhi banika amajaji ukwahlulela ukuhlakanipha okukhulu kokunquma ukuthi yimaphi amalungelo abalulekile. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi yayilondoloza ukulinganisela okufanele phakathi kobuphathi bukahulumeni nombuso wokuzibusa kuyilapho isavikela inkululeko edingekayo.

Umehluko Phakathi Kwamalungelo Ayisisekelo Nangabalulekile

Ukukhetha kwakha isimiso samalungelo ahlukene. Amanye amalungelo, njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko yokunyathelisa, ilungelo lokululeka, nesivikelo ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki nokuquleka, kwathathwa njengokuyisisekelo futhi kwasetshenziswa ezizweni. Amanye amalungelo, njengasemthethweni omkhulu weSichibiyelo seSichibiyelo sesihlanu nemfuneko yelungelo leSimemezelo sokuqulwa kwecala leSebethisi, ayengafakwa futhi ahlale esemthethweni ekhona ezizweni kuze kube namuhla.

Ukuzimisela kweNkantolo ukuhlanganisa amalungelo kuye kwakhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Nakuba izinqumo zokuqala zaziqaphile, iNkantolo yaseWarren (1953 - 969) yabona ukuqhuma kwemithetho yokuhlanganisa. INkantolo yasebenzisa ngokulandelana inqubo yobugebengu ukuvikela kweBhill of Rights ezizweni, ngokuyisisekelo ukuguqula izimiso zezomthetho zikahulumeni ezisemthethweni kule nqubo. Lokhu kwabonisa ukuvuma okukhulayo ukuthi izivumelwano ezithile zomthetho zibalulekile ekuphathweni ngokulunga kunoma yiziphi inkantolo yaseMelika, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imingcele yemithetho.

Uphawu Lwecala LeNkantolo Ephakeme Lokukhetha

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Ukukhuluma, Ukunyathelisa, Nenkolo

Ngemva kweGitlow, iNkantolo yathatha ngokushesha ukuze ihlanganise ezinye iziphetho eziyinhloko. Nearbor v. Minnesota[FL:1] (1931), iNkantolo yasebenzisa isiqinisekiso samaphephandaba esikhululekile ezifundazweni, yafaka umthetho kahulumeni ovumela ukuvinjelwa kwamaphephandaba. ] Cantwell v. Connecticut [1940]) yafaka i-Free Exes Classie, futhi [FLT] Everson v. [FLT:] Ibhodi yemfundo yemfundo yezemfundo [1947]) yafaka ekumisweni kukaClawunyuko oluqalayo nezokuvikela. Lezinquluko zamisa ukuthi intengo zenkolo yokuqala nezokuvikela zazisebenza ngokuhlanganisa izwe.

ISichibiyelo Sesine: Ukufuna Nokukhipha Uhulumeni

Ukufakwa kweSichibiyelo sesine kwakuyinqubo ethatha kancane. Wolf v. Colorado (1949), iNkantolo yaphetha ngokuthi iSichibiyelo sesine seSiphendu sisebenza ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo nasekuqubukeni okungacabangeliyo ezizweni, kodwa yanqaba ukucela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ukuba zikhiphe ubufakazi obutholakele bokungavumelani nokwephula umthetho. Lokho kwashintsha ngokuphawulekayo [ku-[FLT:]] Map v. Ohio [1961], lapho iNkakhulu inkantolo isebenza ezindaweni eziphethe umthetho owesizwe. Umthetho uTom Clark, ubhale iningi, wacabanga ukuthi ngaphandle komthetho owe-Gene, i-Exption, i-Grainformation, i-"igconftion, futhi i-medment.'igned projectivedment.

ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Ukuzishintsha Nokuzifaka Ohlangothini Olukabili

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu safaka ilungelo lokuziphindisela kuMalloy v. Hogan (1964). Lesi sinqumo savula indlela imanda v. [196] [196], eyayidinga amaphoyisa ukuba azise ukuthi anelungelo lawo lokuhlala ethule futhi anelungelo lokululeka. Isenqabela esiphindwe kabili, ekuqaleni salahlwa ePalko, kamuva safakwa [FLT:] Benton. Mary [vFLT:] [69], ukuqeda ukusebenza kwezentengiselwano ye-Genencestion [125:], (6969]), ukuqeda ukusebenza kwe-Genegamediastrity [effedments].

