Ukuqonda Izinqumo Zokufaneleka Kwamalungu KaRaje Sabha

IRaje Sabba, noma uMkhandlu wase-United States, uyindlu ephezulu yePhalamende laseNdiya elinama-bidaral. Imelela amazwe namasifunda ahlangene, inikeza iziteshi ezingokomthetho, ochwepheshe, nezakhamuzi ezivelele ukuba zinikele ezimisweni zesizwe zomthetho nezokwehlisa imingcele. Ngokungafani ne-Lok Sabhaha, enamalungu akhethwe ngokuqondile abantu, iRajiya Sabhaha isebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho ehlukile elawulayo nemithetho elawulayo engaba yilungu. Lemithetho iklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu ngabanye kuphela abanezinqubo eziklanywe ngokwesizwe. Lesi sihloko sinikeza incazelo ebanzi yezimiso ze-screaby Syyab, izimfuneko ezingokomthetho, izimfuneko ezingokwemithetho ehleliwe, ukuhlanganisa imibandela engokomthetho, ukuhlanganisa izakhiwo, ukuhlanganisa inqubo ehlele ilungiselelo, inqubo ehlelelwe ngenye.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Samalungu

Izimfanelo ezidingekayo ukuze ube ilungu le-Raje Sabha ngokuyinhloko zihlanganiswe eMthethweni we-Indiya. ISiphakamiso 84 sibeka phansi izimfanelo eziyisisekelo zokuba ilungu lePhalamende, kuyilapho iSiphakamiso 102 sikhuluma ngokungaqiniswa. La malungiselelo afakwa ngokumelelwa kwe- People Act, 1951, kanye neminye imithetho ehlobene nayo. Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo bamisa ngamabomu izimfuneko zenkathi ephakeme nemibandela ebanzi ye-Racya Sabhaha uma iqhathaniswa ne-Lok Sabhaha, ebonisa indima yegumbi njenge-aphili ehlabayo nochwepheshe wemizimba esimisweni somthetho.

ISiphakamiso 84: Amalungiselelo Okungasheshi

Isiphakamiso 84 soMthetho - sisekelo siveza izimfuneko ezintathu ezibalulekile ukuze umuntu afanelekele ukuba ilungu leRaje Sabha:

  • Ikhatizeship: Umvotelwa kumelwe abe isakhamuzi saseNdiya. Lesisimo siqinisekisa ukuthi labo abakweleta ukwethembeka kwesizwe kuphela abangahlanganyela ekwenzeni umthetho ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu.
  • Age: ubudala obuncane kakhulu kumalungu buyiminyaka engamashumi amathathu. Lokhu kuphakeme kunemfuneko yeminyaka engamashumi amabili nanhlanu yeLok Sabhaha, ebonisa ithemba lokuthi amalungu kaRajiya Sabha kufanele abe nokuvuthwa okukhulu, okuhlangenwe nakho, nokwahlulela.
  • Ezinye izimfanelo ezimiswe umthetho:[ UMthetho-sisekelo uvumela iPhalamende ukuba lituse ezinye izimfanelo ngomthetho. Ukumiswa okubaluleke kakhulu kulendaba ukumelelwa koMthetho we- People Act, 1951, okuveza ezinye izimo ezihlobene nezinhlu ezikhethiwe kanye nekhono elingokomthetho.

Lezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo zakha isisekelo sokuzivumelanisa. Azikho ukuvumelana futhi zisebenza ngokufanayo kubo bonke abazobhapathizwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bakhethwa yimihlangano yezezishayamthetho kahulumeni noma bakhethwa nguMongameli.

