Ukuqonda Ukuphatha Kukahulumeni

Ukuqondisa kukahulumeni kuwumgogodla wokuziphendulela ngentando yeningi. Kuhlanganisa izimiso, izinhlangano, nemikhuba eqondisa, nokuhlola ukusetshenziswa kwegunya likahulumeni. Ngaphandle kokuqondisa okuqinile, izinhlangano zomphakathi zisengozini yokungabi nalusizo, ukungafezeki, noma ukonakala. Lokhu kusiza umphakathi ukuba ugcine ukwethenjwa, uqinisekise ukuthi umthetho ulawulwa futhi uvikelwe. Izwe ngalinye, kungakhathaliseki isimiso salo sezombangazwe, kumelwe lithuthukise izimiso zalo zokwengamela ezivumelana nomthetho, izinqubo zempucuko, nesikhundla sokuphatha. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlaziywa kobungathwa kwezimiso zobubonisi bomhlaba wonke, sihlola indlela izizwe ezibhekene ngayo izinselele ezibhekeneyo emandleni ayandayo nakushintshelwa kwazo.

Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Zokuqondisa Kukahulumeni

Ukugada kusebenza ngakububanzi obuhlukahlukene, ngalinye linemisebenzi ehlukile nabadlali. Inqubo evame kakhulu ihlanganisa ukumiswa kwemithetho, ukwahlulela, ukuphatha, nokuhlanganyela komphakathi. Lezi zingxenye zivame ukuhlangana futhi ziqinisane, zidala ulwembu olukwazi ukubhekana nezimo ezingafani.

Ukuphatha Okungokomthetho

Izindikimba ezigunyaziwe .Imithetho zenza iziqu − izikhulu, izingqungquthela, noma imihlangano-ngqungquthela. Ngokuzwa, ukuphenya, ukuhlola imibuzo, nokuhlola amakomiti, izishayamthetho zihlola izimiso zikahulumeni, izindleko, nezenzo zokuphatha. Amandla okubiza ofakazi, ukufuna izincwadi, nokukhipha imibiko yezindaba kuyisisekelo. Emazweni amaningi, amakomiti akhethekile, njengamakomiti athumela izindaba zomphakathi noma amakomiti aqondisa ahlakaniphile, anikeza ukucubungula okuqondisiswa. Ngokwesibonelo, amaKomiti aKhethayo eUnited Kingdom’s Colute aziwa ngokuhlola kwawo okuqinile abefundisi nabeminye abemi. EUnited States, ukuqondisa ukunaka kwemibuthana kwezindaba ngokuvamile kudonsa ukunakekela obala futhi kuholele ekulungiseni noma ngisho nasekweni kwezeleleni izigebebi.

Ukwengamela umthetho kuphumelela kakhulu uma amakomiti enemithombo eyanele, izisebenzi ezingochwepheshe, kanye nokusekela kwe-bipartisan. Nokho, kungalulazwa ukubekwa kwezombangazwe, ukubusa kwezikhulu, noma ukulinganiselwa kokuthola ukwaziswa okuhlelwayo. Ngokwe-ECD, ukuqondisa kohlelo lwemali kuyisibonakaliso esiyinhloko sokucaca kwemali, kodwa izishaya-mthetho eziningi azinawo amandla obuchwepheshe okuhlaziya iziphakamiso zemali ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukuphatha Kokwahlulela

Ijaji linikeza ukuhlola okugxekayo ngokuchaza imithetho nangokubukeza ukufaneleka kwezenzo zikahulumeni. Izinkantolo zingamisa iziyalezo zezikhulu, umthetho owephula umthetho, futhi ziphoqelele iziphathimandla zomphakathi ukuba zenze ngokuvumelana nemisebenzi yomthetho. Izoqulo zezokwahlulela zivikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye kunoma uhulumeni uphathwe kabi. Emazweni anezinkantolo eziqinile zomthetho-mthetho, njengaseJalimane naseNingizimu Afrika, ukubukeza ithuluzi elinamandla lokugunyaza izinqumo nezilinganiso. Ngisho nasezimisweni ezingenamithetho esemthethweni esemthethweni, njengeUnited Kingdom, inkantolo iqondisa ngokuhlola izinqumo zokuphatha.

