Izinkulumo ezingokomlando aziwona nje amagama aqanjiwe angenanjongo, ayizici ezilawula ukuphila komphakathi, zithatha izingxabano ezichazayo kanye nezinhloso zenkathi yazo. Kusukela ezingwini ezinamadwala zase-Athene yasendulo kuya ezinyathelweni zeSikhumbuzo seLincoln, izikhulumi ziye zasebenzisa amandla okukhuluma ukuze zichaze ukuthi yini esiyikweleta ohulumeni bethu nokuthi yini ohulumeni bethu abanecala kithi. Lengxoxo ehlala njalo phakathi kwamalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo yakha isisekelo somphakathi wentando yeningi. Ngokuhlola la makheli agxekayo, siveza izifundo ezingapheli ngokulondoloza inkululeko, ukufuna ubulungisa, nokufeza imisebenzi yethu njengezakhamuzi ezikhuthele. Ukuqonda lomlando kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokubhala isihloko esilandelayo sendaba yethu yezembusaziwayo.

Amandla Okukhuluma Ekwaphuleni Umphakathi

Izinkulumo eziphumelelayo zenza okungaphezu kokudlulisa ukwaziswa; zidala okuhlangenwe nakho okuhlangene ngokomzwelo nokungokwengqondo. Bathembela ezimweni ezijulile ezingadingi mpendulo-luleki ``FLT','ethis, arthrose, nelogos `ukuguqula izingqondo futhi zifake isinyathelo. Izinkulumo ezifana [ Frederick Douglass [[[FLL:1]], [iNT] Winston [[FLT]] uPrognogrank [[[FLY:3], [i] ne[FLT] uSoourner Truth [iright List] iqondane impumelelo yenkululeko yesizwe noma ukugculisa izinkulumo enzima. Lokhu kuveza ukuphikisana komphakathi.

Ngokufanayo, Franklin D. Roosevelt wasebenzisa ikheli lakhe lika-1941 le-Union State ukusungula umbono wezwe langemva kwempi elisekelwe emalungelweni embulunga yonke. Ngokuchaza “Inkululeko yokukhuluma”, inkululeko yokukhulekela, inkululeko yokukhulekela, inkululeko ekusweleni, kanye nokukhululeka ekumesabeni izingxabano zembulunga yonke. Kwakungasasetshenziswa nje kuphela ukuvikela isizwe kodwa ngokuvikela indinganiso yembulunga yonke yamalungelo abantu. Lokhu kubonisa ikhono lokukhuluma ngokomlando ukuze kwandise imicabango yokuziphatha yesizwe. Abamane nje babonise izindinganiso ezikhona; bazenza ziphinde zikwazi ukuveza, bahlele amabhandebe amasha amashazi amashazi amashaza amasha okulwela ukufinyelela umphakathi.

Ukuhlolwa kwalezi zinqumo kwembula futhi ukubaluleka komongo. Inkulumo enikezwa ngesikhathi senhlekelele (iMpi Yombango, Ukuwohloka Okukhulu Kwezomnotho, i-Civil Rights Movement) inesisici esihlukile kuneso enikezwa ngesikhathi sokuthula. Ukuphuthuma komzuzu kuqinisa amazwi esikhulumi. Ngakho, ukuhlaziya izinkulumo ezingokomlando kudinga ukuqonda izikhalo eziqondile, ukwesaba, namathemba azibangelayo. Lokhu kuhlola kunikeza ukuqonda okucebile, okucacile kakhulu kokuthi amalungelo aye azuzwa kanjani, avikelwe kanjani, futhi, futhi, ngezinye izikhathi, alahleka kanjani.

Amatshe Aphakeme Amalungelo Abantu: Izifundo Ezitholakala Esikhungweni Sezentengiselwano

Kuwo wonke amakhulu eminyaka, abasekeli baye bathatha indawo yesikhulumi ukuze banikeze futhi bafune amalungelo abantu ayisisekelo.Lezi zinkulumo zisebenza njengesisekelo sokuhlakanipha nokuziphatha sesivikelo esingokomthetho esitholakala namuhla.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Nomhlangano

Alikho ilungelo eliyinhloko kakhulu kuhulumeni osebenza njengedemokrasi kunenkululeko yokukhuluma ingqondo yomuntu futhi ihlangane ngokuthula. Izinkulumo ezingokomlando ezivikela lelilungelo zivame ukuvela phakathi nezikhathi zokucindezelwa kwezombangazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, abaholi bezisebenzi nababhali bezincwadi babeboshwa njalo ngenxa yokusebenzisa lamalungelo. Izinkulumo zabo ezivela esikhumulweni semikhumbi noma ingqamuzana yejele zaba nezivumelwano ezinamandla zenkolelo yokuthi ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile kuyisisekelo sokusuka kuso sonke isigaba. Lokhu kuphikisa kwathi uhulumeni ovala ukungavumelani okuyisisekelo akuvunyelwe. Ilungelo lokukhuluma nokuqoqwa kungagunyazwanga, kodwa njengendlela yokuhlola amandla edeyisekisi, umthwalo wemfanelo ohlanganyelwa yizakhamuzi zonke ukuqinisekisa izidumbu zabo ukuba ziqiniseke ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi zihlala kuhulumeni.

