Ukuqonda Amalungelo Akho Omthetho - sisekelo Phakathi Nokuhlangana Kwamaphoyisa

Nsuku zonke, izigidi zabantu e-United States zisebenzelana nezikhulu zezemithetho phakathi nokuma kwezimoto, ukuhlangana kwemigwaqo, noma emakhaya azo. Lokhu kusebenzelana kungaba okucindezelayo, okudidayo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kukhule kube yizinkinga ezingathi sína ezingokomthetho. Ukwazi amalungelo akho ngaphansi kwe-U.S. akusona nje isivikelo esingokomthetho esisebenzayo esisiza ukuba uhlale uzolile, ubeke imingcele, futhi uzivikele ekuzifuneleni okungekho emthethweni, ukuncintisana, noma ukuvalelwa okungalungile. Lesiqondiso sinikeza ukucatshaniswa okunegunya kwamalungelo enqubweni yenqubo, izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokusingatha inqubo yamaphoyisa, nokuthi yini engenziwa uma lawomalungelo ephulwa.

Iyini Inqubo Efanelekayo Futhi Kungani Ibalulekile?

Inqubo elindelekile isimiso somthetho esiyisisekelo esisekelwe eMthethweni wesihlanu noweshumi nane weSichibiyelo soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. Ifuna ukuba uhulumeni ahloniphe wonke amalungelo angokomthetho abekwe umuntu, aqinisekise ukuphathwa ngokulunga ngesimiso sokwahlulela. Ngomongo wezokuhlangana kwamaphoyisa, inqubo efanelekile isho ukuthi abaphathi kumelwe balandele izinqubo ezimisiwe lapho bedlulisa, behlola, noma bebopha othile. Unelungelo lokuqaphela iziphakamiso ozikwenazo, ithuba lokuzwa, kanye nomenzi wesinqumo esingathathi hlangothi. Inqubo efanelekile ivimbela futhi inqubo engokomthetho elawulayo ivimbela ukuqaphela lapho udlulisa umugqa womthetho ongokomthetho welungelo lakho.

Ukuze uthole incazelo ejulile yenqubo efanele nezimpande zayo ezingokomlando, bheka Cornell Legil Information ye-.

Amalungelo Akho Ekhorali Phakathi Nokuhlangana Namaphoyisa

IBhili of Rights inikeza isivikelo esiyinhloko esisebenza ngokuqondile lapho usebenzelana nomthetho olandelwayo. La malungelo awakona ukusikisela okuzikhethela, kodwa ayizikhuseli ezingokomthetho eziphoqelelwe. Ngezansi ukuwohloka kwamalungelo agxeka kakhulu okufanele uwazi.

Ilungelo Lokuthula (ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu)

Unelungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokuthula futhi wenqabe ukuphendula imibuzo ebuzwa amaphoyisa, ukuthi umiswe emgwaqweni, uthathwa ngemoto, noma uboshwa. Lelilungelo likuvikela ekuphoqelelweni ukuba uzenze impondo. Akudingeki ukuchaza ukuthi kungani uthule. Ngamafuphi, umane uthi, “Ngisebenzisa ilungelo lami ukuba ngithule.”[ Kodwa, qaphela ukuthi ngokuvamile kudingeka unikeze igama lakho futhi ume phakathi nokuma okungokomthetho. Ngemva kokunikeza lokho kwaziswa okuyisisekelo, ungakuncelazela ngokuthule kwakho. Izinkantolo zilokhu zikholelwa ukuthi ukuthula kuphela okungenakusetshenziswa njengobufakazi becala, kodwa kuhlakaniphile ukugomela ukugwema ukugcola.

Ilungelo Lokuthola I - Attorney (ISichibiyelo Sesithupha)

Uma uboshelwe noma uboshelwe ejele, unelungelo lokukhuluma nommeli ngaphambi kokuphendula noma yimiphi imibuzo. Lelilungelo lihlanganisa izintambo ezake zaqulwa njengezokwahlulela, kodwa ungacela ummeli phakathi nokuphenywa kwelungelo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isigaba siyini. Uma ungenammeli, kumelwe umiswe. Kubalulekile ukukhuluma ngaleli lungelo: [[FLT:] “ngifuna ukukhuluma nommeli wami. Angiphenduli imibuzo kuze kube yilapho ummeli wami ekhona.” Uma ungacela ummeli, konke kumelwe kumiswe kuze kufike ummeli. Ungacindezelwa abaphathi abangase bazame ukuqhubeka nengxoxo yakho.