Izimo Ezengeziwe Zokuhlanganisa Izakhi Zomzimba Ngaphansi Kokumelelwa Komthetho KaHulumeni, Ngo - 1951

Ngaphandle kweSiphakamiso 84, Isiqephu 3 sophawu lwe- People Act, 1951, sibeka izimfanelo ezingokomthetho zokuba umuntu akhethwe ukuba agcwalise isihlalo eRajiya Sabhaha. I-Act idinga ukuba umlandeli:

  • Kumelwe kubhaliswe njengonovoti abagunyaziwe ephalamende, nakuba lokhu ngokuyinhloko kuwumlandeli wokhetho lukaRaje Sabba olungaqondile.
  • Akumelwe sithonywe yinoma yikuphi ukungafaneleki okusohlwini loMthetho noma uMthetho - sisekelo.
  • Kumelwe bahlangabezane nezimo ezaziyobenza bakwazi ukukhethwa njengelungu le - Legislative Assembly of the State – ebonisa ukuthi umuntu kufanele abe nekhono lokumelela nokhetho oluqondile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isisulu seRaje Sabha kumele sibe yilungu loMkhandlu weSizwe (emizweni enesishaya-mthetho esine-adamaral) noma sifanelekele ukuba yilungu le-Assembly Regionative State abakhethwa kuyo. Lemfuneko iqinisekisa ukuthi ozofundela ukubhapathizwa ujwayelene nezinqubo ezithile zesilinganiso sikahulumeni.

Ukubaluleka Kokubhekwa Njengelungu Lomhlangano Wemithetho Kahulumeni

UMthetho-sisekelo (u-Arthucle 173) umisa izimfanelo zokuba amalungu enhlangano kahulumeni yezomthetho, esebenza ngokungaqondile kuRajeya Sabhaha abazobhapathizwa. Lezi zihlanganisa ukuba isakhamuzi saseNdiya, ukuba cishe iminyaka engamashumi amabili nanhlanu ubudala (nakuba iRajiya Sabhaha ineminyaka ephakeme), futhi unezimfuneko ezidingekayo ngaphansi komthetho wezwe. Ngokwesiko, abafunda iRajiya Sabha bakhonza ngaphambili emihlanganweni yesifundazwe noma banolwazi olunzulu lwezombangazwe, nakuba lokhu kungesona imfuneko eqinile uma nje behlangabezana nesilinganiso esincane nezakhamuzi zemihlangano.

Ihhovisi Lenzuzo Nezingxabano Zesithakazelo

Isimo esibucayi sikaRaje Sabba ilungu – futhi ngempela kuwo wonke amalungu ePhalamende – siwukuthi umbhalisa akumelwe abe nehhovisi lenzuzo ngaphansi kukaHulumeni waseNdiya noma kuhulumeni kahulumeni, ngaphandle kokuba avunyelwe umthetho. isikhulu sezenzuzo [ sibhekisele kunoma yisiphi isikhundla esiletha inzuzo ngokwezimali noma ukukhokhelwa uhulumeni futhi singadala ukungezwani kwesithakazelo phakathi kwemisebenzi yalowo mphathi wesigebengu nezibopho zabo. I-[FLTY:0] i-e ikhodo kuvie ukulondoloza ukuzimela kwePhalamende nesikhulu somthetho ekuthonyeni ngokungafanele abaceli bemithetho ngomsizi.

UMthetho-sisekelo (Article 102) ususa ngokuqondile umuntu ekubeni ilungu lePhalamende uma enesikhundla senzuzo. Nokho, iPhalamende linamandla okukhipha izikhundla ezithile kulokhu kuhlukaniswa ngomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, uParliament (Ukwenziwa kwezentengiselwano), u-1959 u-Act, u-Act [[FULT] usho uhlu lwamahhovisi angabhekwa njengehhovisi lenzuzo, njengalawo enkonzo (ngokusemthethweni evunyelwe) kanye nezinye izikhundla ezimbalwa. Umbuzo uhlala uyisihloko sencazelo yokwahlulela nesephalamende, futhi abazokuhlola ngokucophelela kumelwe baqinisekise ukuthi awawisiwe.

Izisekelo Eziningi Zokungahloniphi Kwamalungu ERaje Sabha

UMthetho - sisekelo nemithetho yokuvota kuveza nezizathu eziningana ezenza umuntu angakufanelekeli ukukhethwa njengelungu leRaje Sabha.

