Ukuqonda Izimiso Zokuqondisa Imikhumbi

Izimiso zokhetho ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-#8220; eyokuqala-phambili-yomthetho ̵ (FPPP) noma i-#8220;winner-tach-all „ izimiso, ziphakathi kwezindlela ezindala kakhulu nezisetshenziswa kakhulu zokuhumusha amavoti ezihlalweni zemithetho. Lenqubo iqondile: u-ccoffis, futhi u-Freator uhlukaniswa waba yizifunda ezinezingxenye eyodwa, kanti othatha inombolo ephakeme kakhulu yevoti i-̬ hhayi inombolo enkulu kakhulu engaphezulu kuka-50% &812; isihlalo. Lenqubo ihlelwe ngokuqondile: u-ccongayedwa, futhi othandwa kakhulu esifundeni ngasinye ikhethiwe.

Izindawo zobuProfethi obuphambili zihlanganisa isimiso esinezigaba ezimbili (esisetshenziswa eFrance ngokhetho lobumongameli nomthetho), lapho kugcinwa khona indingiliza yesibili uma kungekho mfundaze othola inani eliphelele emzuzwaneni wokuqala, futhi enye ivoti (esetshenziswa e-Australia kwiNdlu yabameli), lapho abavoti nababezovota abangaphansi kakhulu besuswa khona kuze kube yilapho umuntu ethola lokhu mehluko. Naphezu kwalokho, isisekelo sihlala sifana: ukunqoba kokhetho kunqunywa ukufinyelela isabelo esikhulu kakhulu samavoti esifundeni, kunokuba kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amaqembu athola izihlalo ngokwengxenye yawo yevoti yesizwe.

Izimiso zezinkonzo ezinkulu ngokuvamile zituswa ngokuveza ohulumeni abaqinile abathatha ingxenye eyodwa ngoba bathambekele ekubekeni indinganiso yesihlalo seqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke. Lokhu kuqina kungadala imigqa ecacile yokulandisa futhi kuvumele ukuba kwenziwe isimiso esinqumayo. Nokho, izindlela ezifanayo eziveza ohulumeni abaqinile zidala ukuhlanekezelwa okukhulu futhi, okuthinta ngokuqondile izinga intuthuko yezombangazwe engavela ngalo. Ukuqonda indlela izimiso eziyinhloko ezithonya ngayo intuthuko, kubalulekile kuqala ukuhlola izisusa zokwakha ezizakhela amaqembu, abafuni, abavoti, novoti.

Indlela Izimiso Ezikhulu Ezingathuthukisa Ngayo Ukuvuselelwa Kwezombangazwe

Uma uqala ukubheka, izimiso eziyinhloko zibonakala zingakukhuthazi ukuchezuka kwemiba ebanzi.

Imishini Evula Izindaba

Ngoba izimiso zeziqu ezinkulu ziveza ohulumeni abahlukene nababekela inselele ecacile, abavoti banganikeza kalula izimali noma ukusola ngemiphumela yenqubo. Lokhu kulandisa okuqondile kusho ukuthi amaqembu azimele kumelwe aqhubeke ebonisa ukuphumelela kwawo ekulondolozeni amandla. Ezifundeni zokuncintisana, abancintisana bashukumiseleka ukuba bahlongoze imithetho emisha ehlukanisayo nenselele. Ngokwesibonelo, eUnited Kingdom, eConservative Party ngaphansi kukaMargaret Thatcher asungula izinguquko ezithengise intengiselwa phambili yezentengiso i-̬ kuhlanganise nokubekwa kwezimboni zezentengiselwano zikahulumeni ne-degimplationss ̬ okuyisimiso esikhulu savumela iqembu ukuba lisebenzise ngokushesha lezimiso, ngaphandle kokuhlelwa kwesivumelwano.