Ilungelo Lokwazi Icala (Inqubo Emisiwe NeSichibiyelo Sesithupha)

Uma uboshiwe, unelungelo lokutshelwa ngamacala aqondile obekwe wona. Lokhu kungaqinisekisa ukuthi ungazilungiselela futhi uqonde uhlobo lwalezo zinsolo. Abaphathi-mikhosi kufanele banikeze lokhu kwaziswa ngesikhathi sokuboshwa noma ngokushesha ngemva kokubhala incwadi. Uma uboshiwe kodwa ungakaboshwa, ungabuza ukuthi umangalelwa yini ngecala elithile. Uma isikhulu sithi awuboshiwe, ungabuza ukuthi ukhululekile yini ukuba uhambe (bheka ngezansi).

Ilungelo Lokwenqaba Ukuvuma Ukucwaninga (ISichibiyelo Sesine)

ISichibiyelo sesine sikuvikela ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo nasekuqubukeni. Ngokuvamile, amaphoyisa adinga imvume esayiniwe umahluleli ukuba ahlole ikhaya lakho, imoto, noma imiphumela yomuntu siqu. Kukhona okuhlukile: uma amaphoyisa ekhona okunokwenzeka, uma efuna, noma enemvume yokuwabopha engokomthetho, angase afune ngaphandle kwemvume yakho. Amaphoyisa acela imvume yokufuna imvume yakho. Uma efuna imvume yokufuna. Uma enqaba, qiniseka ukuthi cha. [FLT: 0] “Angivumi ukuphesha.[FLT:] Ume ukwenqaba ngeke kusetshenziswe njengobufakazi bobubi, nakuba amaphoyisa engase afuna uma efuna ukulunga. Uma uqhubeka, uma uqhubeka ukwenqaba kwakho, uyokwazi ukuvikela inselele.

Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okulungile (ISichibiyelo Sesithupha)

Uma ubekwa icala lobugebengu, unelungelo lokuqulwa icala okusheshayo nomphakathi yijaji elingakhethi, ukubhekana nofakazi ngokumelene nawe, futhi ube nosizo lweseluleko. Lelilungelo lihlanganisa yonke into kusukela ekukhetheni amajaji kuya ekunikezelweni kobufakazi. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo efanele ilandelwa ngaphambi naphakathi nokuqulwa icala umthwalo wommeli wakho, kodwa ungasiza ngokubhala noma yiziphi iziphambeko zezeluleko noma ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo okwenzeka phakathi nokuhlangana kokuqala kwamaphoyisa.

Indlela Yokusingatha Ukuhlangana Okuqondile Kwamaphoyisa

Izimo ezihlukahlukene zidinga ukusabela okuhlukahlukene.ngezansi kunezinqubo eziwusizo zezimo ezifanayo, ugxila ekuvikeleni amalungelo akho ngaphandle kokuqina.

Ukuhlangana Kwasemgwaqweni (Izimemezelo Ze - Pedestrian)

Uma isikhulu sikumisa emgwaqweni, umbuzo wakho wokuqala kufanele ube: “Ingabe ngikhululekile ukuhamba?” Uma isikhulu sithi yebo, hamba ngomoya ophansi. Uma isikhulu sithi cha, uyaboshwa. Kuleloqophelo, nikeza igama lakho nophawu uma ubuzwa, kodwa wenqabe ukuphendula imibuzo eyengeziwe. Ungagijimi, ungaphikisi, noma umelane ngokomzimba, ngisho noma ukholelwa ukuthi ijele alivunyelwe ngokomthetho. Kunalokho, ungaholela ekumangalelweni okwengeziwe. Kunalokho, hlala uzolile futhi kamuva ubeke inselele ukuma okungokomthetho emigwaqweqweni engokomthetho.

Uma isikhulu sicela ukusesha isikhwama sakho noma amaphakethe, ungasho: “ Angivumi ukusesha.” Uma befuna, bangaphikisi ngokoqobo. Qaphela igama lomphathi, inombolo yamabheji, nenombolo yemoto, futhi uxoxe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka kummeli wakho noma inhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi.

