Table of Contents

Isimiso sesivikelo esifanayo singesinye sezinsika eziyisisekelo zokubusa kwentando yeningi kwanamuhla. Ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke baye basungula izimiso ezibanzi zomthetho kanye nokuqiniswa kwezimiso zokuqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki isizinda sabo noma izici, bathola ukuphathwa ngokulunga nangokulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho. Lokhu kuhlola okubanzi kuhlola indlela ohulumeni abasebenzisa ngayo izimiso ezilinganayo zokuvikela, izisekelo ezingokomthetho ezisekela lemizamo, izinselele ababhekene nazo, nomsebenzi oqhubekayo odingekayo ukuze basungule izinhlangano ezilungile ngempela.

Ukuqonda Isivikelo Esilinganayo: Umlando Nezimiso Ze - core

I-Umeal Protection Claus, eyaqala ukusebenza ngo-1868, inikeza "noma yimuphi uMbuso ... akafuni kunoma yimuphi umuntu onegunya lakhe ukuvikelwa okufanayo kwemithetho." leli lungiselelo lomthetho-sisekelo lavela ngemva kweMpi Yombango yaseMelika futhi lamelela isikhathi sokuguqula emlandweni wezomthetho. Igunyaza ukuba abantu ezimweni ezifanayo baphathwe ngokulinganayo ngomthetho.

Isivikelo esilinganayo umthetho-sisekelo uqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu noma iqembu elingeke liphiwe isivikelo ngaphansi komthetho esijatshulelwa abantu abafanayo noma amaqembu. Ngamanye amazwi, abantu abasendaweni efanayo kumelwe baphathwe ngendlela efanayo.

Inhloso eyinhloko yale nkulumo kwakuwukuqinisekisa amalungiselelo okulingana aqukethwe eMthethweni Wamalungelo Omphakathi ka - 1866, owawuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi zaziyoba nelungelo lokuvikelwa ngendlela efanayo ngomthetho. Umongo ongokomlando wembula ukuthi isivikelo esilinganayo savela esidingweni esikhethekile sokusingatha ukucwasana ngokohlanga, kodwa ukusebenza kwalo kuye kwakhula kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuze kuvikelwe amaqembu amaningi ezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene zokuphathwa ngokungafanele.

Incazelo ye - Auncime Protection Claus ibiyindaba yempikiswano enkulu, futhi ishukumisela inkulumo eyaziwayo ethi “Ubulungisa Obuphelele Ngaphansi koMthetho". Le nkulumo, ebhalwe esakhiweni seNkantolo Ephakeme yase - United States, iveza umgomo ofinyelelwe wezimiso zomthetho ezizinikele ekulinganiseni nasekulinganiseni.

Izisekelo Zomthetho - sisekelo Nemisebenzi Yezomthetho

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nane Nesenzo SikaHulumeni

I-Umeal Protection Claus iyingxenye yokuqala yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane kuMthetho-sisekelo we-United States. Lokhu kulungisa kwabuguqula kakhulu ubuhlobo phakathi kwamalungelo omuntu ngamunye namandla ombuso. Ngokuphelele, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane saphawula ukushintshwa okukhulu komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika, ngokusebenzisa imingcele engokomthetho eqine kakhulu emelene nemibuso kunaleyo eyayikhona ngaphambi kweMpi Yombango.

Isenzo esinqandwayo ingxenye yokuqala yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane siyisenzo esinjengaleso okungase kuthiwe sesase-United States. LesosiHlanzo asilwenzi ukuzivikela ekuziphatheni kwangasese, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kulula noma kunephutha lini. Lemfundiso kahulumeni iveza ukuthi isivikelo esifanayo sicindezela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ngokuyinhloko kunabantu ngabanye, nakuba ohulumeni bengalawula ukucwasa kwabantu ngasese ngezinye izimiso ezingokomthetho.

Isivikelo Esilinganayo NgeSichibiyelo Sesihlanu

Nakuba iSichibiyelo seshumi nane sisebenza kohulumeni bezwe, uhulumeni ubhekene nezithiyo ezifanayo ngelungiselelo lomthetho-sisekelo elihlukile. INkantolo yalahla ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi eD.C. njengesephulo somthetho weSimemezelo seSimemezelo sesihlanu soMboniso ka-Clauske, inquma ukuthi inqubo efanele ihlanganisa isiqinisekiso sokuvikelwa okulinganayo. Imibono yokuvikelwa okulinganayo nenqubo efanele, kokubili ukususwa emaphulweni ethu okulungile eMelika, ayihlukene.

Le ntuthuko engokwenkantolo iqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni ngeke ahlanganyele emikhubeni yokukhipha amacala ezombusazwe eyokwenqatshelwa ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Se - 148, okwakha isimiso esibanzi sesivikelo esilinganayo kuzo zonke amazinga ohulumeni.

Izindinganiso Zamalungelo Abantu Zamazwe Ngamazwe

Ukulingana nokukhululeka ekukhetheni kuvezwa njengamalungelo abantu ayisisekelo yiSimemezelo somhlaba Wonke samalungelo abantu. Nakuba iUDHR ingabophi, izizwe zenza isibopho sokusekela lawomalungelo ngokugunyazwa kwezivumelwano zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke. Lezi zici zomhlaba zinikeza ukusekela okwengeziwe kwemizamo elinganayo yokuvikela futhi zidala izimiso zokulandisa kohulumeni emhlabeni wonke.

Amazwe embulunga yonke aye ahlanganisa izimiso zesivikelo ezilinganayo ezimisweni zawo zomthetho-sisekelo. UMthetho-sisekelo we-Philippine unikeza uhlelo oluyisisekelo, uqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu bayoba nelungelo lokuvikelwa okufanayo kwemithetho (Article III, Ingxenye 1). Lokhu kubonisa indlela isivikelo esilinganayo esiye saba ngayo isimiso sendawo yonke esidlula imingcele yobuzwe namasiko angokomthetho.

Izinga Lokuhlolwa Kokwahlulela Nezindinganiso Ezingokomthetho

Izinkantolo ziye zasungula izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuhlola ukuthi izinhlelo zikahulumeni ziyazephula yini izimiso ezilinganayo zokuvikela.