Ngokufanayo, i-United States ’ i-acts-oll yenhlangano ephumelelayo iye yenza ukuba kube nesibindi sokuphatha i-Congress kanye ne-demone. U-Franklin D. Roosevelt ̱ u-New Deal noBarack Obama̱ i-Affordcable Care Act zombili zamiswa yiqembu elilodwa elilawula i-congress kanye ne-decrecity. Esimweni ngasinye, isimo esikhulu savumela ushintsho olusheshayo ngoba iqembu eliwinayo lingacindezela ngezimiso zalo ngaphandle kokuhlehla. Nakuba izinhlelo ezinjalo zingathandwa njalo noma ziphumelele, isimiso i-̱ss ikhono lokugxilisa amandla lokunikeza iqonga lokuhlola okunga kahle okungajwayelekile ezimisweni eziminyene.

Ukuhleleka kwakha isisekelo sokulungisa isimo sesikhathi eside

Ohulumeni abaphethe izakhiwo ezinkulu ngokuvamile bazinzile kunohulumeni abahlangene, abangathambeka futhi abathambekele ekuweni. Uhulumeni ozinzile onezikhawu ezinqunyelwe isikhathi eside ungafaka izimali emisebenzini edinga ukugcinwa kwentando yezombangazwe, njengokuthuthukisa izakhiwo zanamuhla, ushintsho lwezemfundo, noma imizamo yokuthuthukisa intuthuko. Ngokwesibonelo, i-South Korea’ izici eziyinhloko esimisweni sayo sokhetho zifake isandla ekugxileni okungaguquki ekukhuleni kwezobuchwepheshe phakathi nenkathi yayo esheshayo yezemisebenzi. Uhulumeni wakwazi ukuphishekela izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa izakhiwo zezemfundo, kanye nentuthuko, ngemizamo elandelanayo ngaphambili, ngemizamo yeqembu ngalinye eyenzekayo kunokuba inqande kakhulu.

Ngokuphambene, ukhetho oluvamile kanye nezimiso ezihlangene zingaphazamisa ukuhlelwa kwezikhathi ezinde. Nakuba imifelandawonye ingasungula ukuvumelana okukhulu, i-DEN enqanda ukutshala imali emikhankasweni emikhulu engase iqhubeke isikhathi esingaphezu kwesisodwa sephalamende. Ngakho uhulumeni oqinile unganikeza indawo elondekile yokuhlola izimiso, ikakhulukazi uma iqembu elibusayo linethezekile futhi libhekene nosongo oluncane lokuqeda kuqala.

Izimbobo Ezikhuthazayo Neziteshi Eziqinile

Ukuze bazuze ubuningi esifundeni esisodwa, abazobhapathizwa kumelwe banxuse ukuhlanganisa imidanti ehlukene ehlelweni, kuhlanganise ne-octrate elinganiselayo, abavoti, ngisho nabasekeli abathile beqembu eliphikisanayo. Lokhu kuvame ukuphoqelela amaqembu ukuba angene amaqembu avulekile, ahlanganiswe amapulatifomu akhuluma ngezithakazelo ezihlukahlukene. Amapulatifomu anjalo angaba mashayelwa ngoba adinga ukuhlanganisa imiqondo ehlukene ezindaweni ezihlukene kungene uhlelo oluvumelanayo. Isibonelo esisodwa esiphawulekayo yi-̴Third ” athad Labour Party ngaphansi kuka-Tony Blair ngo 1990, ehlanganisa izimakethengiso zezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano ezenhlalo. Le nqubo yasiza uLabour ukunqoba izwe elihlangeneyo ngo1997 nokwezombangazwe lweBrithani.