Izimoto Ziyama

Ukumiswa kwezimoto kungenye yezimo ezivamile zamaphoyisa. Uma ubona izibani ngemva kwakho, zidonsa ngokuphephile, zicime injini, futhi zigcine izandla zakho zibonakala egunjini lokuqondisa. Qedela ilayisensi yomshayeli, ukubhalisa, nobufakazi bomshuwalense. Ungadingeka uphendule imibuzo eyisisekelo njenge . Ungasho ngokuzithoba ukuthi: [FLT:] [[FLT]] [[FLT:]] uhlale uthule. Ngifuna ukuphendula imibuzo ewuthwele.[FLT]

Uma isikhulu sicela ukusesha imoto yakho, ungasenqaba imvume. Nokho, uma isikhulu sikhona isizathu (umz., sibona isitsha esivulekile noma insangu), bangasesha ngaphandle kwemvume yakho. Uma kunjalo, basho ngokucacile ukuthi awuvumi kodwa awuphazamisi. Ngemva kokuma, bhala yonke into: isikhathi, indawo, igama lomphathi, nanoma yimuphi ofakazi. Uma unomuzwa wokuthi ukuma akuvunyelwe ngokomthetho noma ukuphenya bekungafanelekile, thintana nommeli wesivikelo ngokushesha.

Ukuhlangana Ekhaya Lakho

Amaphoyisa adinga imvume yokufuna noma yokubopha ukuze angene ekhaya lakho. Uma amaphoyisa engqongqoza emnyango wakho, awudingeki ukuba uyivule. Buza ngapha komnyango: “Unalo yini ugunyazo?” Uma ethi yebo, bacele ukuba bafake isiqinisekiso emnyango noma babambe ifasitela ukuze ungayiboni. Qonda imininingwane yencwadi ````ikheli'''', isithi i-ocet shay'. Uma imvume isemthethweni isemthethweni isemthethweni ivumelekile. Uma ikhona, kumelwe ukuba ikwazi ukuyibona futhi ungaphawula ukuthi yini. Uma bengena imvume, ungayiyenqaba: [FLD:]“ vuma ukungena kwakho. [FTB].[FT]

Ukuze uthole isiqondiso esengeziwe sokusingatha imvume, hlola ACLU] Aclu Know Arelator Yobukhondlali Bakho engxabanweni zamaphoyisa.

Okumelwe Ukwenze Uma Amalungelo Akho Ephulwa

Ngisho noma wazi amalungelo akho, amaphoyisa angase adlule. Uma ukholelwa ukuthi iphoyisa liye laphula amalungelo akho, kubalulekile ukuthatha izinyathelo ezizokusiza ngokushesha. Ungaxabani noma umelane nalesi senzakalo − okungabhebhethekisa isimo futhi kuholele ekumangaleleni okwengeziwe. Kunalokho, gxila ekulondolozeni ubufakazi futhi ufune ukubuthola ngokusemthethweni kamuva.

Izenzo Ezisheshayo Phakathi Nokuhlangana

Hlala uzolile futhi uvumelana nezenzo ezingokomzimba. Ungagijimi, umemeze, noma uthinte isikhulu. Uma ukholelwa ukuthi ukuseshwa noma ukuboshwa akuvunyelwe ngokomthetho, ungasho ngokucacile: “angisavumelani nalokhu kuhlola”[ noma [[FLT]] [[FLT]] ngikholelwa ukuthi ngivalelwe ngokungemthetho. [[FLT:] [[FLT]] ulandela imiyalo engokomthetho (umz., faka izandla zakho emuva”. Ukwenqaba ukuboshwa, ngisho noma ukuboshwa ekugcineni kubhekwa njengokungavunyelwe umthetho, kungaphumela ekumangaleni okungase kuhluleke kakhulu. Icebo lakho lokuvumelana ngokomzimba.

Ukuqoqa Ubufakazi Ngemva Kokuhlangana

Ngokushesha uma uphephile, bhala konke okukhumbulayo: usuku, isikhathi, indawo, igama lesikhulu, inombolo yemoto, inombolo yokuhlola, amagama nokwaziswa okuthintana nofakazi, kanye nemininingwane yalokho okushiwoyo nokwenzekile. Uma unocingo futhi uphephile ukwenza kanjalo, ungaqopha ukuhlangana (bheka imithetho kazwelonke ekuqopheni inombolo ye-carpeat). Gcina amavidiyo, izithombe, noma amafayela okuxhumana. Ungawabhali. Lobu bufakazi bungaba balulekile uma ufaka isikhalo noma uletha icala.