Isichibiyelo Sesithupha: Ilungelo Leseluleko, Ukuqulwa Kwecala LaseJuly, Nokuxabana

ISichibiyelo seSithandathu selungelo lokululeka emacaleni obugebengu safakwa ezinyathelweni ezimbili ezinkulu. Powell v. Alabama (1932) sasidinga iseluleko emacala okufa, kodwa kwakuyi- Gideon v. Wainright [1963]) eyamisa ilungelo leseluleko kuzo zonke izigebengu zikahulumeni. INkantolo Ephakeme yayikholelwa ukuthi iseluleko siyimfuneko ekuqulweni okulungile. UGideyoni, isikhalo esibhalwe ngesandla esivela esiboshweni saseFlorida, saguqula isimiso somthetho wobugebengu waseMelika futhi sihlala singekho emthethweni.

ISiqeshamiso seSithandathu sokulunga ekulingweni okusheshayo safakwa Klopefer v. North Carolina (1967]), ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi [[FLT:] [198]] [1984], ilungelo lokuya kumajaji angakhethi [[FLT:] ku-[FLT].[FLT] [196], kanye nelungelo lenqubo ephoqelelwe [[FL:] i-Dactalgn [6], kanye ne-eqe ukuba i-'impoqo ye-'''extton.[[FLT] [126] [6]) i-Ekuqondene.[FLT] [i-part: [ix]

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: Umngcele Wanamuhla

Emashumini eminyaka, iSichibiyelo Sesibili sasingafakwanga ngoba iNkantolo Ephakeme yayingakaliqapheli ilungelo lomuntu siqu lokuphatha izikhali. Lokho kwashintsha i-Dialium of Columbia v. Heller [2008], eyayithi iSichibiyelo Sesibili sivikela ilungelo lomuntu lokuba nento yokuzidubula ngezikhali ekhaya. Impikiswano yokufaka isibhamu yaphendulwa eminyakeni emibili kamuva [FLT:] [FLT]] [Promed v. City of Chicagov. [20] [20]] [20]), lapho iNkanto ekholelwa ukuthi iSibe sesibili isimemezelo sisebenza kulezo esingokomthetho sokuhlela uClaua. McDNcralve yayiyisinqumo sesinqumo sesandla sesandla sesandla futhi imisa iziqondiso zeze yasendaweni engokomthetho yokuhlengamele isetshenziswe ngokusetshenziswa kwemfundiso emisha.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Unya Nesijeziso Esingavamile

IsiHluzi seSichibiyelo sesishiyagalombili esimelene nesijeziso esinonya nesingavamile safakwa ku Robinson v. California (1962]), esaphula umthetho kahulumeni owenza ukuluthwa yizidakamizwa ube ubugebengu. Ukufakwa kweSimemezelo se-Sstadive Finecles Claus escle kwaqinisekiswa muva nje Timbs v. Indiana [ (2029), eyayithi lo mthetho usebenza ezifundazweni. Timbs uyisibonelo esihle sobungqabango obuqhubekayo be-Plate contion contion, njengoba benziswa ilungiselelo le-Bill yamaLust [FLT] [ice] [ish] v. Indiana [[FLT] [2029]] [09]

Izinqumo Zokuhlukanisa: Ukuvivinywa Kwamalungelo Okuyisisekelo

Isimiso Senkululeko Esihlelwe

Indinganiso eyinhloko yokukhetha ukuthi ilungelo liyisisekelo sesimiso sobulungisa saseMelika noma "lisekelwe emqondweni wenkululeko emisiwe" lendinganiso, echazwe ePalko futhi ecwengisiwe ezicabeni ezilandelayo, ifuna ukuba iNkantolo ihlole izimpande ezijulile ezingokomlando zelungelo nendima yayo ebalulekile ekuvikeleni inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Ukuhlolwa kuvumelana ngamabomu, kuvumela iNkantolo ukuba ivumelane nezindinganiso zomphakathi nezingaqondakali ezingokomthetho.

Indinganiso Esekelwe Ekujuleni

Ezimweni zamuva kakhulu, iNkantolo iye yabuza ukuthi ilungelo lisekelwe ngokujulile yini "ekuzingenisweni emlandweni wesizwe nasesikweni". Lendinganiso, ethathwe eWashington v. Glucksberg (1997), igxile kakhulu ngokomlando kunendaba yokuhlola inkululeko egunyaziwe. EMcDonald, iNkantolo yasebenzisa zombili izindinganiso, ithola ukuthi ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izimpi zomuntu siqu lisekelwe ngokujulile emlandweni waseMelika futhi libalulekile futhi liyinkululeko. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwalezi zivivinyo ezimbili kuhlala kuseyindaba yengxoxo yezazi, kanye nemithetho ethile esekela enye phezu kwenye encikelweni elungile.