Ilungelo Lokulingana Nobulungisa

Ingxenye yezinkulumo ezingokomlando iveza isidingo esikhulu sokulingana ngaphansi komthetho. Elizabeth Cady Stanton “iSimemezelo sika-Sentiments” [1848] sabonisa ngamabomu ulimi lweSimemezelo sokuzimela ukulingana kwabesifazane, ukunyakazisa okunamandla okuqokomisa ukususwa kwengxenye yabantu esizweni esisekelwe kuso isithembiso. [FLT] uLuther King Jr. [i]] imvume “ekuvika uYakuMaijamu eKirming jal" ingenye ingcweti efuna ukugcinwa umthetho. INkosi ayinxuseli nje umthetho ophakeme, iphikisa ukuthi umthetho awukho umthetho ongalungile. [FLT.] [FLT] Ayawuhambisa u-uthoringle ngokomthetho wesizwe.[F.[F.3] Isizwe esifundiswa yilungelo elingcono kodwa i-onqaliwe kodwa i-oducards.

Ilungelo Lokudlala

Ilungelo lokuvota yinqubo izakhamuzi ezilawula ngayo uhulumeni wazo. Eziningi zezinkulumo ezishukumisa kakhulu emlandweni zingamakheli okubhalisa. Susan B. Anthony inkulumo ethi, “Ingabe iCrime ukuvota?” (1873), ezikhutshwe ngemva kokuba eboshiwe, wafaka isigqebhezana njengelungelo elisenkabeni lesizwe. Wagomela ukuthi isiqinisekiso somthetho-sisekelo sesivikelo kubantu ngabanye sihlanganisa nelungelo lokuvota, ilungelo lokuthi akukho hulumeni kufanele ulwe ibhuloho. Lezinkulumo ziqokomisa ukulwa okuthatha isikhathi eside ukwenza ummeleli wangempela. Zisikhumbuza ukuthi ilungelo lokuvota futhi lidinga ukuhlala likhona. Isizwe esiyinhloko siphethe icala lokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe ukuba sifake imvume futhi sifakelwe ibhola.

Imali Yokukhokha Imali: Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yezakhamuzi

Amalungelo avame ukuxoxwa ngokuhlukaniswa, kodwa izinkulumo ezingokomlando ziwahlanganisa njalo nemithwalo yemfanelo efanayo. Umphakathi okhululekile awunakuhlala ngaphandle kwezakhamuzi ezihlangene, ezinolwazi, futhi ezizimisele ukudela izinto ezingcono ezifanayo. Lobu buhlobo buyisihloko esiyinhloko sezihloko eziningi ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni.

Isabelo Somthetho Nomthetho

Kuyi- “Funeral Oration,” umkhosi wentando yeningi yase-Athene kodwa ngokushesha wagcizelela imisebenzi yezakhamuzi zayo. Waphikisa ngokuthi isakhamuzi esingahlanganyeli ekuphileni komphakathi asiyona nje into engekho kodwa engenamsebenzi kuzwe. Lomqondo ````Intando yentando yeningi'' ufuna ukuthatha iqhaza lokusebenza.' isihloko esiphindaphindayo. uJohn F. Kennedy u-keyl u-ogconol ngo-ircel eqekelweni loku eqedwe eqenjini layo elidume kakhulu: “Ungabuza ukuthi izwe lakho lingakwenzani ngani. [ukuthi zokwenza okungenza ukuba ukwenzele izwe lakho." Lokhu kugcizelela ukuthi amalungelo ethule ngokwesisebenzi. [FLT] [FLT] [12:3] [unt] [untryg.ignotel, izisebenzi ezisebenza ngomphakathi, futhi azinziswayo. Abenzi benza izakhamuzi.

Umthwalo Wemfanelo Wokuqapha

Intengo yenkululeko ukuqapha okuqhubekayo. Izinkulumo ezingokomlando zixwayisa njalo ukuthi amalungelo awazinciphisi. [[FLT] uJefferson washo ngokudume ukuthi “intuthuko engokwemvelo yezinto ingeyokuveza futhi izikhulu ukuba zithole indawo.” Izinkulumo ezinikezelwe ukuhlola amandla kahulumeni zigcizelela indima yesakhamuzi njengewugada. [[FLT:] Anti-FED [FLT] umdwebi wobuzwe [[FLT:] amaphephandaba nezinkulumo ezixwayisa ngokuqondile ngokuhlangana kwamandla nokugcizelela isidingo sokuqaphana kwebutho. Ngisho kwamandla omphakathi, ikhulu leminyaka [FLT] [F] [FMLT] i-Actives Smith [5] i-Clatem] i-Createn) emelene ngokuqondile necala lokukhuluma kwezikhulu zezikhulu zezezezezezeze.