Isikhuthazo sokwakha imifelandawonye emikhulu singaholela futhi ekuthatheni inqubo eyayibhekwa njengengenamingcele ngaphambili. Ngokwesibonelo, izindaba zendawo ezungezile zathola isilinganiso esikhulu ezimisweni ezinkulu lapho amaqembu amakhulu efaka izimiso eziluhlaza emapulatifomu awo ukuze athathe amavoti. ECanada, iLiberal Party ’ ukukhokhwa kwentela yekhabhoni ngo-2019, naphezu kokuphikisa kokuqala, kwabhebhebhethekiswa ngokwengxenye ngesidingo sokunxusa kumavota emadolobheni emincinti yokuncintisana. Ngakho, nakuba izimiso ezinkulu zingalinganisela inani lamaqembu aphilayo, zingakhuthaza amaqembu amakhulu ukuba wona ngokwawo aqhubekele ekufuneni intela ngo-uni.

Izinselele Nezimpi Zokulungisa Ezimisweni Zama - majortinal

Naphezu kwezinzuzo ezingaba khona, izimiso zobushiqela zibuye zibangele izithiyo ezinamandla ekusunguleni kwezombangazwe.

Izindawo Ezimbili Ezinengxenye Ezilawulayo Nokucindezelwa Kwemibono Emisha

U-Duverger ’ umthetho, isimiso sezesayensi esaziwayo kakhulu, umi entweni yokuthi izimiso zabaphathi bamazwe zivame ukuveza izimiso ezimbili eziyingxenye. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abavoti nabanikeli bahehela emaqenjini amabili amakhulu ngenxa yokuthi amaqembu amancane abonakala njenge-̴ amavoti akhishwe. ” Lokhu kulinganisela kakhulu inani lemibono egcwele emakethe yezombangazwe. Iziphakamiso ezintsha ngokuvamile zisuka eqenjini lesithathu noma ezinhlanganweni zezenhlalo, kodwa esakhelini esikhulu, la magama akhishwa ngokulandelana ezinhlalweni zokuvota ngaphandle kokuba anqamule imingcele emibili ehlukene.

E-United States, iGreen Party neLibertarian Party iye yazama ukuwina noma yiziphi izihlalo ezisesilinganisweni sikahulumeni naphezu kokuba ngezikhathi ezithile ithola izigidi zamavoti okhetho lukamongameli. Ngenxa yalokho, izindaba ezinjengomholo oyisisekelo wendawo yonke, ukuqeda izidakamizwa, noma ukuhlasela kwekhabhoni enzima kuye kwathatha amashumi eminyaka ukuze kungene kuphikiswa okubanzi, futhi ngemva kokuba ihlangene noDemocrates noma amaRepublican. Isigaba esibili kanjalo sinciphisa ukuncishiswa kwemibono yezimiso ezintsha, njengoba kumelwe ukuba iqale iphile inqubo yokuzihlola ngaphakathi ezinhlanganweni ezinkulu, eziqinile.

Ingozi Yokucwasa Ilanga Nokuhlukana Okungekuhle

Izimiso zezifebe, ikakhulukazi lezo ezithatha umkhakha owodwa wokuvota, zikhuthaza umkhankaso ophambene nokwehla kwezindawo ezihlukene. Abathathi-lwazi abanaso isisusa sokunxusa abavoti ngaphandle kwesisekelo sabo uma bekwazi ukunqoba ngobuningi obuncane. Lokhu kungaholela ekugxileni ekuqoqeni abasekeli abayinhloko kunokuhlanganisa izinqubo zokuthola izixazululo ezintsha. E-United States, ukuqasha okungalawuleki kunqande lokuthambekela, kwakha izindawo ezilondekile lapho usongo lwangempela lwezisuka khona enseleleni enkulu. Ezindaweni ezinjalo, ukulinganisela nokuthuthukisa ukuvumelana okuqinile kokufuna iziphetho kuvuzwa.