Inkululeko iyisisekelo sobuphathi bokwahlulela. Ukusongela ukuzibusa kokwahlulela − ekuphazanyisweni kwezombangazwe, ekuphazanyisweni kwemali, noma ekuhlelweni kwezikhulu ($undermine) ukuqiniseka komphakathi. Inhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene emelene nokonakala [ igcizelela isidingo sejaji elizimele ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukulandisa. Kodwa amazwe amaningi, ikakhulukazi lawo anezimo ezilawula umthetho, aye anciphisa amandla okwahlulela ngokupakisha noma ngokulinganisela imingcele.

Ukuqondisa

I-adestrative ibhekisela ekuqondiseni kwangaphakathi nasekuhloleni okungaqondile. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Hulumeni Realcorence Accounting Office (GAO) ihlola izinhlelo zikahulumeni, amahhovisi okuhlola, izinhlangano zomazisi, nezinhlangano ezilwa nenkohlakalo. Le mikhakha ihlola imisebenzi, ukuphenya kwezimali, nokuhlola ukuziphatha okubi. I-Province Government Accounting Office (GAO) ihlola izinhlelo zikahulumeni futhi itusa ukuthuthukisa impumelelo. Ngokufanayo, iHhovisi ye Compotersper ne-Pucioser ye-Puniceral e-Punicersties kuhulumeni waseNdiya i-Aunits noMphathi, iveza imibiko ebekwe emapalempeleni.

Izinhlangano zobuphathi-mandla kumelwe zisebenze ngokwazo, zixhaswe ngokwanele, futhi zivikelwe ekuphindiseleni. Okutholwa kwazo kudinga ukuba kusebenze futhi kulandelwe. Emazweni amaningi asathuthuka, lezi zikhungo zihlushwa yiziphakamiso zempahla nokucindezela kwezombangazwe, zilinganise ithonya lazo. I-Tractrancy International[ Violtions Index iqokomisa ukuthi amazwe abaphathi abanamandla kakhulu athambekele ekutholeni phezulu ezikhankambini zokubusa.

Ukuhlanganyela Emphakathini

Isivumelwano somphakathi siyingxenye ebalulekile yokwengamela uhulumeni. Imishini enjengokuhlola umphakathi, ukuhlola ukwaziswa komphakathi, ukuhlola izenhlalo, kanye nezivikelo zokufushanisa ikhwelo inikeza umphakathi womphakathi ukuba uphendule uhulumeni. EBrazil, ukuhlelwa kwemali yokuhlela kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zinqume ukuthi izimali zibekwa kanjani, ziqale ukuqondisa ngokuqondile imali kahulumeni. EKenya, umphakathi ungathola ulwazi ngokwaziswa ngosizo lwe-Accession to Information Act futhi uthathe uhlangothi ngokuqondisa iKhomishane ye-Admental Justice.

Ubuchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe bemishini buye bandisa amathuba okuqondisa umphakathi. Izinhlelo ezilandela ukusetshenziswa kukahulumeni, ukusakazwa kwemininingwane, noma ukwenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukubika ukonakala ziya ngokuya zinzinyana. Nokho, ukuhlukanisa ngokwezinombolo, izinga lokungafundi kahle, nokuqapha kombuso kungavimbela ukuthatha iqhaza. Ukwengamela okunenjongo akudingi amalungelo omthetho kuphela kodwa futhi nempucuko yokuqinisekisa ukubonana nomphakathi.

Imikhuba Yomhlaba Wonke Yokuqondisa Kukahulumeni: Ukubukeza Okuqhathanisayo

Nakuba izingxenye eziyinhloko zokwengamela zisemhlabeni wonke, ukusetshenziswa kwazo kuyahlukahluka kakhulu emazweni ngenxa yezimiso ezingokomlando, zezombangazwe, namasiko angokomthetho. Ngezansi kuqhathaniswa okukhulu kobubonisi emazweni akhethiwe, kuqokomisa izici eziyingqayizivele nokuthambekela okuvamile.