Ukungavumelani Nomthetho - sisekelo Ngaphansi KweSiphakamiso 102

ISiphakamiso 102 soMthetho - sisekelo sibala lokhu okungafaneleki okulandelayo:

  • ubambe ihhovisi lenzuzo ngaphansi kukahulumeni ophakathi noma wezwe, njengoba kuxoxwe ngakho ngenhla.
  • Ukuba nomqondo ongenangqondo futhi kumenyezelwe yinkantolo efanelekayo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abanengqondo abakwaziyo ukuphatha ihhovisi lomphakathi kuphela.
  • Ukuba umuntu ongancishisiwe kuncibilikiso. Umuntu owile futhi ongakhululwanga kulesosikhundla ngeke akwazi ukugcina ihhovisi lephalamende, njengoba libuza ukuphumelela kwabo kwezimali kanye nekhono labo lokulawula ukwethenjwa komphakathi.
  • [ Ukuba isakhamuzi saseNdiya noma ukuba uzuze ngokuzithandela ukuba isakhamuzi sombuso wangaphandle. Lokhu kuqinisa imfuneko yokwethembeka kuphela eNdiya.
  • Ukungavunyelwa noma ngaphansi kwanoma yimuphi umthetho owenziwe yiPhalamende. Lona u-onke ama-region ahlanganisa ukuhlukanisa okungokomthetho.

Ukungavumelani Kwemithetho Ngaphansi Kokumelelwa Komthetho Womthetho, Ngo - 1951

I-memoration of the People Act, 1951 (RPA) inezela okunye ukungahleleki, okuhlobene ikakhulukazi nemikhuba eyonakele, ukuvotelwa kwezenzo, nezinkolelo zobugebengu. Amalungiselelo abalulekile ahlanganisa:

  • Ukuqulwa kwecala elithile: Umuntu oboshelwe ukulahlwa kwecala ujeziswa ngokuboshwa iminyaka emibili noma ngaphezulu akafaneleki osukwini lokuqiniseka lwenkathi ethatha iminyaka eyisithupha ngemva kokukhululwa. Nokho, uma ukuqiniseka kulokhu kuhlelwe eSigabeni 8 seRPA (njengemikhuba eyonakele, ekhuthaza ubutha phakathi kwamaqembu, ukufumbathisa, noma iziphakamiso ezihlobene nokhetho), inkathi yokunqandwa komthetho wokungagunyazwa ingaba ngaphezulu futhi ibe yinkathi eqinile.
  • Imikhuba ye-Corrupt: Uma iKhomishane yeNkqubela ithola ukuthi ocela ukubhapathizwa uye wahileleka emikhubeni eyonakele (isibonelo, ukufumbathisa, ithonya elingadingekile, ukuhlambalaza komuntu siqu, noma ukuthumba amatende), ingangafaneleki isikhathi esingafinyelela eminyakeni eyisithupha.
  • Ukuthatha izindleko zokhetho: amakhasi ahluleka ukuhambisa izindleko zokhetho phakathi nesikhathi esimisiwe nohlelo angaze ahlulelwe isikhathi esilinganiselwe.
  • Ukuhlanganisa izivumelwano zikaHulumeni: Umuntu onesivumelwano nohulumeni sokunikeza impahla noma izinkonzo, noma ukuthatha noma yimuphi umsebenzi, akafaneleki ekubeni ilungu lePhalamende kuze kube yilapho isivumelwano sikhululwa ngokuphelele.
  • Ukuhlobana kwesithakazelo ezivumelwaneni zikahulumeni noma kumalayisense: amalungiselelo afanayo akhona kubaqondisi noma izinkampani noma izinkampani ezinezivumelwano ezinjalo, ngaphandle kokuba zikhululwe umthetho.

Lemithetho emelene nokufaneleka iphoqelelwa yiKhomishane yoHlahlulo yaseNdiya futhi ifanele idluliselwe phambi kwezinkantolo. Iklanyelwe ukuvimbela izingxabano zesithakazelo, ukuqinisekisa ukuziphatha okuhle, nokugcina ukuthembela komphakathi enqubweni yokukhetha.