Ukukhononda

Izinhlangano eziningi zamaphoyisa zinezindaba ezisemkhakheni ezivuma izikhalazo ezingekho emthethweni. Ungathintana nebhodi lomphathi wedolobha noma ummeli wesifunda. Isikhalo sakho sibhalwe phansi futhi sihlanganise nobufakazi obunikiwe. Yisho ngokuqondile ukuthi yimaphi amalungelo owakholelwa ukuthi aphulwa futhi kanjani. Gcina amakhophi azo zonke izinto.

Ukufuna Usizo Olungokomthetho

Uma uboshiwe noma uma ukuphulwa komthetho kubangele ukulimala, xhumana nommeli osebenza ngokukhokha amalungelo omphakathi noma ukuzivikela kobugebengu. Abaningi banikeza ukuhlola kokuqala okukhululekile. Ummeli angakusiza ukuba ubhale uhambo lokucindezela ubufakazi obutholakele ngokungemthetho, adlulise isicelo uma umangalelwa, noma ulethe amalungelo omphakathi ngaphansi kuka-42.S.C. ngomonakalo. Izinhlangano ezifana ne- Compulbel Liberies Union (ACLU) futhi izinhlangano zokusiza noma zikhombe imithombo yokusiza esemthethweni yendawo zinganikeza imithombo yemali nezindawo ezikhokhwayo. Kuyo kuphansi, [[FLT:]] Izinkonzo ezingokomthetho.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngokuqungatha izikhalo namakhambi angokomthetho, bheka isihloko nolo ngokuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa namalungelo akho [.

Imicebo Yemfundo Ukuze Iqinise Ulwazi Lwakho

Nansi imithombo eminingi enokwethenjelwa yemfundo eyengeziwe:

  • [ Aclu Ayazi Amalungelo Akho: Iziqondisi ezicuphayo zamasiteshi omgwaqo, iziteshi zomgwaqo, izikhawu zezindiza, nokubhikisha. Ukuvakashela aclu.org/wazi-amalungelo akho.
  • Abameli besizwe ba-Guild (NLG): Inikeza i-National Police Accounting Project nezinhlelo ze-projekthi zengqapheli engokomthetho. Iwebhusayithi yabo inikeza abashisekeli nemiphakathi imithombo yezimali.
  • I-Inday ye-Iaid esemthethweni yendawo: Amadolobha amaningi anamahhovisi osizo olungokomthetho olunikeza izishadi zakho ezisemthethweni ezinikeza amashabhu amahhala olwazi kanye nokuhlolana mahhala.
  • Izikhungo zomsebenzi ezihlangene: Izinhlangano ezinjengeNAACP, Southern Poverty Law Center, namahhovisi omphakathi endawo ngokuvamile zingenisa iziteshi zemfundo yomphakathi mahhala emagameni amaphoyisa.
  • Orline Legin Portals: I-Website ezinjenge-Justia, Nolo, ne Cornell LII inikeza izincazelo ezicacile zolimi zomthetho-sisekelo nenqubo yobugebengu.

Isiphetho: Ulwazi Luwuhlobo Lokuqala Lokuzivikela

Ukumisa ukuhlangana namaphoyisa akuvamile ukuba kube lula, kodwa ukuqonda amalungelo akho afanele enqubo kungaba nomehluko omkhulu emphumeleni. Ukwazi ukuthi kufanele ukhulume nini, nini uhlale uthule nini, nini uvuma, futhi nini ukwenqaba ukukunikeza ukulawula ukuxhumana kuyilapho uvikela izithakazelo zakho ezingokomthetho. Njalo khumbula: Hlala uzolile, uqinise amalungelo akho kodwa ungawasebenzisi ngokungqongqo, futhi ubhale phansi konke. Uma ukwephulwa kwenqubo kwenzeka, ungadangali, kunezinqubo ezingokomthetho zokuqinisa umthetho. Uma ufunda ngokwengeziwe, ukulungele kangcono ukuvikela amalungelo akho kanye nawe womphakathi wakho.