Ukuqamba i-planetic kuvimbela futhi ukusungulwa kwezimiso okudinga ukusekelwa yi-bipartina. Ngokwesibonelo, ukushintshwa kwentela noma ukushintsha isimo sezulu e-US kuye kwabonakala kunzima kakhulu amashumi eminyaka ngoba isigaba ngasinye esikhulu sibheka i-’ njengezenzo eziyingcaca. Isimiso sobufundisi, ngokugxilisa amandla emaqenjini amabili ahlukene ngokwemibono, singaveza i-rockbock enezinyathelo eziqinile. Nakuba ohulumeni abahlangene ezimisweni ezilinganisayo ngokuvamile bedinga ukuvumelana, ngezinye izikhathi ukuhleba okungaveza izixazululo ezintsha ezivela emasikweni amaningi.

Ukugxila Kwesikhashana Kwesimiso Semiyalo

Ukuhlakanipha komjikelezo wokhetho kukhulu kakhulu ezimisweni eziyinhloko. Ngokhetho oluba njalo eminyakeni emine noma emihlanu, amaqembu abhekana nokucindezela okuqhubekayo kokuletha izinzuzo eziphathekayo kubavoti esikhathini esifushane. Ukutshala izimali esikhathini eside okuveza izinzuzo kuphela ngemva kwemijikelezo eminingi ye-operal ̵ njengokuhlola okuyisisekelo kwezesayensi, ukuvinjelwa kwezempilo, noma ukugcinwa kwemisebenzi ehlala njalo kungaphansi ngenxa yokuthi kunikeza iholo elincane labavoti abavotiyo. Izazi zesayensi zingakhetha ukunciphisa intela noma ukuchitha imali eminyangweni ethandwayo kunokuphishekela izinguquko ezintsha kodwa ezingase zingatholi miphumela eyingozi kuze kuphume ihhovisi.

Le nqubo ifakazelwe kakhulu esimisweni sobuzwe i-’ ukugcizelela ukulandisa komuntu ngamunye: uhulumeni oyedwa unecala lonke ngokuhluleka kodwa futhi ungasho ukuthi unecala lokuphumelela. Ukwesaba ukubekwa icala ngesiqalo esingaqinisekile ngokuvamile kudlula umvuzo ongase uvele.

Ukuhlola Okuqhathanisayo: Ama - joritharian v. Proportigal System

Ukuze kuhlolwe ngokugcwele ukuhlobana phakathi kwezimiso zokuvota kanye nokusungulwa kwezombangazwe, kuwusizo ukuqhathanisa izimiso ze-asterrianism nezimiso ezimelela i-PR. Izimiso ze-PR zihlela izihlalo ezilinganayo ngesilinganiso esiqinile kuqembu ngalinye i-̱ ivota, ngokwengxenye yezifunda-zifunda. Amazwe anjenge-Sweden, i-Norway, i-Netherlands, ne-New Zealand asebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwe-PR, futhi lezi zimiso zivame ukuveza amaphalamende nemibuso eminingi.

Ukubuyiselwa Ngokuncishiswa Kwezinto: Izifundo Ezivela Ezimisweni Engokwesimiso

Izinqubo zezezindawo ezizungezile zivumela amaqembu amancane ukuba angene ephalamende, andise izinhlobonhlobo zemibono yezimiso engxoxweni yemithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, amaqembu aluhlaza athola izihlalo zephalamende emashumini eminyaka ngaphambili eJalimane naseSweden kunase-United States noma e-United Kingdom, futhi ngenxa yalokho izimiso zendawo ezungezile zasungulwa ngokushesha kulawomazwe. Ukuba khona kwamaqembu amaningi kukhuthaza ukuvundisa: ukuhasha kwe-odansi ye-omfantu nokuhamba ngakwesokudla kungaboleka imiqondo eqekelweni yezindawo zokuhlala ngaphandle kokuzihlukanisa, njengoba izingxoxo zemifelandawo ngokuvamile zihilela ukuhweba ngemithetho ehlanganisa ukuhlangana nemithombo ehlukeneyo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimiso zePR zingakhuthaza ukusungulwa kwezinhlelo zokubusa ngokwazo. ENew Zealand, ukumiswa kwemidwebo exubene (MMP) ngo-1996 kwaholela ekusungulweni kwezindikimba ezizimele zesimiso somthetho kanye nenqubo yokuhlola inqubo yomthetho exhunyiwe kakhulu. Isidingo sokwakha imifelandawo ehlukene kakhulu siye sakhuthaza futhi ukuhlola ngamathuluzi entando yeningi asuselwe ngokwezilinganiso, njengezakhamuzi i̱ imihlangano yenguquko yokhetho nesimiso sezulu. Lemikhakhankaso yezimiso zokuhlela imithetho yezimiso zomthetho ayivamile ivamile kakhulu eziminye izinhlangano eziningi, lapho iqembu elibusayo lingawashaya indiva khona amazwi amancane.