Okungahlanganisiwe

Naphezu kobubanzi bokukhetha, amalungiselelo ambalwa eSiphakamiso samaLungelo asasetshenziswa. ISichibiyelo sesithathu esinqabela amasosha athatha ingxenye yesine asizange sisetshenziswe ezindaweni, nakuba lendaba ingavamile ukuphakama. Imfuneko enkulu yeSichibiyelo sesihlanu yokumangalela abahluleli abahluleli ayihlanganisiwe, futhi cishe ingxenye yezifunda esikhundleni sokusebenzisa ukuqulwa kwakuqala noma ukwaziswa okumangalelwayo. ISichibiyelo seSengxenye sokulunga sokubekwa icala enkantolo yomphakathi asifakwanga, inikeza imithetho ephawulekayo yokuvumelana nenqubo yombango yomphakathi. ISiphendulo se-8 asizange sifakwe ngokuphelele, nakuba izinkantolo eziphansi ngezinye izikhathi ziye zathatha ukusebenza.

ISichibiyelo Sesibili sinelungelo lokuphatha izikhali, nakuba manje sesifakwe kuMcDonald, siyaqhubeka siveza ukubekwa kwemithetho evunyelwe. Isinqumo seNkantolo ku- New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen[FLT] [2022] [202]) yasungula uvivinyo olusha olungokomlando lokuhlaziya izinselele zeSichibiyelo Sesibili, okungaholela ekuthuthukiseni ngokwengeziwe ukusebenza kwesimiso sokulunga ezifunda izifundazwe.

Umphumela Wokukhetha Inhlangano YaseMelika

Ukwakha Iqembu Lamalungelo Esizwe

Ukukhetha ukuhlanganiswa kwesizwe samalungelo akhethekile okumelwe wonke umbuso uwahloniphe. Isakhamuzi saseTexas sinesivikelo esifanayo seSichibiyelo sokuqala sokukhuluma esikhululekile njengesakhamuzi saseCalifornia. Ummangalelwa eFlorida unelungelo elifanayo lokululeka njengommangalelwa eNew York. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo ayisisekelo awancikile emagumbini omthetho wezwe noma ezombangazwe zendawo. Isakhiwo sezwe sinikeza isisekelo somthetho wenkululeko, kuyilapho amazwe ehlala ekhululekile ukunikeza isivikelo esikhulu ngaphansi kwemithetho yawo siqu noma imithetho.

Ukulinganisela Amandla Kahulumeni NoMbuso

Indlela yokukhetha ukuhlanganisa ngokucophelela igunya likahulumeni nenkululeko yombuso. Ngokufaka amalungelo ecala ngesisekelo secala, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yagwema ukuthatha inqubo kahulumeni yobugebengu nomphakathi. Amazwe agcina indlela ephawulekayo ekuhleleni kwawo izinkantolo, ukuqulwa, nokugcinwa kwemithetho, uma nje engaphulanga isivikelo esihlangene. Lokhu kulinganisela kuye kwavumela isimiso sikahulumeni ukuba silondoloze ubuntu bawo obuhloniphekile kuyilapho esaqinisekisa ukuthi inkululeko eyisisekelo ivikeleke kangakanani.

Abagxeki abakhethayo ngokufakwa kwemithetho baphikisa ngokuthi inikeza i-jadiary kahulumeni amandla amakhulu kakhulu ezinqumo zikahulumeni ezizinhlangothi ezilandelayo nokuthi indlela elandelanayo ngekhanda iholela ekungaqinisekini nasekuhlawulweni. Abasekeli baphendula ngokuthi ukuvumelana kwale mfundiso kuvumela uMthetho-sisekelo ukuba ushintshe ngezimo ezishintshayo nokuthi ukuqondisa kokwahlulela kuyadingeka ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo amancane ekuxhashazweni kombuso. Impikiswano ngobukhulu obufanele bokuhlanganiswa kwemithetho iyaqhubeka isebenzisa ulwazi lwemithetho-mthetho-mthetho kanye nemibono yokwahlulela.

Indima Yomthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Ukukhetha akuzange kunikeze umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni ongabalulekile. Ngokuphambene, izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zasungula umthetho womthetho-mthetho ozimele, ngokuvamile zinikeza isivikelo esikhulu kunesombuso. Lomkhuba, ngezinye izikhathi obizwa ngokuthi "umthetho omusha wokwahlulela," uvumela izigaba ukuba zizame amalungelo anwetshiwe kuyilapho uMthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni unikeza indawo. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zachaza isimo sazo ngokukhululekile ziqinisekisa kakhulu kuneSiphenduko sokuqala, noma ukuseshwa kwazo nokuvikelwa kwesizwe ngokuvikela kakhulu kuneSiphendulo Sesine. Lokhu kusetshenziswa phakathi komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo kazwe nomthetho-sisekelo wezwe kuthuthukisa isivikelo senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Izinkinga Zangesikhathi Esizayo Nekusasa Lokukhetha