United States

Isimiso se-U.S. sincike ekuhlukanisweni kwemibuso enemisebenzi efanayo. Amakomiti e-Congregational kuyo yomibili iNdlu neSigele asebenza ngokuqondisa ngokulalela, ngokuhlola, nangobukhazikhazi bemali. I-Hulumeni ye-Authority Authority Office (GAO) inikeza izinkonzo zokuphendulwa nokuhlolwa kwezincwadi, kuyilapho iHhovisi Lezeluleko Lezeluleko Lezesi khethekile livikela ababhuculi nokuqulwa kokuziphatha okungafanele. I-jadicary ingaziguqula iziyalezo zezikhulu ze-ofisi ze-ofisi yokwahlulela ngokuhlola kokwahlulela. I-Federal Ecomment Commission kanye neH Office of Govertical Ethics inezela izinyulo zeze zezengameli eziqondile. Nokho, ukuva kwesigaba sesigaba sesigaba seze ukuqondisa ikomiti, nokuhlola okuvame ukugxekwa kweze kweze kwezombangazwe.

United Kingdom

IPhalamende le-UK lisebenzisa isimiso samakomiti akhethayo ahlola umnyango ngamunye kahulumeni. Ikomiti yama-Public Accounts Committee ihlola ukusebenzisela imali ngokunenzuzo, kuyilapho iKomiti yezindinganiso eHlayeni lomphakathi iqondisa ukuziphatha okuhle. I-Office ye-National APPPPPPP (NAO) ihlola yonke iminyango kahulumeni eyinhloko futhi ikhipha imibiko yemali eshicilelwe imali. I-Palamentery Ombudsman ihlola ukungahleleki okungahleleki. Isici esiyingqayizivele yindima enamandla yempucuko yenkonzo yomphakathi, egcizelela ukulandisa kobufundisi. Nokho, iningi likahulumeni e Homeoms Commony ingalinganisela ukuphumelela kwekhono lokuphatha i-beckch.

EJalimane

Federal Diet (Bundestag) yaseJalimane ibheka isikhulu esiphethe izikhulu eziphethe izinkathi zemibuzo, amakomiti ophengululo, kanye neKomiti yoHlalelo lweMali kaBundestag. INkantolo ye-Federal ye-Puncilitors (Bundellungshof) ihlola ukulandisa komphakathi nemibiko ePhalamende nomphakathi. Isimiso sikahulumeni waseJalimane sinikeza futhi amandla okuqondisa amapalamende namahhovisi abhaliwe. I-Federaral Consticitionalal Councial inikeza ukubukeza okuqinile kwezehlulele. Isimiso somthwalo wemfanelo wobushicile sinamandla, futhi imithombo yezindaba ifeza indima ekhuthele ekunakekeleni iPhalamende nomphakathi. Isibonelo seJalimane saziwazisa ukuphatha kwayo ngokuphelele (Länd).

i-Sweden

Isibonelo se-Sweden sivelele ngemithetho yayo esemthethweni. I-Suwede inesiko elide lokubona, ne-Principle Accomplification of Ombustmentsmanne (Justituebudmanne), ehlola izakhamuzi ngeziphathimandla zomphakathi. I-Riksdag (Parliament) futhi ineKomiti yoMthetho-sisekelo ehlola ukuvumelana kukahulumeni nezimiso zomthetho-mthetho. I-Suwede inesiko elide lokuveza ukukhanya, ne-Principlement of Public Ac Acrective Documents ebhalwe ngomthetho. I-National Accounting Office (Redioperation) ingacela noma ibhukwanani e-ompostay ye-ography esemthethweni. Ihhovisi le-National Actical Officetical Office (Rreen) lihlola uhulumeni) uhulumeni ophakathi. Umqondisi we-Sweden umphakathi uyisithomo olune kakhulu, kanye nomphakathi onamandla.

eNdiya

INdiya, intando yeningi enkulu emhlabeni, inohlelo lobucukubhede obukhulu kunawo wonke. IComptroller and Discriptor General yaseNdiya ihlola zonke izilinganiso zikahulumeni nemibiko ePhalamende. I-Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) ihlola ukonakala ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni eziphakathi. Ikomiti yejaji, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme, iye yasebenzisa isithakazelo somphakathi (PI) ukuphoqelela ukulandisa kohulumeni. I-Right to Information Act (2005) iye yanika izakhamuzi igunya lokungena ezivumelwaneni zikahulumeni. Nokho, ukumiswa kwemisebenzi eminingi yezisebenzi eziphetheyo ibhekene nenani elikhona kanye nokucindezela kwezombangazwe. Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, inqubo yezobubonisi bezengameli beNdiya iye yadalula amahlazo amakhulu futhi yaholela ekuguquleni.