Ukuqina cishe Ukwakhiwa Kwezohwebo

Isimiso sokusebenza samandla amakhulu i-’ inzuzo amandla agxilile, avumela ushintsho olusheshayo lapho iqembu elilodwa liphethe iningi. Lokhu kungaba usizo ekusebenziseni izinqubo eziqinile ezidinga isenzo esiwujuqu. Ezimisweni zokulinganisela, izingxoxo zesivumelwano ezihlangene zingabambezela noma zinciphise izicelo ezivusa isifiso. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Sweden ̱ izisulu zesimo sezulu esiphambili ziye zafinyelelwa ngochungechunge lwezivumelwano eziphambanayo, kodwa le nqubo iye yathatha isinyathelo esiqinile futhi yancipha nemithetho ebanzi yendawo ebekwe yi-UḴ i-galelo elilodwa lohulumeni abanombango ekuqaleni konyaka ka-1990.

Nokho, ukuqina kwezimiso ezinkulu kungaba yisici: uma iqembu elibusayo lingamelana nokushintsha, ukusungula kuvinjelwa ngokuphelele kuze kube yilapho ukhetho luletha iqembu elisha ekubuseni. Ezimisweni zePR, ngisho noma i-PR ebusayo iqaphile, amaqembu aphikisayo kanye nabantu abambalwa abasebenza ndawonye bangacindezela izinhlelo ezintsha ezisuka ngaphakathi. Lokhu kubonakala eNetherlands, lapho uhulumeni eye wamukela khona izimiso eziqhubekayo zezidakamizwa kanye nomzamo wenhlala - ntle ongaba yinto engacabangeki kwezezombangazwe ezithathele zonke izimpahla zokunqoba.

Indima Yesimiso Seqembu Nesiko Lezombangazwe

Akukho simiso sokhetho esisebenza endaweni engenalutho; imiphumela yaso imanelwa yisimiso seqembu elikhona, isiko lezombangazwe, nomthetho-sisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-India̱ isimiso se-FPP; esiyinhloko sesimiso seqembu leqembu elihlukene kakhulu esiphakathi kwezwe, esiholela ezindaweni zephalamende ezihlukene kakhulu kune-Duverger Ù umthetho ungabikezela. Ezindaweni ezinjalo, ukusungulwa kwezombangazwe kungavela ezingxenyeni ezisezifundeni ezihlanganisa izidingo zendawo. I-Indian National Congress ne-Bharyatation ye-Janya Party ithathe kokubili imibono evela ezinhlanganweni ezincane, njengokuthutha imali ngokuqondile ngenxa yenhlalakahle nezokunakekela impilo yombuso.

Ngokufanayo, iCanada’ isimiso sokusebenza sabaphathi bezindawo akuzange kuvimbele ukuvela kwengxenye yesithathu ephilayo eqenjini leDermocratic Party (NDP), eye yalinganisela amandla kohulumeni abambalwa futhi yathonya ukusungulwa kwezimiso ezindaweni ezinjengokunakekela impilo yangaphandle kanye namalungelo ezisebenzi. I-NDP̱ ikhono lokusinda naphezu kwesimiso sokukhetha ibonisa ukuthi izici zezinhlangano zomthetho zodwa azinqumi imiphumela. Amasiko ezombangazwe, kuhlanganise nokuzimisela kwamaqembu amakhulu ukuveza imibono yangaphandle kanye namalungelo ezenhlalo anamandla. I-NDP̱ ifeza indima ebalulekile.