Ukubukeza Okuyisisekelo Kwe - lapnal

Imithetho eminingi ihlolwa ngaphansi kokuhlolwa okubizwa ngokuthi "isisekelo esisemthethweni" lapha, noma isiphi isizathu esinengqondo nesingokomthetho sobandlululo sanele ukuyenza ibe ngumthetho-sisekelo. Lendinganiso ehloniphekile isebenza emthetho wezezomnotho nezenhlalo eminingi, iqaphela ukuthi izishaya-mthetho zidinga ukuvumelana nezimo ukuze zixazulule izinselele zenqubo ehlukahlukene.

Umthetho wesigaba, olahla amanye nowawamukela amanye, wenqatshelwe; kodwa umthetho othi, ekufezeni injongo yomphakathi, ulinganiselwe ekusebenzeni kwawo, uma uthinta bonke abantu abasendaweni efanayo, awukhona ngaphakathi kwenguquko. Lesi simiso siyavuma ukuthi ohulumeni kumelwe benze izinhlelo ukuze basebenze ngokuphumelelayo, kodwa lezozimo kumelwe zifeze izinjongo ezingokomthetho futhi zisebenze ngokungaguquki.

Ukuhlolwa Okuphakeme Kwendlela Yokuhlelwa Kwezinto Eziwuwangala

Imithetho encike ekuhlelweni okubizwa ngokuthi "uhlelo olunobunhloli" ihlolwa ngaphansi "lokucusumbulwa" lapha, uhulumeni kumelwe ube nezizathu ezibalulekile noma eziphoqelelayo zokuthethelela ubandlululo, futhi ubandlululo kumelwe luhlotshaniswe ngokucophelela ukuze lufeze lezo zizathu. Lokhu kudinga okunzima kakhulu kubonisa ukuqaphela kokwahlulela ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zezindawo ngokomlando ziye zasetshenziselwa ukucindezela amaqembu angenazisulu.

Uma kucatshangelwa umlando we-Umeal Protection Claus, akumangalisi ukuthi uhlanga nemvelaphi yesizwe kuyizigaba ezisolwayo. Kodwa futhi iNkantolo iye yathi ubulili, ukufuduka, nesikhundla somshado ekuzalweni kuyafaneleka njengezindawo ezisolwayo. Ukwanda kwezindawo ezisolwayo kubonisa ukuthi imfundiso yokuvikela iye yaqala kangakanani ukubhekana nobandlululo olungafani ngaphandle kokugxila kwayo kwasekuqaleni ekulinganiseni kwezinhlanga.

Yonke imingcele engokomthetho enciphisa amalungelo omphakathi eqembu lohlanga olulodwa isolwa ngokushesha futhi kumelwe ihlolwe ngokuqinile. Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi isidingo esicindezelayo somphakathi singakuthethelela ukuba khona kwemingcele enjalo. Lendinganiso ibeka isithiyo esiphakeme kakhulu sokusebenzisa uhulumeni ukuhlukanisa uhlanga, nakuba ivuma ukuthi izimo ezingavamile zingawavumela ngezikhathi ezithile amanyathelo anjalo.

Imithetho Emelene Nokwehlukana Nezigaba Ezivikelwe

Ohulumeni baye bamisa izinqubo ezinkulu ezingokomthetho zokusebenzisa izimiso ezilinganayo zokuvikela ezimweni ezihlukahlukene.

Ukucwaswa Komsebenzi Kuyazivikela

Isihloko VII soMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1944 (Isihloko VII), okwenza kube okungekho ngokomthetho ukucwasa umuntu ngesisekelo sohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili (kuhlanganise ukukhulelwa, ukuthambekela kobulili, nesizinda sobuzwe), noma umsuka wezwe. Lomthetho ophawulayo wamisa isivikelo esibanzi emongweni wemisebenzi futhi wasungula isisekelo semizamo yokulwa nobandlululo eyalandela.

I-Age Discrimination in Observatory Act (ADEA) ka-1967 iwumthetho kahulumeni owenqabela ukubandlulwa izisebenzi ezineminyaka engu-40 ubudala noma ngaphezulu. Isebenza kubaqashi abanezisebenzi ezingu-20 noma ngaphezulu, kuhlanganise nezinkampani ezizimele, uhulumeni, izinhlangano zemisebenzi, izinhlangano zezisebenzi, nohulumeni. Lokhu kuvikela kuqaphela ukuthi ukucwaswa kobudala kulinganisela amathuba angenabulungisa ezisebenzi ezinolwazi.

Isihloko I samaMelika anoMthetho wokukhubazeka ka-1990 (ADA), okwenza kube okungekho emthethweni ukucwasa umuntu okhubazekile ezinkampanini ezizimele nasezweni nasehulumenini. I-ADA iwumzamo omkhulu wokuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abakhubazekile bayakwazi ukuthola amathuba alinganayo emisebenzi nendawo yokulala emsebenzini.

I-Umeal Pay Act ka- 1963, eyenza kube okungekho emthethweni ukukhokha iholo elihlukene kwabesilisa nabesifazane uma benza umsebenzi ofanayo emsebenzini owodwa. Lomthetho ukhuluma ngohlobo oluthile lobandlululo lwezifebe oluye lwabangela abesifazane abaswele emsebenzini ngokomlando.

Isihloko II se-Genetic Information Nondiscrinination Act ka-2008 (GINA), okwenza kube okungekho emthethweni ukucwasa izisebenzi noma abafaka isicelo ngenxa yokwaziswa okuphathelene nofuzo. Ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo kuhlanganisa ukwaziswa okuphathelene nokuhlolwa kwezakhi zofuzo zomuntu ngamunye wamalungu omkhaya, kanye nokwaziswa nganoma isiphi isifo, isifo noma isimo samalungu omkhaya (umlando womkhaya wokwelapha). Lokhu kubheka phambili izixwayiso zomuntu siqu ezimayelana nokuhlolwa kwezakhi zofuzo kanye nokuhlolwa kwezakhi zofuzo zomuntu, kanye nokwaziswa nganoma isiphi isifo, noma isimo samalungu omkhaya (u-impela, umlando womkhaya womuntu wempilo yegazi).

Ngalé Komsebenzi: Imisebenzi Yokuvikela Eyingozi

Umthetho omelene nobandlululo noma umthetho ongekhona owephula umthetho ubhekisele emthethweni oklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukucwaswa kwamaqembu athile abantu; lamaqembu ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi amaqembu avikelekile noma amahlelo avikelekile. Imithetho yokulwa nobandlululo iyahluka mayelana nezinhlobo zendlu enqatshelwe, kanye namaqembu avikelwe yilowo mthetho. Ngokuvamile, lezi zinhlobo zomthetho ziklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukucwaswa emsebenzini, ezindaweni zokuhlala, imfundo, nezinye izindawo zokuphila komphakathi, njengezindawo zomphakathi zokuhlala.