Amalungiselelo Akhethekile Amalungu Angenazo Izitho

Ngaphezu kwamalungu akhethiwe, iRaje Sabha ihlanganisa amalungu ayishumi nambili amiswa nguMongameli waseNdiya ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 80 soMthetho-sisekelo. Lamalungu akhethiwe akhethwa phakathi kwabantu abaye bazihlukanisa ezincwadini, isayensi, ubuciko, nenkonzo yezenhlalo. Izilinganiso ezifanelekile zamalungu anezitho zomthetho zihlukile ngandlela-thile:

  • Akudingeki bahlangabezane nezimfuneko zokuhlala noma zokukhetha ezisebenza kubantu abakhethiwe.
  • Nokho, kumelwe banelise izimfanelo eziyisisekelo zomthetho - sisekelo zokuba isakhamuzi nobudala (iminyaka engaphansi kwengu - 30).
  • Akumelwe bangafaneleki ngaphansi kwanoma yiliphi lamalungiselelo eSiphakamiso 102 noma iRPA.

Inqubo yokunyusela ihloselwe ukuletha ochwepheshe nobuntu obuvelele enqubweni yomthetho, izimpikiswano ezicebisayo nolwazi olukhethekile kanye nemibono engekho kwesigaba. UMongameli unikeza iziphakamiso ngeseluleko soMkhandlu Wezikhonzi, futhi ukukhetha kuqondiswa ngokutusa okuvela ekomitini noma ekuhloleni kukahulumeni iminikelo evelele.

Ukuqhathanisa Nemiyalo Yokufaneleka KweLok Sabha

Ukuqonda izimpawu zeRaje Sabha kulula uma kuqhathaniswa neLok Sabba. Umehluko oyinhloko ufushanisiwe ngezansi:

  • Age: Lok Sabha ineminyaka engu 25 ubudala; uRajiya Sabha uyiminyaka engu-30.
  • [[I- I-Citizeship:[ Zombili zidinga isakhamuzi samaNdiya.
  • Indlela yokukhetha: Amalungu e-Lok Sabba akhethwa ngokuqondile abantu bama-constituence; amalungu eRaje Sabha akhethwa ngokungaqondile ngemihlangano yemithetho kahulumeni (noma izishaya-mthetho zesifunda sesifunda sezwe ngokusebenzisa ivoti eyodwa edluliswayo) noma akhethwe nguMongameli.
  • 'Term: Lok Sabha tenure iyiminyaka emihlanu ngaphandle kokuba inciphe ngaphambili; uRaje Sabha uyindlu yaphakade ethatha ingxenye eyodwa yesithathu yelungu ngalinye iminyaka emibili (igama elisho isigaba ngasinye esineminyaka eyisithupha).
  • Ukuhlobanisa: KuLok Sabha, ozobhapathizwa kumelwe abe ngukhetho kunoma yimuphi ummeli wephalamende; kuRajiya Sabhaha, ozongenela i-stative kumelwe abhaliswe njengokhetho esifundazweni noma endaweni abakhethwa kuyo, futhi ngokwengeziwe ahlangabezane nezimfanelo zamalungu esizwe enhlangano yemithetho.

Imfuneko yobudala obuphakeme yeRaje Sabha igcizelela ithemba lokuthi amalungu ayo ayoletha ukuhlakanipha okukhulu, ukuqina, nombono omude womthetho.

Inqubo Yokukhetha Nokufakwa Kwemijovo ERaje Sabra

Izindinganiso ezifanelekile zikhona futhi nenqubo yokuvota. Izihlalo ezikhethiwe, abazobhapathizwa kumelwe bafake izimemezelo ezivumelana nezimo ezibekwe eRPA futhi kumele zihlongozwe futhi zibuye zibekwe amalungu enhlangano yemithetho yombuso. Ukhetho luqhutshwa ngesimiso esisodwa sokuvota esidluliswayo, lapho amalungu enhlangano evota ngokufihla i-colotor. Umfundi kumelwe aqinisekise inani elithile lamavoti ukuze akhethwe. Phakathi nokuhlola amavoti, isikhulu esibuyayo siqinisekisa ukuthi imvume yokuvota ihlangabezana nazo zonke izimfuneko zokukhomba futhi asifaneleki.