Ngokuphambene, emazweni anomlando wokuhlaziywa kwezombangazwe, izimiso ezinkulu zingakhuphuka i-grid lock. I-United States ̱ ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuhlangene ne-FPTP; ukuhlukaniswa komthetho-sisekelo kuveza amaphuzu amaningi angenza ukuba inguquko ingalawuleki ngisho noma elinye iqembu lilawula zombili izimpahla. Ngokuphambene, i-UḴ ubukhosi basephalamende buvumela iqembu elikhulu ukuba lidlulise umthetho ngokushesha, kodwa ukuntuleka kwezindlela ezingokomthetho kungaholela ezingenisweni eziklanywe ngokungafanele eziyenziwe kamuva, njengoba kwenzeka ngentela yokuvota kamuva ngo 1990.

Izinguquko Ezingase Zibangele Ukuvuselelwa Kwezimboni Ezingaphakathi Kwemizila Yemfucumfucu

Njengoba izimiso ezinkulu zigxile kakhulu embusweni wentando yeningi, ukufakwa ngokuqondile esikhundleni sokumelelwa kwezindawo ezilinganiselwe ngokuvamile akunakwenzeka ngokwezombangazwe.

Ukwethula i-Ranked-Choice Voting (Alternative Vote)

Uvota okunengxenye eyodwa ye-RCV kugcina izigodi ezinezingxenye eyodwa kodwa kususe umphumela womonakalo owenqabela ukuvota kwababezothatha ingxenye yesithathu. Ngokuvumela abavoti ukuba bafake izikhundla ezingcono ngokuthanda, i-RCV inciphisa isisusa somkhankaso ophambene futhi ikhuthaze abazocelwa ukuba bafake isikhalazo ekukhetheni okubanzi. Ngokwesiko, i-Australia ̱ iNdlu yabameleli yabameleli isebenzisa i-RCV futhi iye yabona ukwanda okunesizo olulinganiselwe ekumeleni kweqembu elincane uma kuqhathaniswa ne-FTPP. RCCV ingakhuthaza namapulatime engeziwe amashadiyudiyu engeziwe ngoba abamele ukukhonzwa kwenkantolo kusuka kwabanye abasekeli beqembu.

Izigodi Ezingahlali Ziyindawo Ehlukile Neziyimpi

I-Gerrymandering iyingxenye enkulu ekuhlaseleni futhi intulekeni yokusungula izimiso ezinkulu. Lapho izigodi zidonselwa ukuphepha kwelinye iqembu, iziqu azinaso isisusa sokuzivuselela. Ukusungula amakhomishane okuzimela okuvuselela, njengoba kwenziwa ezindaweni eziningi zase-US naseCanada, kungadala izifunda ezincintisanayo. I-mpini yokuncintisana efuna ukusungula imithetho ekhuthaza ukulinganisela nokusungula izinkinga. Ngokwesibonelo, i-California ̱ ikhomisha yokuzimela okuzimele i-redpidi iholele emijahweni eminingi encintisanayo futhi iye yanconywa amalungu ahlobisa ukuba ahlobise imithetho ekhuthaza ukuqamba i-Pragmatic.