Ukucwaswa kwezindlu kungalinganisela lapho abantu behlala khona, ukucwaswa kwemfundo kungavimbela ukuba umuntu athole ulwazi namathuba okuthola, futhi ukubandlulula ezindlini zomphakathi kungavimbela abantu ukuba bahlanganyele ngokugcwele ekuphileni komphakathi.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwemishini Nohulumeni

Ohulumeni baye bamisa izinhlangano ezikhethekile nezinqubo ukuze bahlole ukukhononda kobandlululo, ukuphoqelelwa kokubambisana nokunqanda ukuphamba.

Ukuthunywa Kwamathuba Omsebenzi Alinganayo

Lenhlangano ezimele kahulumeni isebenza njengenqubo eyinhloko yokuphoqelela ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi, iphenya izikhalo futhi iphishekele ukuthatha isinyathelo esingokomthetho uma kudingeka.

Icala kumelwe libekwe nge-EEOC phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-180 kusukela osukwini lokuphulwa, ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo ommangaleli. Lolu suku lwezinsuku ezingu-180 ludluliselwa ngezinsuku ezingu-300 uma icala lihlanganiswa nomthetho kazwelonke noma wombuso omelene nobandlululo. Lezi zimfuneko ze-procedment ziqinisekisa ukuphenywa okufike ngesikhathi kokucwaswa kuyilapho kugcinwa ubufakazi nobufakazi.

Izifunda eziningi nezindawo zinemithetho emelene nokungavumelani nemithetho nezinhlangano ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa leyo mithetho. I-EOC ibhekisela kulezinhlangano njenge "Fair Working Proces Actives (FEPAs). Ngokusetshenziswa "kokusebenza ndawonye izivumelwano," EOC nama-FEPAs agwema ukwenza izicelo kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo eqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo eqembu elikhombayo avikelwe ngaphansi kwakho kokubili uhulumeni nomthetho kazwelonke. Lendlela yokubambisana yomthetho i-soshalo iveza inzuzo yemithombo yezehlolo futhi iqinisekisa isivikelo esibanzi.

UMnyango Wezobulungisa Uhlukanisa Amalungelo Omphakathi

I-Divil of Justice’s Civil Rights Division ikhathazekile ngokuthi ubandlululo lwesizwe lungabikwa e-United States ngenxa yokuthi izisulu zobandlululo aziwazi amalungelo azo angokomthetho, noma zingase zesabe ukukhononda kuhulumeni. Ukuze kuxoxwe ngalenkinga, i-Civil Rights Division isungule i-National Origin Working Group ukuze isize izakhamuzi nabafuduki baqonde kangcono futhi basebenzise amalungelo azo angokomthetho.

Kwezinye izimo, i-Repasion ingahileleka kuphela uma kukhona "isibonelelo noma umkhuba" wobandlululo. "Isibonelo noma umkhuba" ngokuvamile kusho ukuthi kunesenzakalo esingaphezu kwesisodwa sobandlululo, futhi kunesimiso noma ukuziphatha okuphindaphindiwe okungagunyazi. Lendinganiso yenza uMnyango wobulungisa ubhekane nobandlululo oluthinta abantu abaningi noma imiphakathi.

Ihhovisi Lenhlangano Yezokusakaza Yenhlangano Kahulumeni

I-U.S.Aumetic Opportunity Commission, emisa imithetho emelene nokungavumelani nabaqashi abazimele futhi ihlola ukukhathazeka ngokucwaswa abaqashi bomphakathi ngenxa yokubekwa isigwebo yi-U.S. i-U.S. i-Octive Opportunity of Federal Contractance Programs, eqinisekisa ukuthi abakhi bohulumeni banelise imibandela emelene nobandlululo nezenzo zokwenqabela ukuthatha isinyathelo.

Izimpawu Eziwuphawu Ezathonya Isivikelo Esilinganayo

Izinqumo zokwahlulela ziye zathonya kakhulu indlela izimiso zokuvikela eziqondwa futhi zisetshenziswe ngayo.

Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo: Ukushintsha Ngokungafani Kodwa Ngokulinganayo

KuPlesty v. Ferguson (1896), iNkantolo yanquma ngevoti engu-71 ethi "Indawo Ehlukene kodwa elinganayo" (kuleyondaba, izimoto eziqondisayo) yabansundu nabamhlophe ayizange iphule umthetho ka-Exctal Protection Claus. Isinqumo sahlanganisa indawo yemithetho yobuhlanga uJim Crow-era. Lesi sinqumo samelela iqophelo eliphansi ngokuvikela i-jurisprudence, sigunyaza ukuhlukanisa uhlanga cishe amashumi ayisithupha eminyaka.

U-Plesty wahlala ewumthetho wezwe kwaze kwaba ngo-1954, lapho igqitshwa kakhulu kuBrown no-Brown Board of Education. INkantolo Ephakeme yavumelana ngokulawula ukucabanga kukaPasley futhi yasekela ukuthi izikole ezihlukene zabansundu nabamhlophe zaphula i-Exctal Protection Clause. iBrown yaba inkathi yokushintsha okuwujuqu ekulweni okuthatha amashumi eminyaka ukuqeda ukuncishiswa uhulumeni, hhayi ezikoleni kuphela kodwa kuwo wonke umphakathi waseMelika.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezingane ezikoleni zomphakathi ngenxa nje yohlanga kuphuca izingane zeqembu elincane lamathuba emfundo alinganayo, ngisho noma izakhiwo ezingokoqobo nezinye izici ezingokoqobo kungenzeka ziyalingana. Lokhu kuqaphela ukuthi ukuhluka kusho ukungalingani okusho umthetho womthetho - sisekelo oshintshiwe futhi kuhlanganisa izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi.

Ukwandisa Isivikelo Ngalé Kohlanga

I - Loving Loving v. Virginia yaqala ngo - 1967 lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yaveza ukuthi imithetho enqabela imishado yezinhlanga emelene neSivikelo Esilinganayo. lesi sinqumo sabonisa ukuthi isivikelo esifanayo sidlulela ekukhetheni komuntu siqu okuseduze nokuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga akunakusetshenziswa ekuvimbeleni amalungelo ayisisekelo.

