Isisekelo Sikahulumeni Olinganiselwe

Umqondo wokulinganisela amandla kahulumeni awuyona into esungulwe namuhla; usekelwe emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka efilosofi yezombangazwe nasempini engokomlando. Inhloso iwukuthi umbuso kumelwe usebenze phakathi kwemingcele ecacile ukuze uvikele amalungelo abantu angokwemvelo. Ngaphandle kokuzicindezela okunjalo, ngisho nohulumeni abazimisele kahle bazifaka engozini yokuba amathuluzi okucindezela. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela lemingcele echazwa ngayo, kungani ibalulekile ukuze ulondoloze inkululeko yomuntu siqu, kanye nemizamo eqhubekayo edingekayo ukuze ilondoloze amalungelo abo ezweni elihlala likhona.

Ukuqonda imingcele yamandla kahulumeni kudinga ukuhlola kokubili izisekelo ezicatshangelwayo kanye nezinqubo ezisebenzayo eziziphoqelelayo. Kusukela kuyiMagna Carta kuya kuhulumeni wentando yeningi wanamuhla, icebo liye lasetshenziswa ekuzilandiseni okukhulu nokubonakala. Nokho, ukungezwani phakathi kwegunya nenkululeko kuseyinselele enamandla, ifuna ukuqapha okuqhubekayo ezakhamuzini nasezinhlanganweni ngokufanayo.

Imvelaphi Yomlando: IMagna Carta Ekukhanyiselweni

IMagna Carta (1215)

Ngokuvamile kucashunwe njengomngcele wokuqala ongokomthetho wamandla obukhosi, iMagna Carta yaphoqelelwa ukuba iNkosi uJohn yaseNgilandi ivukele. Isimiso sayo esihlala njalo sasithi inkosi yayingangaphezulu komthetho. U-Clauss uqinisekisa inqubo efanelekile nesivikelo ekuboshweni okungavumelekile kwabekwa isisekelo samalungelo ombuso. Nakuba iMagna Carta ngokuyinhloko yakhuluma ngezikhalo zobuthangu, isisindo sayo esingokomfanekiso njengomthetho wenkululeko oye wathonya imiyalo emhlabeni wonke. [[FLT: 0] I-British Library inikeza umlando ogcwele kaMagnas Carta kanye neziphakatho zayo ezilinganiselwe ngokuqondile.

I - English Bill of Rights (1689)

Ngemva kweGlorious Revolution, i-Ngish Bill of Rights yaphinde yavimbela imibuso ye-Creast ngokunqabela ukumiswa kwemithetho, ukukhokhwa kwentela ngaphandle kwemvume yephalamende, nokunakekelwa kwebutho elimile ngesikhathi sokuthula. Yaqinisekisa futhi ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile ePhalamende nelungelo lokucela. Lencwadi yasebenza njengendatshana eqondile yeSigqebhezana Samalungelo Ombuso wase-U.S. futhi yamisa imingcele engokomthetho yokumisa imingcele yegunya likahulumeni.

Abacabanga Ngokukhanyiselwa Nemfundiso Yezenhlalo

Izazi zefilosofi ezinjengoJohn Locke, Montesquieu, noJean-Jacques Rousseau banikeza uhlelo lwengqondo lwemingcele yanamuhla kuhulumeni. Locke waphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni ongokomthetho usuka emvumeni yababuswayo futhi ukuthi abantu banamalungelo angokwemvelo ekuphileni, ngenkululeko, nangempahla. Ohulumeni abaphula lamalungelo balahlekelwa ilungelo labo. UMontesquieu wasekela ukwahlukana kwemibuso njengendlela yokwakha yokuvimbela ubushiqela. Imibono yakhe yaguqula ngokuqondile isigaba segunya phakathi kwesikhulu, i-Genesticial, negatsha lokwahlulela.

Umklamo Womthetho - sisekelo: Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Nokulinganisela

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., owagunyazwa ngo-1788, wagunyaza izinhloso zokukhanyiselwa ngokudala isimiso semibuso ehlukene nehlukene. AmaFramers ayesaba ukufakwa kwamandla kunoma yisiphi isakhiwo esisodwa. Baklama uhulumeni kahulumeni onamagatsha amathathu alinganayo, ngamunye onemisebenzi ehlukile nekhono lokuhlola amanye. UMthetho-sisekelo ubala futhi amandla athile anikezwa uhulumeni kahulumeni, neSiphendulo seshumi esigcinela wonke amanye amazwe noma abantu.