Ukuvula Izindlu Zamalahle Nezingathathi - hlangothi

Amaprimp avalelwe, alinganisela ukuhlanganyela emaqenjini edilini, athambekele ekubangeleni abazothatha inxaxheba ekwamukeleni imibono eyeqisayo, ukunciphisa indawo yezindawo zokuvota okuthuthukiswa. Ukuvula amaprotheni, lapho bonke abavoti bangahlanganyela khona kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangene eqenjini, akhuthaza abavoti ukuba bakhe imifelandawo ebanzi kusukela ekuqaleni. Ezizweni ezinjengeWashington neCalifornia, isimiso esiphezulu-2 esiyinhloko (isikhulu esingekho esikhona lapho amavoti amabili aphezulu kakhulu athatha khona intuthuko) siye saholela ekukhetheni abavoti abangcono abazimisele ukunqamule imigqa. Ababaleki abanjalo bavame ukuvuleka izinqubo engcono kakhulu kunalabo abavela kusuka kumapropatite.

Ukukhuthaza Iqembu Langaphakathi Intando Yeningi

Izimiso zeqembu ngokuvamile zidala isiyalo esiqinile, esingavimbela ukuphikisana kwangaphakathi futhi sinqande ama-MP ase-banch ekufakeni umthetho omusha. Izinguquko ezinikeza izishayamthetho ngabanye inkululeko eyengeziwe yokuletha izikweleti noma ukuvotela ngokumelene nomphakathi zingenza izishaya-mthetho ziphendule ngokwengeziwe emibonweni emisha. I-UK iye yazama ukukhetha izinguquko zekomiti ezikhulisa amandla ama-backbetcher, futhi izifundana ezimbalwa zase-US zinemithetho evumela amalungu ukuba avumele ukudlula umholi weqembu kanye nabaqondisi-consons. Nakuba lezinguquko zingawashintshi isimiso sokhetho ngokwaso, zingasinciphisa ukuthambekela kwayo ekunqandeni ukusungula izinto.

Isiphetho

Izimiso zokhetho ezinkulu ziveza ubuhlobo obudidayo nentuthuko yezombangazwe. Kwesinye isandla, zigxilisa amandla, zidala ukulandisa okucacile, futhi zingavumela isenzo esiwujuqu esiletha izimiso ezintsha ekuphileni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, zihlanganisa ukubusa okubili okuhlukene, zikhuthaza ukuqhekeka, futhi zivuza ukucabanga okufushane, konke okungavimbela ukuvela kwemibono eqanjiwe. Ithonya langempela lezimiso ezinkulu liyahluka kakhulu kuyehluka kuye ngezici ezithile zezenkolo namasiko. Izizwe ezinjenge-UK neNdiya ziye zabhekana nokuqhuma kokushintsha kwesibindi nezinkathi ezinde ze-intria.

Isihluthulelo esithathwa abafundisi nabafundi siwukuthi akukho simiso sokhetho esingokwemvelo i-#8220; i-Wenefice ̵ ukuze kuqaliswe; izisusa eziklanywe ngendlela ehlukile. Ukuqonda lezi mishini kuvumela izakhamuzi nabenzi bezimiso ukuba baklame izinhlangano ezihlanganisanayo i-̬ njengalokho kulungisa ngokuzimele, ukuvula amaprojekthi, noma ukuvota okuphezulu okukhetha i-R okungalawula amandla emfuzaneni enkulu kuyilapho ihluleka ukumelana nobuthakathaka bayo. Njengoba i-democracrafics emhlabeni wonke ibhekene izinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi zokushintsha isimo sezulu zisuka ekuphazamiseni ukuphazamiseka kwezesayensi yezentengiselwano, ikhono lokusungula nokulungisa izinhlelo zezombangazwe lizoba nezindlela eziqinile. Izimiso zokuvikela amaqembu amaqembu amaqembu angosezingeni, kodwa angakwazi ukuthwala imoto ukuze athole imithombo yezindawo ezintsha.

ufundeka ngokuphindaphindeneyo: Ukuhlaziya ngokujulile imiphumela yesimiso sokukhetha, bheka iprojekthi: iElectoral Systems kanye ne[FLT] Expasteal Reformation Society[. Ukuhlola okuhlobene kwezimiso, kubhekisela ku- CD Ukuhlolwa kwe-Protooxwommentordioustion of Publiction.[FLT:]]