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane sidinga uhulumeni ukuba ugunyaze umshado phakathi kwabantu ababili bobulili obufanayo futhi uqaphele umshado phakathi kwabantu ababili bobulili obufanayo lapho umshado wabo ugunyaziwe ngokomthetho futhi ungenziwa ngaphandle kombuso. Lokhu kwandiswa kwesivikelo esifanayo kwimibhangqwana efanayo engokobulili obufanayo e-Obergefell v. Hodges (20) ibonisa ukuthi imfundiso elinganayo yesivikelo iyaqhubeka iqala ukuvela ukuze ikhulume ngezindlela zobandlululo zanamuhla.

Isiqinisekiso somthetho-sisekelo sokuvikelwa okulinganayo kwemithetho asiqondiswe kuphela ekucwaseni abamhlophe namaMelika aseAfrika. Lesi simiso, esimiswe eHernandez v. Texas (1954), saqaphela ukuthi isivikelo esifanayo sidlulela kuwo wonke amaqembu abhekene nobandlululo, hhayi nje kuphela lawo acatshangelwa yizimemezelo zeSichibiyelo seshumi nane.

Ukugcwalisa Izinhlangano Nezinhlelo Zikahulumeni

Ngaphandle kwemithetho enqatshelwayo, ohulumeni basebenzisa izinhlelo zokuvuma eziklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa ukulingana nokusingatha ukucwaswa komlando.

Isinyathelo Esiqinisekisayo Nezinhlelo Ezihlukahlukene

Nakuba injongo yokuqala yayiwukuvikela abansundu ekucwaseni, amagama avulekile aye aholela iNkantolo Ephakeme ukuba ikholelwe ukuthi konke ukucwaswa kohlanga (kuhlanganise nabamhlophe, abaHispania, abase-Asia, namaMelika Omdabu) kucatshangelwa ngokomthetho. Lokhu kugcinwa kuye kwaholela empikiswaneni eqhubekayo emashumini eminyaka ambalwa adlule ukuthi awuvumelani yini nohulumeni ukuba bacabangele uhlanga lwabansundu, amaSpanishi, namaMelika Omdabu baseNdiya njengesici esiwusizo ekwamulweni saseyunivesithi, emsebenzini, nasekuthatheni uhulumeni.

Izinhlelo eziqinisayo zizama ukulungisa ubandlululo lwesikhathi esidlule nokuthuthukisa ukuhlukahluka ngokucabangela uhlanga noma ezinye izici ezivikelekile njengesici esisodwa phakathi kwabaningi ezinqubweni zokwenza izinqumo. Lezinhlelo zihlala ziphikisana, nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngomthetho-sisekelo nokuphumelela kwazo.

Izinhlelo zezifundo zasekholiji ezamukelwayo zaphula i - Aumeal Protection Clause lapho zingagxili ngokwanele futhi zinganake izinjongo ezifanele ezivumela ukusetshenziswa kohlanga, uhlanga oluqashwe ngendlela ephambene, luhilela ukuqashelwa kwezinhlanga, futhi luntula amaphuzu anengqondo. Izinqumo zamuva zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zabeka imingcele eqinile ekutheni uhlanga lungacatshangelwa kanjani ekuvumeni, kudinga ukulungisa okuncane nokuzithethelela okuphoqelelayo.

Ukuhlolwa Kwezisebenzi Nokuqondisa

Federally, i-EEOC ifuna abaqashi abanezisebenzi ezingaphezu kwekhulu ukuba banikeze umbiko waminyaka yonke (isimo se-EEO-1) ukunikeza ukwaziswa okugxekayo kwezisebenzi. Njengoba ikusasa lizoqoqwa kokwaziswa kombuso okusengozini, izifunda-mazwe kufanele zifune ukuqoqa ukwaziswa kwazo siqu okulinganayo kwemisebenzi, kuhlanganise nemininingwane ekhokhelayo, ukuze zisekele izimiso zokuvimbela ukunqanda ukunqanda ukuhlelwa kwemisebenzi. Ukuqoqwa kolwazi kwenza izinhlangano zokuqapha ukuba zikwazi ukubona izindlela zokucwasa nemithombo yemisebenzi ekhokhwanywayo ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukuhlola isimo sezulu esivamile emsebenzini nakho kungasiza abaqashi ekutholeni izindawo ezinenkinga futhi baqiniseke ukuthi kuxoxwa ngezinkinga zobandlululo ngokuqhubekayo.

Izinyathelo Zokuqaphela Umphakathi Nemfundo

Lolu cwaningo lusiza abantu ukuba bazi ukuthi bangaluqaphela kanjani ubandlululo nokuthola amakhambi atholakalayo. Izinhlelo zemfundo nazo zisiza ekushintsheni isimo sengqondo nokunciphisa ubandlululo olusobala olungaholela ekuziphatheni okungabangela ukuba abantu bakhethe.

Izinhlelo zokuqeqeshela izikhulu zikahulumeni, ukugcinwa komthetho, abafundisi nabaqashi ziyasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi labo abaphethe bayaziqonda izimfuneko zesivikelo ezifanayo futhi bazisebenzise ngokuphumelelayo.

Izinselele Eziqhubekayo Ekufinyeleleni Isivikelo Esilinganayo

Naphezu kwezinqubo ezingokomthetho ezibanzi nezisebenza ngokugcinwa kwemithetho, kusenezinselele ezinkulu ekufinyeleleni isivikelo sangempela sabo bonke abantu.

Ukucwaswa Kwesimiso Nokuhlelwa Kwezimiso

Imithetho yokulwa nobandlululo iklanyelwe ukuvikela kokubili ukucwaswa kwabantu ngabanye (abagunyazwe yibo ngabanye) nokucwaswa (ukuthathwa ezimisweni noma izinqubo ezingasizi). Izinkantolo zingacabangela kokubili injongo yokucwasa, ukuhlukanisa ukuphathwa nokuhlukanisa ekunqumeni ukuthi isenzo esithile noma inkambiso ihlanganisa ubandlululo.

Kungaba nzima kakhulu ukuxazulula ubandlululo olungokwezakhiwo ngoba luvame ukubangelwa izimiso ezingathathi hlangothi ebusweni ezinemiphumela ehlukanisayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola umsebenzi okungahlobene nomsebenzi kungase kungakhiphi amaqembu athile, noma imithetho yokuhlanganisa ingaqhubekisela phambili ukuhlukaniswa kwabantu abahlalayo ngisho noma kungekho nhloso ecacile yokucwasa.