Inhlonipho Nozwela Kubantu Abahlukahlukene

Impi ebucayi, evame ukunganakwa, iwumsebenzi wokuphatha abanye ngenhlonipho nangozwela. Lomqondo uyinhloko ku- u-Abraham Lincoln i-Edikshi yesibili ye-Iugatorial. Njengoba iMpi Yomphakathi isondela eduze, iLincoln yacela “ukuphatha noyedwa” futhi“ bonke.” Wafaka umsebenzi wokwakha kabusha isizwe hhayi njengesijeziso, kodwa njengeyokubuyisana. Lenkulumo ifundisa ukuthi imithwalo yemfanelo yobuhlalo idlulela ngalé kwemisebenzi engokomthetho ukuze ihlanganise izibophophopho ngesithunzi sabaphikisi bezombangazwe. Embusweni yentando yentando yeningi, izakhamuzi kumelwe zihlakulele ikhono lokulalela imibono ehlukile kweyazodwa futhi zihloniphe inzuzo yomuntu ngamunye. Ngaphandle kokuthembana okungokomthetho.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Embukisweni Wesibalo

Lezi akuzona nje izinto ezingokomlando eziwubuciko; ziyizibonelo zezindlela zokuveza amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo ngezikhathi zenhlekelele namathuba.

Ikheli iGettysburg (1863)

Ngamagama angu 272 kuphela, uAbraham Lincoln uchaza kabusha ukuhlola kwaseMelika. Wajika-jika kusukela empini eqondile kuya emkhathini: “Lesizwe, ngaphansi kukaNkulunkulu, siyakuba nenkululeko entsha , futhi lowohulumeni wabantu, ngabantu, ngeke ubhubhe emhlabeni.” Inkulumo ayisusanga impi yeSizwe njengempi nje ehlangeneyo, kodwa njengesivivinyo sokuthi isiphi isizwe esinikezelwe ekulinganiseni kwesimiso sokulinganisa. Kuyisifundo esikhulu esabelweni sokulondoloza ukwakheka kwentando yentando yeningi ngokumelene nokuhlukana kwangaphakathi. Lincoln wabiza abantu abaphilayo ukuba bazinikezele “kumsebenzi osusiwe” njengempi yekhono elinamandla.

Inkululeko Emine (1941)

Idluliselwe ezinyangeni eziyishumi nanye ngaphambi kokuhlasela kwePearl Harbor, Franklin D. Roosevelt ikheli lomphakathi elihloselwe ukususa umbono womphakathi ekuzihlukaniseni ukuze usekele iMibuso ehlangeneyo. Wadweba umfanekiso wezwe osekelwe ezinhlonhleni ezine ezibalulekile zabantu. Lenkulumo yathuthukisa incazelo yempi yaseMelika ngoba yandisa ukuhloselwe ukuhlanganisa amalungelo abantu embulungeni yonke. Yabeka umthwalo wemfanelo eUnited States wokuhola impi yokulwa nonyanzelo. Inkululeko Ene kamuva yaba yitshe letshe lenkululeko [[FLGene]] Umediction of Human Rights [[FLD] [FLT]]], ibonisa indlela inkulumo eyodwa engathi ingasholoza ngayo ngomthetho wezizwe ngezizwe zonke.

Nginephupho (1963)

Mhlawumbe inkulumo ewuphawu kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika, ..[FLT King Jr.] Ikheli likaMartin Luther King . eWashington liyikhoshazana eliphethe amalungelo ehlangene nemithwalo yemfanelo. Inkosi yagcizelela ukuthi ababhikishi babe nomthwalo wemfanelo wokulwa nesithunzi nesiyalo, “abavumela ukubhikisha kwethu kokudala ukuba kuphendukele ebudloveni obungokomzimba.” Wafaka ukulwela amalungelo omphakathi njengesidingo ‘ semali'' eyabekiwe,” ebeke isandla esiqinile, ebeke isizwe icala laso emabhukwini aso okusungula. Inkulumo ikhomba embonweni yaso yesikhathi esizayo efana neyo. Ibiza kokubili abamhlophe nabamnyama ukusebenza ndawonye, ikhumbuza iningi labo ababoshelwe ukuba babe nethuba lokungagunyaza lokusebenzisa imvume yokubusa.