Uhulumeni Wesifunda Njengesiphendulo Segunya Eliphakathi

Umbuso wombuso usakaza amandla ohulumeni besizwe nohulumeni, unciphisa ingozi yokuba noma yiliphi izinga lohulumeni libe elinamandla. Amazwe asebenza njengezindawo zokucwaninga ngentando yeningi, azama izimiso kuyilapho uhulumeni wezwe esingatha izindaba zesifundazwe nezokunye. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa okuqinile kwemibuso kuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingakhanga imibuso ehlukene uma amalungelo azo esongelwa ngesilinganiso esisodwa. INkantolo ePhakeme eU.S. ngokuvamile iye yasebenza njengomsekeli wemingcele yalemingcele, ixabe ukuchukumishwa kwemithetho ngaphansi kwentengiselwano yezentengiselwano ka Claus noma ukusekela ubukhosi bezwe ngaphansi kweNguqulo yeshumi leSiphendulo.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Nabantu Ngabodwa

Ngo-1791, izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi zivikela ngokuqondile amalungelo athile ekuphazanyisweni nguhulumeni. ISichibiyelo sokuqala siqinisekisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, ukucophelela, ukuhlangana nesicelo. ISichibiyelo Sesine esimelene nokuphenywa nokuquleka okungacabangeli. IziNguqulo zesihlanu nezesiThathu ziqinisekisa inqubo efanelekile nokuqulwa okulungile. Lezi zigaba zamalungelo azinikezi inkululeko kodwa inkululeko ekhona uhulumeni amelwe ayihloniphe. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, izinkantolo ziye zandisa futhi zathuthukisa lezi sivikelo, ngokuvamile ngenxa yokusabela kuhulumeni ophakele. uNational Relationsbook egcwele kanye nomongomlando wenkululeko ekhona [FOct:1].

Okwenza Imingcele Ivikele Amalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Umbuso Womthetho

Uma umbuso kahulumeni uboshelwa imithetho ecacile, eyaziwa obala, izakhamuzi zingabikezela indlela umbuso ozothatha futhi ulawule ukuphila kwazo ngokuvumelana. Ukubusa komthetho kuvimbela izinqumo ezizeqisayo futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nezikhulu eziphakeme zingaphansi kwemingcele engokomthetho. Lesi simiso sibalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo ngoba sisusa amathuba okujeziswa noma imithetho eyimfihlo. Ukunganikwa imingcele enjalo, njengoba kuboniswa emibusweni yempoqo, kushiya abantu bengavikelekile ekucabangeni kwalabo abaphethe.

Ukuvimbela Ukuxhashazwa

Amandla abekwayo ngokungenakugwenywa aholela ekuxhashazweni. Izibonelo ezingokomlando zenza kube nzima ukubusa kweNguquko yaseFrance ukuya kuma-Soviet gulags − ukubonakalisa ukuthi ngaphandle kokuhlola kwezinhlangano, ohulumeni bangazenza izenzo zonya izakhamuzi zabo siqu. Imingcele enjengokuhlola ukwahlulela, ukuqondisa kwemithetho, nokuziphendulela ngecala kudala izithiyo eziningi ezenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba i-productionon noma umholi oyedwa abuse. Ngisho nedemocrali ilula ekubusweni kweningi; ngakho, isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo samalungelo amancane sibalulekile.

Ukuhlanganyela Okukhuthazayo

Uma izakhamuzi zithemba ukuthi amalungelo azo alondekile, zisengozini kakhulu yokuhileleka ekuphileni komphakathi − ukuveza imingcele ecacile, ukubhikisha, ukuthatha iziqu zomthetho, nokubalekela isikhundla. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho uhulumeni ephamba, ukwesaba kungavimbela ukuthatha isinyathelo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqapha ngokweqile kungavimbela abantu ekujoyineni ezinhlanganweni zezombangazwe noma bakhulume ngokumelene nezimiso zikahulumeni. Ngokugcina imingcele ecacile, umbuso uthuthukisa indawo lapho umphakathi wezakhamuzi ungachuma khona futhi ubeke isibopho sohulumeni.

Izingcindezi Zanamuhla: Imfihlo, Inkulumo Nenqubo Efanele

Amalungelo Ezindaba Zomuntu Siqu Enkathini Yokusetshenziswa Kwamanani

Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe iye yasungula usongo olusha ekuzifihleni komuntu ngamunye. Izinhlelo zikahulumeni ezinjengeqoqo lemitapo yemetameter, ukuqapha ubuso, kanye nokukhangwa kwemitapo kuphakamisa imibuzo engathi sína ngesivikelo seSijiji sesine. I-USA Freedom Act ka 2015 yayiyimpendulo yomthetho eyabuyisela imingcele yeqoqo lezincwadi ezinkulu ngaphansi kwe-USA PATRIOTTT Act. Nokho, izimpikiswano ziyaqhubeka ngomkhakhakha wamandla okuhlola, ikakhulukazi ngokufingqa kokubhala nokuthola okungagunyaziswe ekuxhumaneni kwemicikilisho. i-Ectrogialctive Foundation Foundation inikeza imfice yaso nezindaba zokuhlola i-data kahulumeni.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Nomhlangano