Canada

IPhalamende laseCanada lisebenzisa amakomiti azimeleyo eZindlu zeCommons ukuze aqondise, asekelwa yiHhovisi likaPhicoljinery, elihlola umsebenzi. Ihhovisi Lempi Yasemfashinini ne-Ethics Liqondisa ukuziphatha okuhle. I-Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RRRMP) ihlola ubugebengu kuhulumeni. iCanada futhi iyakwazi kakhulu ukuthola imithetho yokwaziswa kanye ne-jaji elizimele. Isici esiphawulekayo siwukusetshenziswa kwezikhulu zephalamende (8) njengomphathi we-Amfishinoloji nomphathi Wezolwazi (ikhomisha). Isikhulu sabika ngokuqondile ePhalamendeli kunesikhulu, sithuthukisa inkululeko.

i-Ningizimu Afrika

I-Public Protection of the facements yaseNingizimu Afrika yamisa izinhlangano eziningana zokuqondisa ezizimele: uMvikeli womphakathi, uMphicothi-Jikelele, iKhomishane yamaLungelo e-South Africa, ne-Commission for Gender Esature. I-Public Protectorier iphenya izikhalo kuziphathimandla zikahulumeni futhi ingatusa isenzo sokulungisa, njengoba sibonakala embikweni weNkanda engokomlando. Amakomiti ePhalamende abheka umphathi wesikhulu, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi ebusayo ephumelela ngokulinganiselwe. I-South Africa futhi iye yasebenzisa izinhlangano zezahluko 9 ukusekela idemocrali yomthetho. Nokho, uhulumeni uveza amahlazo phakathi kuka-2009 no-2017 embula ubuthakathaka obungokomthetho.

EJapane

I-Diet yaseJapan iqondisa amakomiti nangesikhathi sombuzo, nakuba umphathi wezomthetho evame ukubusa izinqumo zomthetho. Ibhodi yophicotho (Kaikei Kensa-in) ihlola ama-akhawunti kahulumeni futhi ibike i-Diet. I-National Movement Authority yengamela ukuziphatha komphakathi. IJapan inemishini esebenzayo ehlola izindaba zikahulumeni. Nokho, isivikelo sempepho esiqinile kanye nempucuko yokuzibamba ngokuzibamba zinesilinganiso esilinganiselwe ngokomlando. Izinguquko zamuva, njengeWhistoliter Provice Act 2004, ziye zathuthukisa indawo ezungezile, kodwa ukugcinwa kwemithetho kuhlala kusesilinganisweni.

Brazil

I-Brazil inesimiso esiqinile sokuqondisa nge-Federal Court of Akhawuntium (TCU) ephethe ukuhlola kwangaphandle, ukuhlolwa kwenkonzo yomphakathi, kanye ne-Comptorroller General (CGU) eqondisa ukulawulwa kwangaphakathi. I-Ceac Record Act (Lei da Ficha Limpa) abafuna izinkolelo zobugebengu ekugijimeni isikhundla. I-Lava Jato (Chash), uphenyo, eyasebenzisa ukubambisana okunqamule i-o layini, ibonisa amandla okuqondisa okunamandla kwezahlulele nokwengameli abamangali. Nokho ukungenela kwezombangazwe, inkantolo yezenkantolo, nezokukhipha izimali kusenezinselele ezingathi sína. IBrazil futhi inemithetho enamandla yokubonana, kuhlanganise ne-Accestion to Information Act (2017).

Australia

Isimiso sikahulumeni wase-Australia sihlanganisa i-Australian National APPurceltification Office (ANAO), i-Commonwealth Ombudsman, ne-Australian Commission for Law Inforcement Truthonce. Amakomiti ePhalamende, ikakhulukazi amaKomiti e-Union Committee of Public Accomplification, ahlola izimali zikahulumeni. INkantolo Ephakeme ihlola ukugcinwa komthetho. I-Australia muva nje isungule i-National Anti-Corruption Commission Commission (NACC) ngo-2023, ikhuluma ngegedebe emile ende. I-omfessidenti ye-yo yokulwa kwembubhiso ye-onkimbiso, njenge-Indeli ye-Indec Commission Against Adroit (IC) e-New Walesland (Ic).