Imithombo Yezinto Nemingcele Yokuphoqelelwa

Izinhlangano zezezimali eziphoqelela ukugcinwa kwemisebenzi zidinga imali enkulu ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo sokuhlola okukhulu nokuphoqelelwa kokucwaswa kwemisebenzi. Ukulinganiselwa kwemithombo yemali kusho ukuthi izikhalazo eziningi zokucwasa akumelwe zihlolwe ngokuphelele, futhi izenzo zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwemisebenzi zingase zeqiswe noma zibekwe icala ngokuphelele.

Ukuze sifeze isithembiso semithetho yethu elwa nokungavumelani, imithetho kumelwe igcinwe iphoqelelwe njalo, futhi kumelwe ivikele izisebenzi eziza phambili ukuze ziphakamise ukukhathazeka. Ukuze senze kanjalo, kumelwe sibhekane nenkinga eyinhloko yesimiso esibeka umthwalo oyinhloko wokuphoqelela izisebenzi. Kunalokho, izimiso zethu zokuphoqelela kumelwe ziqiniswe ukuze kuphinde kuqiniswe amandla ahlukaniswe futhi zibeke umthwalo wemfanelo omkhulu kakhulu ezindaweni ezingcono ezibhekene nokucwa kwendlu yomsebenzi.

Ukwesaba Ukuphindiselwa Nokubikwa Kancane

Abantu abaningi ababhekana nobandlululo abakubiki ngenxa yokwesaba ukuphindisela, ukuntula ulwazi ngamalungelo abo, noma ukungabaza ukuthi izikhalo ziyothathwa ngokungathi sína yini. Umuntu ofaka isikhalo noma ohlanganyela ekuhloleni isikhalo se - EEO, noma ophikisa umkhuba wokusebenza owenziwe ongekho emthethweni ngaphansi kwanoma yimuphi umthetho ophoqelelwayo ukuba uvikelelwe ekuphindiseleni. Naphezu kwalokhu kuvikelwa okungokomthetho, ukwesaba ukuphindisela kuseyisithiyo okubalulekile okuvimbela ukugcinwa.

Abafuduki nabanye abantu abasengozini bangase bangabaze kakhulu ukubika ukucwaswa. Umthetho kaFederal unqabela ukucwaswa ngesisekelo sezwe, futhi izisebenzi zivikelwe yimithetho ye-Aumelt Accounting Obportotion kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-indawo yokuhlala noma ukufuduka. Ngokunikezwa ukushintsha kwempatho kahulumeni yabafuduki, izifunda kufanele zigcizelele futhi ziphoqelele ukuphathwa ngokulunga kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umsebenzi wezincwadi ukhona yini ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izisebenzi zihlala zivikelekile.

Izinhlobo Ezihlanganisayo Zobandlululo

Ubuchwepheshe buye bandisa ukwaziswa namandla lapho abaqashi bemukela iziteshi zobuhlakani ezisetshenziswa ngokuqasha kanye nezisebenzi ezisebenza ngokuqasha eziqashweni eziqashelwayo ukuba ziqashelwe kakhulu. Ubandlululo lwe-algorinto luletha izinselele ezintsha zokugcinwa kwemithetho yokuvikela okulinganayo, njengoba ama-algorithm acwasanayo engaqhubekisela phambili noma andise ubandlululo olukhona ngezindlela okunzima ukuzibona nokuzifakazela.

Izimiso zokuhlakanipha ezikhiqizwayo zingahlukanisa ngokusekelwe ezicini ezivikelweyo ngisho noma lezozici zingahlelwanga ngokuqondile esimisweni, njengoba imithetho yemithetho ingakhomba izilinganiso zekhofi ezivumelana nezigaba ezivikelwe. Ukusingatha lolu hlobo lobandlululo kudinga ubuchwepheshe obusha kanye nendlela yokuzihlela.

Ukucwaswa Okungaqondani

Abantu ngokuvamile babhekana nokucwaswa okusekelwe ezicini eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa, ngokwesibonelo, owesifazane onemibala angase acwaswe ngokuhlukile kubesifazane abamhlophe noma amadoda amibala. Izici zesivikelo ezifanayo, ezihlaziya ubandlululo olusekelwe ezicini ezifanayo, zingase zibhekane kahle nalezi zenzakalo zokuhlangana.

Kancane kancane izimiso zomthetho zithuthukisa izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuhlukanisa, kodwa kusenomsebenzi obalulekile wokuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu ababhekene nezinhlobo eziningi zobandlululo bathola isivikelo namakhambi anele.

Imizamo Kahulumeni Neyokuvikela Indawo

Nakuba umthetho kahulumeni umisa izivikelo eziyisisekelo, ohulumeni abaningi bombuso nohulumeni bendawo baye bamisa imithetho ebanzi emelene nobandlululo edlulela ngalé kwezimfuneko zikahulumeni.

Amakilasi Akhuselwe Awenziwe Avikelekile

Izifunda eziningi nezindawo zinemithetho enwebeka ngezindlela eziningi zikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, izici ezivikelekile zingahlanganiswa ngaphandle kwalezo ezichazwa uhulumeni, njengomshado noma isikhundla sombuso, ubude, isisindo, izinqumo zempilo, ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo kagwayi, isigaba esihlukene, noma umsebenzi wezombangazwe noma ukuhlangana. Lezi zici ezikhudlwana zokuvikela ukucwasa okungase kube okubalulekile ngisho noma kungahlanganisiwe ngokomthetho wombuso.

Izinto ezinjengesivikelo kubantu abakhubazekile noma izimfuneko ezilinganayo zeholo zingaba zibanzi kakhulu kuye ngezincazelo zikahulumeni "imali elinganayo" ngokulandelana. Ngokufanayo, nakuba i-ADEA ivikela abantu abaneminyaka engu-40 ubudala nangaphezulu, eminye imikhakha ingavikela ukucwasana kobudala kusukela eneminyaka engu-18 ubudala noma kunoma yibuphi ubudala. Lokhu kuveza inqubo ehlukile kanye nokuqaphela izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zobandlululo.

Imishini Ethuthukisiwe

Ezinye izifunda ziye zamisa ezazo izinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo omphakathi ngemithombo yemali ephakeme negunya elikhulu kunezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Lezi zikhungo zikahulumeni zingaphenya izikhalo ngokushesha okukhulu, zibeke izijeziso eziqine ngokwengeziwe, futhi zinikeze amakhambi aningi kunalawo angenziwa uhulumeni kuphela.

Uhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo basebenza futhi njengezindawo zokucwaninga zentando yeningi, bazama izindlela ezintsha zokuvimbela nokulungisa ubandlululo. Izinyathelo eziphumelelayo zikahulumeni zingazisa inqubo kahulumeni futhi zinikeze ezinye izigaba.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Ngesivikelo Esilinganayo

Isivikelo esilinganayo asikho kuphela kunoma yiliphi izwe elilodwa, kodwa ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke baye basungula izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuqinisekisa ukuphathwa kahle ngaphansi komthetho. Ukuhlola imibono yomhlaba wonke kunikeza ukuqonda okuwusizo nezibonelo ezingase ziqinise isivikelo esifanayo.

Izimboni Zomthetho - sisekelo Eziqhathaniswayo

Amazwe amaningi aye afaka isiqinisekiso sokulingana emithethweni yawo, nakuba izincazelo eziqondile zihluka. Eminye imithetho - sisekelo ibala ngokucacile izici ezivikelekile, kuyilapho eminye isebenzisa ulimi olubanzi oluvimbela ubandlululo ngokuvamile. Ezinye izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo zibeka izibopho eziqondile kohulumeni ukuze bathuthukise ukulingana, hhayi nje ukuba bangacwasi.

Ngokwesibonelo, i-European Convention on Human Rights, inqabela ukucwaswa kwamalungelo omhlangano, futhi iNkantolo yaseYurophu yamaLungu yamalungelo abantu iye yasungula ukuchaza okukhulu ukunqatshelwa kwalemithetho. Umthetho-sisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika uhlanganisa elinye lamalungiselelo omhlaba alingana kakhulu, avikela ngokucacile izici eziningi nemisebenzi emikhulu kuhulumeni nakubadlali abazimele.

Imishini Yamalungelo Abantu Emhlabeni Wonke

I - United Nations Sustainable Development Seary 10 ne - Second 16 nazo zisekela imizamo yomhlaba wonke yokuqeda imithetho yokucwasa. Lezi zinqubo zomhlaba wonke zakha izinqubo zokulandisa futhi zikhuthaza ohulumeni ukuba baqinise izimiso zabo zokuvikela ezilinganayo.

Izivumelwano zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke ziveza izibopho ezidinga ohulumeni ukuba bachaze imizamo yabo yokuvikela izindikimba zomhlaba wonke.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Yokuqinisa Isivikelo Esilinganayo

Ngokusekelwe ocwaningweni nasekwenzeni okuhlangenwe nakho, kuye kwavela izindlela eziningana ezinhle kakhulu kohulumeni abafuna ukuqinisa isivikelo esifanayo nokuqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu baphathwa ngendlela efanele.

Ukuvimbela Okuqhubekayo Kunokuba Kube Yimpoqo

Kunokuba igxile ngokuyinhloko ekubonakaliseni ubandlululo ngemva kwalokho, imithetho yethu kumelwe ibangele izisusa ezinamandla kakhulu kubaqashi ukuba bathathe imikhuba eklanyelwe ukuvimbela ubandlululo, izimiso zokuhlola ubandlululo, nokulungisa izinkinga.

Ohulumeni bangafaka izinyathelo eziqhubekayo ngezinqubo ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokuthola impatho ekhethekile ekutholeni izinhlangano ezinamarekhodi anamandla okulwa nobandlululo, ukunciphisa isibopho ezinhlanganweni ezisebenzisa izinhlelo zokuvimbela izikhali eziqinile, nezinhlelo zokuqaphela eziqokomisa imikhuba eyisibonelo.

Enye Impi Engaxazululwa Izindlela Zokusebenzisa Imishini

Abaqashi kufanele banikeze ezinye izikhalo futhi baphikise ngezinqubo zokuxazulula izinqumo ezinikeza izindlela eziningi zokuxazulula izinkathazo zezisebenzi kuyilapho futhi zivikela izisebenzi ekuphindiseleni; lezi zindlela zihlanganisa amahhovisi ayizithukuthuku futhi izindlela zokubika imfihlo noma okungaziwa. Lezi zinqubo zingakusingatha ngokushesha futhi ngokungemthetho ukucwasa.

Esinye isibonelo ihhovisi le-ombuds, elisebenza njengeqembu elingathathi hlangothi elisiza ekuxazululeni izindlela zokuxazulula ukukhathazeka. Abanye abaqashi baye bamukela izinqubo zesithathu ezigunyaziwe zobuchwepheshe zokukhononda nezinqubo ezingasebenza njengezimiso zokuxwayisa zakudala ngokusebenzisa ukwaziswa okungaziwa nokwengagunyaziwe ukuze kwambulwe izimo zengqondo nokubona imicimbi ehlelekile ngaphakathi kwenhlangano.

Iqoqo Lemininingwane Ethakazelisayo Nokubona Kahle

Isivikelo esilinganayo sidinga ukuqonda ukuthi ubandlululo lubangelwa yini nokuthi lubonakala kanjani. Ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa kwenza ohulumeni nezinhlangano zikwazi ukuphawula izindlela, ukungenela kwezisulu, nentuthuko yokulinganisela. Ukuveza isimo esicacile ngalo kwaziswa kudala ukulandisa futhi kwenza abagcini bemali bahlole ukuthi isivikelo esifanayo siyafinyelelwa yini.

Ukulinganisela ngokulinganayo, ukubika inani labantu, nokuhlola isimo sezulu kungaveza umehluko ongase uhlale ufihlekile. Ukwenza lokhu kwaziswa kutholakale obala, kuyilapho kuvikela umuntu ngamunye, kwenza izinhlangano zomphakathi, abacwaningi nomphakathi ukuba zibone ukuthi izinhlangano zinecala.

Imithombo Eyanele Yokuphoqelelwa Kwezimo Eziphuthumayo

Ngisho nezinqubo ezibanzi kakhulu ezingokomthetho ziyohluleka ngaphandle kokuphoqelelwa ngokwanele. Ohulumeni kumelwe banikeze izimali ezanele izinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo abantu ukuze zihlole izikhalo ngokuphelele, ziphishekele ukuphulwa kwezimiso, futhi zinikeze amakhambi awusizo ezisulwini zobandlululo. Lokhu akuhlanganisi nje izimali kuphela kodwa nobuchwepheshe bokusingatha izinhlobo ezivelayo zobandlululo.

Izinhlangano eziphoqelelayo zidinga izisebenzi ezinobuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nolwazi olungokomthetho, amakhono okucwaninga, amakhono okuhlaziya ukwaziswa, nokuqonda umongo oveza ubandlululo. Ukutshala imali kula manxusa kubonisa ukuzimisela kukahulumeni ukuvikela nokuthuthukisa ukuphumelela kwazo.