Amalungiselelo Angenayo Ingxenye Namathuba Okuhlobana Ngekusasa

Nakuba iningi leSiphakamiso samaLungelo seSikhulu seMibuso, amalungiselelo ambalwa asalokhu evulekele ukuba kucatshangelwe esikhathini esizayo. ISichibiyelo se-Beil esesibhozo esingafakwa ecaleni elifanele, ikakhulukazi ukunakwa kakhulu ukuguqula izimali nokuvalelwa kwesigwebo. ISichibiyelo sesithathu, nakuba singekho ngokomlando, singavela emongweni ohilela umbuso noma isenzo sikahulumeni wendawo. Isinqumo seNkantolo eTibs sisikisela ukuzimisela ukuqeda ilungiselelo lamaLungelo ngelungiselelo.

ISichibiyelo Sesibili siyaqhubeka siveza intethelelo ebalulekile, futhi izinga lokusetshenziswa kwayo kwemithetho yezibhamu nemithetho yendawo cishe liyolungiswa eminyakeni ezayo. Ukuhlolwa kweNkantolo engokomlando eBruen kuye kwadala imibuzo emisha ngokuphathelene nemithetho evumelana neSichibiyelo sesibili esibekwe ngokumelene nezifunda. Lamacala azohlola imingcele yokuhlanganiswa kwezindawo ezikhethayo ekhulwini lama-21.

Inqubo Eyinqaba Nekusasa Lamalungelo Angenamingcele

Ukuhlanganiswa kwenqubo ebanzi yenqubo edingayo eyisisekelo, evikela amalungelo ayisisekelo angadwetshwanga ngokucacile kuyiBill of Rights. Izihloko ezinjengethi bergefell v. Hodges [2020], eqaphela ilungelo elingokomthetho lomshado ofanayo, [[FLT] ne[FLT]] Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [2022], ebekwe phezu kwe-Rod Roe v. Wade futhi ekholelwa ukuthi umthetho awuvikeli ilungelo lokukhipha isisu, ibonisa impikiswano eqhubekayo ebaluleke ngokwaneleyo ukuze kuvikelwe isimilo. Lezi zimo ezithiwayizinto ezingakhethanga kakhulu ngendima efanayo, kodwa ezithiwayo ngemisebenzi efanayo engokomthetho owe yi-jajilo.

Ikusasa lokukhetha lingase lilolongwe futhi indlela yeNkantolo Ephakeme eqondene ne-socialism. Inkantolo ebekelwe isibopho kakhulu egunyeni likahulumeni ingase ingazimisele ukuhlanganisa amalungiselelo amasha noma ukwandisa akhona. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iNkantolo evikela amalungelo abantu ingaqhubeka isebenzisa iBhill of Rights ezindaweni eziningi. I-interlinection phakathi kwalezi zindinganiso eziphikisanayo inquma ukuthi isiphi isizathu sale mfundiso.

Isiphetho: Ifa Elihlala Njalo Lokuzikhethela

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kokukhetha okungathathwa ekubambeni iBarron v. Baltimore kuya ekuvikeleni okukhulu kwenkathi yanamuhla kumelela enye yentuthuko ebaluleke kakhulu eMthethweni waseMelika. Ngochungechunge lwezinqumo zengqopha - mlando, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaguqula iBill of Rights enqabeni lokumelana nohulumeni ophathwe kabi yisiqinisekiso senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ngokumelene nawo wonke amazinga kahulumeni. Indlela yemfundiso yokuzimela ngokunakekela nokuzivumela, iqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo ayisisekelo avikelwe ngaphandle kokumelana ngokungafanele ne-Iconstom.

Ukukhetha kuseyimfundiso ephilayo, ekwazi ukusebenzisa amalungelo aqashelwayo asanda kuqalwa ezizweni futhi ivumelane nokushintsha izimiso zomphakathi. Njengoba iNkantolo iqhubeka ichaza ubukhulu beSikhathi Samalungelo Abantu, izimiso ezisungulwe emacaleni anjengeGitlow, Map, Gideon, noMcDonald ziyoqondisa ukusetshenziswa kwalawomalungelo. Ifa elihlala njalo lokufakwa kwamalungelo akhona liyisizwe lapho inkululeko eyisisekelo ebekwe eSivumelweni samaLungelo ingulelo-lungelo, nakuwo wonke umuntu, nakuwo wonke amazwe, naphambi kwenkantolo.