Imingcele kahulumeni yenkulumo ihlolwa kakhulu ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sokuqala. Nakuba izigaba ezithile (imvume, ukubhebhethekisa, ukuhlanjalazwa) zingavikelwa, umthetho ovamile uwukuthi uhulumeni awunakukwazi ukuvimbela imibono noma imibono engayithandi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa inkulumo ye-intanethi, ukubhikisha, amalungelo, kanye nezinkulumo ezingaziwa. Izimpikiswano zamuva ezithinta amapulatifomu ezenhlalo nokucindezela kukahulumeni ukuze kususwe imingcele yokukhuluma ngenkululeko. Izinkantolo zisekela ukuthi ngisho nenkulumo ephikiswayo noma yenzondo ayivikelekile ngaphandle kokuba iqondisa ukuthatha isinyathelo sokungabi namthetho.

Inqubo Nesivikelo Esifanele

IziNguqulo zesihlanu nezeshumi nane ziqinisekisa ukuthi akekho umuntu oyophucwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho. Lokhu kudinga izinqubo ezilungile − `notice, ukuzwa, umenzi wesinqumo ongakhethi-""phambi kokuba uhulumeni athathe isinyathelo esibi. Inqubo efanelekile idlulela nasemanxusa ezisebenzini okuqondisa, amaqhinga obugebengu, ngisho nokubelwa kwezokuthunyelwa kwabantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Compalimement Protection Claus enqabela uhulumeni ukuba ungawenzi umthetho ngokungenamthetho. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nalapho uhulumeni esebenzisa amandla awo, kumelwe enze kanjalo ngendlela ewufanele.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo

Inqaba Yamanzi: Amandla Alawulayo Ayaxilongwa

Indaba yamanzi e-Watergate yama-70 iyisibonelo esivelele semingcele engokomthetho evimbela ukugqekeza kwesikhulu. UMongameli uRichard Nixon wabenza ubugebengu, ukuthumba, nokuvimbela ubulungisa ukuba bahlole abaphikisi bezombangazwe. Lapho ihlazo lehlazo linqamuka, ukuphenya kommeli, umshushisi okhethekile, neNkantolo Ephakeme yaphoqelela uNixon ukuba avumelane nomphathi ophansi. INkakhulu Lase inqabe ukugqekeza kwe-Nixon ilungelo eliphelele lokuphatha [FLT: 0] United States v. [[FLT:], iqinisekisa ukuthi umongameli akaphoqelelwanga ngaphezu komthetho.) Izinganiso zezentengo zeMpi, imikhawulo yeze yezentengo yezelo, nemithetho yemithetho yezentengiselwano yemithetho. [FF]

IPost 9/11 Isilinganiso sonyaka kanye noMthetho wenkululeko weUSA

Ngemva kokuhlasela ngo-September 11, uKhongolose wadlulisa i-USA PATRIOT Act, eyandisa kakhulu amandla okuhlola. Amalungiselelo anjenge-Candelo 215 avumela i-NSA ukuba iqoqe izingcingo eziningi ze-metadata((records) zalabo ababiza ocingo, isikhathi esingakanani, futhi isikhathi eside kangakanani ngaphandle kwemvume. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi lokhu kwaphula iSichibiyelo Sesine futhi kwadlula igunya lomthetho. Ngo-2013, ukuvumisa kuka-Edwa kwaqinisekisa izinga elikhulu lohlelo. Uwonke waholela ekutholeni i-USA Free Act, eyaphetha iqoqo lemitamputha yemite yokwaziswa nokuveza izimpawu eziningi. Lesi senzakalo sibonisa indlela ukucindezela komphakathi nokusebenza kwemithetho okungabuyisela ngayo imingcele lapho izinhlangano zezikhulu zihamba phambili.

Izinqumo Zenkantolo Ephakeme Eziwuphawu

Ijadiary ifeza indima ebalulekile ekuchazeni imingcele yamandla kahulumeni. Izindaba ezifana ne Roe v. Wade [177]) yamisa ilungelo lokuzimela okungena emahlombe okuphazamisa kwezwe ekuzaleni, nakuba imibuso yamuva iyakubuyisela indawo ezungezile. [FLT:][2] CONT] United. FORC[[FLT][FLT] [2010]) yabeka imingcele ezinkingeni zezombangazwe ngokuphula izinhlangano zezinhlangano zezombangazwe njengokuphula ukukhuluma ngenkululeko, isinqumo esibekwa phambili ezimpikiswaneni zemali kwezombangazwe. [[FLT] Muva nje] Isonto laseLutherian. Costrinity v [FLT][FLD5] [2017] Izinhlangano zezecustomssion. (20: 0]) ezinstrustrayomthetho ngasinye seze izigishicio zikahulumeni zeze izigijingame zezempi zikahulumeni zezezwe, noma imingcele yezezempi.