Angesiyo Intokazi? (1851)

Kule ngxoxo ebekwe emhlanganweni wabesifazane e-Akron, e-Ohio, Iqiniso lobuhlanga liphikisa izimpikiswano ezikhona zokuthi abesifazane babebuthakathaka kakhulu noma babenobungqabavu ukuba badinge amalungelo alinganayo. Ukusebenzisa okuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe siqu kowesifazane owayeyisigqila ngaphambili, wasusa ukuthethelela kobulili nohlanga. Inkulumo yakhe ephindaphindiwe, “Ain’s Doma?” yaphoqa izilaleli ukuba zivumelane nombono wazo zonke izinto ayezibonele zona. Le nkulumo iyisisekelo sokwenza igeqe, ukufundisa ukuthi ukulwela amalungelo kumelwe kukhulume ngokukhetha okungavamile kwabasemaphethe. Iqiniso lihlanganisa umthwalo wemfanelo wokulandisa inselele.

Izithobo zanamuhla: Ukuba isakhamuzi sezezinombolo kanye ne-Purice Square

Izimiso ezibekwe kulezinkulumo ezingokomlando zisebenza kakhulu namuhla, ikakhulukazi emongweni wobuchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe. Ilungelo lokukhuluma, ukuvikelwa yiziningi, manje lisetshenziswa izigidi zezigidi zezigidi kuma-techism ezembu jikelele. Nokho, isibopho se-buvicture [[[[FLL:1]] esihambisana nalelilungelo elingashintshiwe, ngisho noma umthakathi unendlela yokukhuluma, umcaba, umqondo osukela kuJohn Stuart Milll noJaji u-Crever Solvell Holmes, usekelwe engxoweni eqinile. Kodwa umthwalo wemakethengiso owe nge-offaignoix awukwazi ukusebenza. Icala lokuqaphayo manje lihlanganisa ukuqinisekisa imithombo nokucabanga ngokugxeka ngaphambi kokuhlanganyela okuqukethwe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthwalo wemfanelo wenhlonipho nozwela unzima kunanini ngaphambili. Inkulumo yangaphakathi ngokuvamile ayinaso isici sokuxhumana ngobuso nobuso. Izinkulumo ezingokomlando zisikhumbuza ukuthi ukuthembisana komphakathi okuphumelelayo kuhilela ukunxenxa, hhayi ukulahla nje kuphela. Isibindi sokukhuluma ngokumelene nokungabi nabulungisa kumelwe sihlanganiswe nokuhlakanipha kokulalela. Njengoba nje uMargaret Chase Smith ayevumelana neqembu lakhe, izakhamuzi zanamuhla zinomthwalo wemfanelo wokubekela inseleleko yokungaqondisi nokuhlambalaza emiphakathini yazo. Idolobha elinezikweletu lidinga ukuzikhandla, abahlanganyeli abanomthwalo wemfanelo abasekela izindinganiso zeSichibiyelo Sokuqala kuyilapho benezela ekusekeleni izigilazo ezinamaqiniso lapho inkulumo yasobala ingachuma khona.

Isiphetho: Ingxoxo Ehlala Njalo

Izinkulumo ezingokomlando ezibaluleke kakhulu azinikezi izimpendulo ezilula. Kunalokho, ziphakamisa imibuzo ebekela inselele ngobulungisa, ukulingana, nokuzidela. Zisikhumbuza ukuthi amalungelo awawona amagunya angekho ngaphandle; adinga ukuzivikela okusebenzayo. Imithwalo yemfanelo ayiwona umthwalo; ayimalungelo okuphila emphakathini okhululekile. Kusukela ekuceleni “ukuzalwa kabusha kwenkululeko” ephusheni lesizwe esahlulelwa ngombala, lezi noma iziphakamiso zibeka indinganiso yokuziphatha kwethu siqu. Ingxoxo iyaqhubeka. Isibopho sokulalela, nokukhuluma manje singethu.

Izinyathelo Eziyinhloko Zezakhamuzi Zanamuhla

Ukufunda ezinkulumo ezingokomlando akuyona nje indlela yokufunda. Kuyisiqondiso esiwusizo sokuba isakhamuzi esithembisa kangcono, esinomthwalo wemfanelo, nesiphumelelayo emsebenzini oqhubekayo wokwakha isibopho esiphelele. Amazwi adlule ayizibani eziqondisayo zamanje. Amalungelo ayisisekelo enkulumo, ukuhlangana, nokulingana kulondolozwa kuphela ngokuzivivinya nokuvikela okuqhubekayo kwalemithwalo yemfanelo. Ifa lalaba bakhulu abakhulumayo alikho kuphela emazwini abawashoyo, kodwa nasezenzweni abasifaka kuzo namuhla.