Ukuvikela Inani Labantu Abanokwanda Okungavikeleki

Kumelwe kunakwe ngokukhethekile imiphakathi ebhekene nesithiyo esikhethekile sokuthola isivikelo esilinganayo, kuhlanganise nezifiki, abantu abanobuciko obulinganiselwe besiNgisi, abantu abakhubazekile, nalabo abasesimweni esibucayi sezomnotho. Ohulumeni kufanele banikeze izimiso ezifinyelelekayo zokukhononda, usizo lolimi, nokufinyelela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi lemiphakathi ingawasebenzisa amalungelo ayo.

Kufanele futhi ziqinise isivikelo nemikhuba yokunqanda ukubuya. Isivikelo esimelene nokubuyiselwa kwemisebe sibalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi abantu abasengozini bazizwa bephephile lapho bebika ubandlululo ngaphandle kokwesaba imiphumela emibi.

Indima Yomphakathi Wasemphakathini Nabenzi Bemithetho Yangasese

Nakuba ohulumeni benomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa okulinganayo, izinhlangano zomphakathi nabadlali bomphakathi bafeza izindima ezibaluleke kakhulu zokubambisana.

Ukuqasha Nokuhlola Izinhlangano

Izinhlangano zamalungelo ezakhamuzi zinakekela ukuvumelana kukahulumeni nezibopho ezilinganayo zokuvikela, zisekela isivikelo esiqinile, zinikeza usizo olungokomthetho ezisulwini ezicwaswayo, futhi ziqaphelisa umphakathi ngezindaba ezilinganayo.

Izinhlangano zobukhazikhazi zisebenza futhi njengabaxhumanisi phakathi kwemiphakathi ethintekile nezinhlangano zikahulumeni, zisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imizamo yokuvikela efanayo iyasabela ezidingweni nasezehlakalweni ezingokoqobo kunokuba ibhekane nezimiso ezingokomthetho ezingaqondakali.

Umthwalo Wemfanelo Nokubambisana Ngokuzithandela

Izinhlangano eziningi ezizimele ziye zamukela izimiso ezimelene nokucwasana ezidlula izimfuneko ezingokomthetho, ziqaphela ukuthi ukuhlukahluka nokufakwa kwazo kuzuzisa imisebenzi yazo futhi kuvumelane nezindinganiso zazo. Lemizamo yokuzithandela ingaphelelisa ukugcinwa komthetho futhi ibangele amasiko okulingana okungafinyeleleki okugunyazwa ngokomthetho kuphela.

Izindinganiso zezemisebenzi, imithetho yokuziphatha ekhokhelwayo, nezinhlelo zokuqinisekisa ngokuzithandela zingamisa inqubo ekhuthaza ukwelashwa okulinganayo ngisho nasezicini lapho izimfuneko ezingokomthetho zingalinganiselwa khona. Lezi zinqubo zokuqondisa zangasese zingaphumelela kakhulu ekuxazululeni izindaba ezintsha lapho umthetho ungakavezi khona ukusabela okubanzi.

Izikole Nokucwaninga

Izinhlangano ezingekho emthethweni nezicwaninga zisiza ekuvikeleni isivikelo esifanayo ngokuhlola ubandlululo, ukuhlola ukuphumelela kokungenela nokuqeqesha ochwepheshe besikhathi esizayo abayosebenzisa futhi basebenzise imithetho efanayo yokuvikela. Ukucwaninga komphakathi kungaveza izindlela ezicashile zobandlululo, amakhambi amasha, futhi kunikeze ubufakazi bokusekela izinguquko zezimiso.

Izinhlangano zemfundo nazo zithonya izimo zengqondo nezindinganiso, zisiza ekudaleni izizukulwane zezakhamuzi ezizinikele ekulinganani futhi ezihlomele ukuqaphela nokubekela ubandlululo inselele emongweni wazo siqu.

Iziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo Nezindaba Ezilandelayo

Isivikelo esifanayo kumelwe siqhubeke siphendukela ekubhekaneni nezinhlobo ezintsha zobandlululo nezimo ezishintshayo zezenhlalo.

Ubuchwepheshe Nobuqotho Bemithetho

Njengoba ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa nezimiso zokwenza izinqumo ezizenzekelayo ziqala ukusakazeka kakhulu, kuqinisekisa ukuthi lezobuchwepheshe aziqhubeki ziseyinselele enkulu noma zikhulise ukucwasana. Ohulumeni baqala ukusungula izimiso zokuqondisa ngokulunga kwemithetho, kodwa umsebenzi obalulekile uyaqhubeka ukudala izimiso zokwengamela eziphumelelayo.

Imibuzo ephathelene nokukhanya, ukulandisa, nelungelo lokuchaza ngesinqumo esizisebenzelayo iyakuhlela indlela isivikelo esilingana ngayo ezimisweni zezobuchwepheshe. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bangabekela izinqumo zokukhipha umthetho womthetho-mthetho idinga isivikelo esisha somthetho kanye nekhono lobuchwepheshe.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Nobulungisa Bendawo Ezungezile

Izinkampani zobulungisa ezivikela indawo ezungezile ziphikisa ngokuthi kumelwe ziqiniseke ukuthi imithwalo yemvelo nezinzuzo zayo zabelwa ngokulinganayo nokuthi yonke imiphakathi inesivikelo esifanayo ekulimaleni kwendawo ezungezile.

Njengoba ukuvuselelwa kwesimo sezulu kanye nemizamo yokulungisa isimo sezulu kushesha, ukuqiniseka ukuthi lezi zinyathelo azikukhuphi ukungalingani okukhona noma zidala izinhlobo ezintsha zobandlululo kuyoba okubalulekile. Izici zokuvikela ezilinganayo kungase kudingeke zandiswe ukuze kulungiswe ubandlululo lwendawo ezungezile.

Ukungalingani Kwezomnotho Nokucwaswa Kwesigaba

Inkantolo iye yalahla izimpikiswano zokuthi ubudala nobumpofu kufanele kubhekwe njengezindawo ezisolwayo.Naphezu kwalokhu kuba madolonzima kokwahlulela, ukungalingani okukhulayo kwezomnotho kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi ingabe isisekelo sokuvikela esilinganayo sokukhetha isigaba kuyafaneleka yini.

Ezinye izazi nabasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ukwandisa isivikelo esilinganayo ukuze kusingathwe ukucwaswa kwezomnotho ngokuqondile, beqaphela ukuthi ubumpofu bungalinganisela ukutholakala kobulungisa, imfundo, izindlu, namanye amathuba ayisisekelo.