Kumalungu aqanjwe, uMongameli unikeza isaziso ngemva kokuxoxa nohulumeni. Amalungu akhethiwe afunga futhi athatha isikhundla njengamalungu akhethiwe, futhi angaphansi kwamalungiselelo afanayo okuhlukanisa, kuhlanganise nokwenqatshelwa ukuba nesikhundla senzuzo. Nokho, akudingeki ukuba ashiye izibopho zawo zobuchwepheshe ngaphandle kokuba akha amahhovisi enzuzo noma izingxabano zesithakazelo.

Indima Yokungavumelani Iyaqhubeka Nokulahlwa

Izindaba zokungavumelani zinqunywa nguMongameli waseNdiya, othatha isinyathelo ngeseluleko seKhomishane yokuHlaziya yaseNdiya ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 103 soMthetho-sisekelo. Uma kuphakama umbuzo wokuthi ilungu elihleziyo liye lasuswa yini, uMongameli ubhekisa indaba eKhomishani yombono, futhi isinqumo sikaMongameli sigcina. Ngokufanayo, ukususwa kwalabo abazothatha isigaba sokukhetha kunqunywa kunqunywa inqunywa isikhulu esibuyayo noma iKhomisha yokwahlulela, okungabhekiswa ekubukezweni kwenkantolo yeNkantolo Ephakeme neNkantolo Ephakeme.

Isimiso siqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo zokungahleleki azizona eziwumthetho ozimele futhi zisekelwe ezimisweni ezimisiwe. Izahlulelo zeNkantolo Ephakeme eziqashelweyo ziye zacacisa ukuthi “indawo yenzuzo” nezinye izizathu, zinikeza inqubo enamandla yokusekela ubuqotho beRajiya Sabha.

Ukubaluleka Kwezinqumo Ezinengqondo Zentando Yeningi

Izindinganiso eziqinile ezifanelekile kumalungu kaRajeya Sabha azizona nje izinqubo zobushiqela zobudemokrasi; zifeza injongo ebalulekile. Ngokumisa izindinganiso eziphakeme zeminyaka, ubuzwe, nokuma okungokomthetho, uMthetho-sisekelo uhlose ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imisebenzi yendlu ephezulu njengegumbi labadala, ochwepheshe, kanye nezikhulu ezinganikeza umqondo ohluzekile wokuba kubekwe umthetho. Izinhlelo zokususa imingcele zivikela ekulweni nenzalo, ukonakala, nokuphazanyiswa kwezombangazwe, ngaleyondlela zigcina ukuthemba komphakathi ezikhungweni zephalamende.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufakwa kwamalungu anezitho zomthetho emikhakheni enjengezobuciko, isayensi, nenkonzo yezenhlalakahle kucebisa izinkulumo zephalamende ngobuchwepheshe obungezona ezezombangazwe.

Isiphetho

Ukuba ilungu leRaje Sabha kudinga ukuhlangabezana neqoqo lezimo eziklanywe ngokucophelela ezibonisa indima evelele yegumbi ephalamende laseNdiya. Kusukela ezinsikeni zomthetho-sisekelo zeminyaka, ubuzwe, kanye nasebukhoneni obungokomthetho ukuya emahhovisi enzuzo, ezenzweni ezonakele, nezinkolelo zobugebengu, izibalo ezifanele zikha uhlelo olubanzi oluhloselwe ukukhetha abameleli abanekhono nabanokwethenjelwa. Ukuqonda lezindinganiso kubalulekile kunoma ubani ozimisele ukukhonza endlini ephezulu, kanye nezakhamuzi ezifisa ukubeka abameleli bazo ukuba balandise. Isimiso, nakuba singesona esiphelele, siye savela emashumini eminyaka futhi siyaqhubeka sicwelwa ngencazelo yokwahlulela nangemithetho, kanye nomgomo wokwakha izinga lentando yezwe yaseNdiya.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe, hlola umbhalo ogcwele woMthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya, Iziqondiso zokhetho zaseNdiya[ ne PRS LegisParamediation Research[ ekuhlaziyweni kwezimfanelo zepalamente.