Izinselele Ekuqondiseni Kukahulumeni

Naphezu kwezindlela ezihlukahlukene, ohulumeni kuyo yonke indawo babhekana nezithiyo eziphikelelayo ezilulaza ukwengamela.

Ukuntuleka Kokubona Kahle

Ukugada kudinga ukunikezwa kokwaziswa. Uma ohulumeni begodla ukwaziswa, behlukanisa ngokungadingekile, noma belinganisela amabhukwana ezindaba nomphakathi, amaqumrhu aqondisayo angakwazi ukusebenza ngokuphumelelayo. Ngisho namazwe anemithetho eqinile yokuveza izikhala ezikhona ngezinye izikhathi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuthatha indiva ekuphenduleni izicelo zolwazi, iziphetho, nokungabuyiseli kunciphi ukulandisa. Ukubheka ngapha kuxhomeke ekukhipheni izimali − izivumelwano, izivumelwano, nemibiko yokubala imibiko ngaphandle kokubuzwa.

Ukungenela Kwezombangazwe

Ukuzimela kubalulekile ezinhlanganweni zobubonisi, kodwa abadlali bezombangazwe ngokuvamile bazama ukuthonya noma ukubabamba. Lokhu kungathatha uhlobo lokumisa abalandeli abaqotho, ukulinganisela imali, noma ukungakunaki ukutusa. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ohulumeni bachitha izindikimba zobubonisi noma bamise imithetho evimbela imibuso yabo. Izishaya-mthetho zezikhulu zingase zenqabe ukwenza uphenyo olunenjongo lomphathi. Ukungenela kwezombangazwe akuthiyanga nje kuphela ukuqondisa kodwa futhi kubonisa ukubekezelela ukungajeziswa, kubangele ukuba ukuziphatha okubi okuqhubekayo.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwemithombo Yezinto

Izindikimba eziningi eziqondisayo zisebenza ngezimali ezilinganiselwe, izisebenzi, nobuchwepheshe. Emazweni angenamali kakhulu, ababali bezincwadi bangase bangakutholi ukuqeqeshwa ukuze balandele ukugeleza okunzima kwezimali, kuyilapho abaqondisi bengase bakhungathekiswe ukuthwebula izimali. Izinhlangano ezingaphansi kwe-odocle azisebenzi ezikwazi ukunikeza amanani aphelele, ukuhlola okufike ngesikhathi, noma ukuphumelela kokuphatha. Kodwa ukutshala imali ngokuvamile akuthandwa kwezombangazwe. Ngezinye izikhathi abanikeli bomhlaba wonke basekela isakhiwo sesikhundla, kodwa ukulondolozwa kudinga ukukhokhwa kwezombangazwe nokuxhaswa okungaguquguquki.

Ukunganaki Nokwehluleka Komphakathi

Izimiso zokulawula zixhomeke ekuhlanganyeleni komphakathi /izinhlangano zomphakathi, umphakathi, nemithombo yezindaba. Uma izakhamuzi zingawazi amalungelo azo noma zingawaqondi ekubuseni, ukuphatha kulahlekelwa umthwalo wokulandisa. Uvoti ophansi abavoti, ukungahlanganyeli ekuhloleni komphakathi, kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi ezibuthakathaka konke kunikela. Kwezinye izimo, ukwesaba ukuphindisela noma ukudumazeka kwezinhlangano kuyabakhuthaza abantu ekubikeni inkohlakalo noma ekufuneni izitha. Ukuqinisa imfundo yezembubhisi, ukuvikela abafuthi, nokusekela imithombo yezindaba ezimele kungasiza ekunqandeni ukunganakini.

Imikhuba Evundlile Nemikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Ekuqondiseni Kukahulumeni

Ubuchwepheshe obusha nokulawula kwezindlela ezintsha kushintsha ukuqondisa emhlabeni wonke. ohulumeni nabaphathi bamaqembu basungula izindlela ezintsha zokuthuthukisa ukuphumelela.