Ukufuduka Kwembulunga Yonke Nezakhamuzi

Ukwanda kokufuduka kwembulunga yonke kuphakamisa imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi ngokuphathelene nesivikelo esifanayo.

Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso zokufuduka azicatshangelwe ngenxa yezici ezivikelwe kuyilapho ukuvumela ohulumeni ukuba balawule imingcele kunezingqinamba eziqhubekayo.

Intuthuko Elinganiswayo Nokulandisa

Ukuhlola ukuthi isivikelo esifanayo siyafinyelelwa yini kudinga izinqubo eziqinile nokulandisa. Ohulumeni nomphakathi kumelwe bathuthukise izindlela zokulinganisela intuthuko nokubona izindawo ezidinga ukunakekelwa okwengeziwe.

Izikhombo Zokuhlanganisa

Izinyathelo ezingokomthetho zingaveza umehluko wemiphumela emaqembuni ahlukahlukene, kuhlanganise namanani emisebenzi, amagebe eholo, ukufinyelela imfundo, imiphumela yempilo, nokuhileleka kobulungisa bobugebengu. Nakuba ukungalingani kungabonisi ukucwasana ngaso sonke isikhathi, zingahlukanisa izindawo ezidinga ukuphenywa nokungenela okwengeziwe.

Ukulandelela ushintsho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kusiza ekuhloleni ukuthi imizamo yokuvikela elinganayo inciphisa ukuhluka kwezindlela ezintsha noma ingabe kudingeka izindlela ezintsha. Ukungavumelani nokwaziswa ngezici eziningi kungaveza ukuhlukahluka kwezindlela okungase kufiphazwe izibalo ezicushiwe.

Ukuhlolwa Kwabantu Abanezakhi Eziningi

Ukucwaninga okuhlanganisa izingxoxo, amaqembu aqondise phambili, nokuhlolwa kwezezimali, kunikeza ukuqonda kokuhlangenwe nakho okuphilayo kobandlululo nokuphumelela kwesivikelo esingokomthetho. Lokhu kuhlola okungaveza isithiyo esilinganayo sokuthola isivikelo esingase siphuthelwe ukwaziswa okulinganayo.

Ukucwaninga okusekelwe emphakathini okuhilela ukusikisela komphakathi, okuhilela imiphakathi ethintekayo ekuklameni nasekucwaningeni, kungaqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlaziya kubonisa izinto eziza kuqala nokuhlangenwe nakho kwalabo abathinteka kakhulu ngokubandlululwa.

Imishini Eqashelwayo

Izimfuneko zokubika njalo, ukuhlola okuzimele, kanye nezindikimba zobubonisi zingabangela ukuba izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezinhlangano ezizimele zibone ukuthi zinezibopho ezifanayo zokuvikela.

Ukwengamela umthetho, ukubukezwa kokwahlulela, nezinqubo zokuphatha kunikeza iziteshi ezingokomthetho zokulandisa, kuyilapho ukucusumbula kwemithombo yezindaba nokugada umphakathi kwakha ukucindezela okungahleliwe. Izimiso eziningi zokulandisa ziqinisekisa ukuthi izibopho zokuvikela ezilinganayo zishintshela ekusebenzeni ngokoqobo.

Isiphetho: Umsebenzi Oqhubekayo Wesivikelo Esilinganayo

Isivikelo esifanayo simelela kokubili isimiso somthetho esiyisisekelo nesifiso esiqhubekayo.

I - Act Expande Protection Claus ibonakala iyindathane emikhakheni yamalungelo omphakathi nenkululeko eyisisekelo njengombhalo womthetho - sisekelo onikeza izinkantolo zikahulumeni nezikahulumeni amandla amakhulu okubukeza ngokuphathelene nokuphathwa kwabantu nezigaba ezihlukahlukene.

Ukufinyelela isivikelo esifanayo kudinga isibopho esiqinile kohulumeni, emphakathini, ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi, nabantu ngabanye. Sidinga imithombo eyanele ezinhlanganweni zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamandla, imizamo yokuvimbela okusheshayo, isivikelo kubantu abasengozini, nokuzimisela ukusingatha izindlela zokucwasana ezivelayo. Kudinga kokubili ukulingana okungokomthetho kanye nemizamo engokomthetho yokuxazulula izinkinga zomlando nezithiyo zokwakha.

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kokuvikelwa okulinganayo ekudaleni ubandlululo lobuhlanga nokusetshenziswa kwalo kwamanje ezimweni eziningi kubonisa kokubili intuthuko nezinselele eziqhubekayo. Njengoba imiphakathi iba nezindlela ezihlukahlukene neziyinkimbinkimbi, izimiso ezilinganayo zokuvikela kumelwe ziqhubeke ziguquka, zikhulume ngezindlela ezintsha zobandlululo kuyilapho zilondoloza izibopho eziyisisekelo zokungaguquguquki nokulingana.

Kulabo abafuna ukuqonda amalungelo abo noma abanikela ekuvikeleni okufanayo, kunemithombo eminingi. U.S. I-Octive Offcionation Commission inikeza ukwaziswa ngemithetho yokucwaswa kwemisebenzi nezimiso zokukhononda. [ Ukukhishwa kwemithetho yeSishayamthetho yamaLungelo [[FLT:] kugunya imithetho yesizwe enqamule imo ehlukene. [[FLT:] [FLT]] i-Irbeclect Union Union [[[FLT:]] kanye namanye amalungelo esizwe anikeza usizo olungokomthetho kanye nokungalawuleki.[Foctivev:] njenge [Foctal:6] izinhlangano zeSikole seMithetho yeSikole se-Ovial Convial Convition [FF] Izimiso ezihlangene ze-Foctivestion: [Foctiveal:]

Isivikelo esifanayo asiyona inqubo eqhubekayo edinga ukuqapha, ukuvumelana nezimiso nesibopho. Ngokuqonda indlela ohulumeni abavikela ngayo isivikelo esifanayo, baqaphele izinselele eziphikelelayo futhi basekele izixazululo eziphumelelayo, abantu ngabanye nezinhlangano bangasiza ekudaleni imiphakathi lapho bonke abantu bethola khona ukuphathwa kahle okuqotho ngaphansi komthetho. Umsebenzi wokuvikela okulinganayo uyaqhubeka, udinga kokubili ukuklanywa okungokomthetho kanye nokuzibophezela komthetho okuyisisekelo okudinga ukuba bonke abantu bahlonishwe futhi bahlonishwe.