Izinselele Zokulinganiselwa Kukahulumeni

Amandla Aphuthumayo Nokwanda Kwegunya

UCriss − wars, izifo, izinhlekelele zemvelo − ngokuvamile kushukumisela ohulumeni ukuba bamise amandla angavamile. Umqedazwe we-COVOVID-19 wabona ohulumeni abaningi bebopha ukuvalwa, ukuvinjelwa kwezokuhamba, kanye nokuzifihla. Nakuba impilo yomphakathi yathethelela izenzo eziningi, eminye imingcele yadlulela kude, kuhlanganise nezikhathi zezikhathi ezithatha isikhathi eside nemingcele emibuthanweni engokwenkolo. Amandla aphuthumayo ngokuvamile awawatholi amasu awekho ukushona kwelanga noma ukubukezwa okwanele kokwahlulela. Inselele iwukulinganisela okudingekile ekulondolozeni inkululeko yomphakathi, kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinyathelo zesikhashana azikho okuhlala njalo.

Ukuvikelwa Kwesizwe Kumelene Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Umbango phakathi kokulondeka nenkululeko uyinselele engapheli. Izikhulu zikahulumeni zivame ukuphikisa ngokuthi ukuvimbela ukuqapha noma ukufuna imvume kuvimbela imizamo yokulwa nobuphekula. Nokho, umlando ubonisa ukuthi imibuso emikhulu ivame ukusetshenziswa kabi (ngokwesibonelo), uhlelo lwe-FBI INTENTELP lwama-1960 oluhlolwa abashisekeli bamalungelo omphakathi. Isihluthulelo siwukuklama izimiso zokuqondisa − njenge-International Exterveillance Court, i-jenerstss, nekomiti ephethe i-profectional.

Umbono Womphakathi Nentando Yezombangazwe

Uma izakhamuzi zizizwa zisongelwa, zingase zifune ukulawulwa kakhulu kukahulumeni. Ukushintshashintsha kombono womphakathi phakathi nezikhathi zokwesaba kungaqeda intando yezombangazwe yokusekela imingcele engokomthetho. Ukufakwa kwamaJaphani aseMelika phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, kuxhaswe Korendatsu v. United States, kunjengesixwayiso esiqinile. Ukulondoloza imingcele kudinga ukuvotelelwa kwezindinganiso ezifundile ezithi izindinganiso zenkululeko ngisho nalapho ukuphepha kusengozini. Imfundo ye-CBIB, i-crope, i-magcustom, nomphakathi onamandla ungaba yizilinganiso ezibalulekile.

Ubugebengu Obungokomthetho Nemigodi

Imithetho enzima noma ulimi oludidayo lungavumela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuba zinwebe igunya lazo. Ngokwesibonelo, iComputer Frigment and Abuse Act iye yasetshenziselwa ukumangalela abantu ngenxa yokwephula imithetho yewebhusayithi yenkonzo, okuhluke kakhulu enkanjeni yayo yokuqala yokungavumelani nenhloso. Ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo zifuna ukunikeza izincazelo zezinhlangano ngaphansi kwezimfundiso ezinjenge ICHEVron[, imingcele efingqiwe kakhulu. Ukucacisa, ukuhlelwa okuncane kwemithetho nokuhlolwa kwemithetho nokucatsha okuqinile kudingekile ukuvala izikhala.

Isiphetho: Isidingo Esiqhubekayo Sokuqapha

Ukuchaza imingcele yamandla kahulumeni akuyona inqubo eyodwa kodwa inqubo eqhubekayo. Isizukulwane ngasinye sibhekene nobuchwepheshe obusha, izinhlekelele, nezinhlangano zezombangazwe ezivivinya imingcele ebekwe abasunguli nabashisekeli benguquko. Isimiso somlando − kusukela kuMagna Carta ukuya kukuhlolwa nokulinganisa komthetho-sisekelo, − inikeza isisekelo esiqinile, kodwa kumelwe siqiniswe ngesabelo sesizwe esisebenzayo, izinkantolo ezizimele, nokubusa okusobala. Abantu ngabanye kumelwe bahlale benolwazi futhi bebopheleze, bebheka izimiso ezivikela amalungelo abo. Njengoba nje isisekelo somlando sigoba ekulungeni lobulungisa, senza njalo kuphela uma labo abathanda inkululeko yokuyeka amandla enziwa ukuba avinjwe.

Isivikelo samalungelo abantu ekugcineni sixhomeke ekuzimiseleni komphakathi ukuphikelela ngokuthi uhulumeni uhlale emingceleni yakhe engokomthetho. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngemithetho engokomthetho, ngecala, noma ngebhokisi lebhola, umthwalo wemfanelo wokuvikela lemingcele uxhomeke kunoma isiphi isakhamuzi.