Ukuqondisa Nokuvula Imininingwane Ngemishini

Amathuluzi emishini asiza ukuqapha imisebenzi kahulumeni ngesikhathi sangempela. Ama-state avula amabhange okwaziswa anyathelisa izimali, amarekhodi okuthengwa, nezimpawu zokusebenza. Ukuhlola i-algoric kungamisa izindlela zokusola umphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, isimiso se-estonia sobukhonda sivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zilandele indlela intela yazo esetshenziswa ngayo. IPortal da Transpararência inikeza ukwaziswa okungenayo ezivumelwaneni ze-ohulumeni kanye nenkokhelo. Nokho, ukuqondisa kwezinombolo kumelwe kunikeze i-data yezokwaziswa, i-algasticationstion, i-algasticationstion, kanye nokukhishwa kwalezo ezingenayo kuyi-Internetruversate.

Isivikelo Somculi Wesivunguvungu

Abacuphi bawumthombo obucayi wokwaziswa ngokuziphatha okubi kukahulumeni. Amazwe amaningi aye amisa imithetho yokuvikela izisebenzi zomphakathi ezidalula ububi. I-European Union’s Wisletwilter Protection Directive (209) ibekela amazwe angamalungu izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe ezithi azigcine ngaphansi kwe-Whistle puttleer Protection Act ne-Ecodect. Nokho ukugcinwa kwemithetho kuyahluka, futhi abacuphi bavame ukubhekana nokuphindisela, ukuhlasela okungochwepheshe kokunsundu, noma ukuhlasela okungokomthetho. Isivikelo esinempumelelo sidinga izindikimba ezizimele ukuba zithole izikhalo futhi zivikele i-IMFradenti.

Izinyathelo Zokuqondisa Izakhamuzi

Ukugadwa okusekelwe emphakathini, njengokuhlola umphakathi eNdiya, kwenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuqinisekisa izinga lemisebenzi yomphakathi nezinkonzo. Ukuhlanganyela ekuhleleni imali emadolobheni anjengePorto Alegre (Brazil) neNew York kuye kwasakazekela ezindaweni ezingaphezu kwezingu 7 000 emhlabeni wonke. Amakomiti aqondisa izakhamuzi, kuhlanganise nalawo afuna ushintsho lwamaphoyisa noma ukulandisa kwezesikole, anikeza umkhakha oqondile. Umphatho Kahulumeni uthuthukisa imizamo enjalo embululweni emhlabeni wonke, namazwe angaphezu kuka-70 angamalungu ahileleke ekuboneleni obala nasongeni embusweni.

Ukubambisana Nezindinganiso Zomhlaba Wonke

Ukubambisana kwemingcele kuqinisa ukuqondisa lapho kugeleza imali noma amandla emingcele yesizwe. I-OECD’s Anti-Bribry Convention isiza ukugcinwa kokufumbathisa kwamanye amazwe. I-Financial Action Task Force imisa izindinganiso ngokumelene nemali ephazamisa ukutholakala kohulumeni. INhlangano yeNhlangano yezinhlangano zabameli be-Anti-Corruption Provicesm abashushisi nabaphenyi. Nokho, izimiso zamazwe ngamazwe zincike ekusebenzeni kwamazwe ngamazwe futhi izombangazwe zizoba ngokuphumelelayo.

Isiphetho

Ukuqondisa kukahulumeni akuyona into ephambili, edinga ukunethezeka, futhi iwusizo. Ukuhlolwa komthetho womphakathi okuqhathaniswa kwezimiso zomhlaba wonke kwembula ukuthi nakuba izimiso zobubonisi zikhona emhlabeni wonke, ukusebenza kwazo kuyahluka ngokusekelwe emklamweni womthetho-sisekelo, ngokwezombangazwe, nangokomlando. Izibonelo zezobungameli eziphumelela kakhulu zihlanganisa umthetho oqinile, ukwahlulela, kanye nezimiso zokuqondisa ezisebenzayo kanye nokuhlanganyela komphakathi okuqinile. Nokho, wonke amazwe abhekene nezinselele ezivamile: ukugxabhazwa kwezepolitiki, imfucucucu, nokunganaki komphakathi. Ukusebenzisa amathuluzi emishini evikela impempe, ukuvikela impepho, nokukhuthaza izakhamuzi ukuba zinikeze izindlela zokuqondisa eziqinile ngekhulu lama-21.