Isimiso somthetho sivame ukuchazwa njengokumiswa kokulunga nokulunga, kodwa ukuhlangana kwezinhlanga nenqubo efanele kwembula ukuhluka okuphawulekayo okubekela le nkinga. Kubafundisi, abafundi, nabameleli bobulungisa bezenhlalo, ukuqonda indlela inqubo yezinhlanga efanelekile okungeyona indlela yokufunda nje eyisisekelo, kuyisinyathelo esidingekile sokuhlukanisa nokususa ukuhlelwa kwezimiso ezingokomthetho. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo uqinisekisa inqubo ehambelanayo kubo bonke, ubufakazi obungokomlando nobezinsika bubonisa ukuthi izinhlanga ezimbalwa zivame ukubhekana nohlobo oluhlukile, olunesivikelo esincane salezi zimiso. Lesi sihloko sihlola izimiso eziyisisekelo zenqubo efanelekile, sihlola indlela ezishintsha ngayo zonke izigaba ezingokomthetho, ziqokomisa ngayo izimo ezibonisa ukucwasana kwezinhlanga, futhi zidingida imizamo yamanje ehlela ukwahlulela ngokulungayo ngaphansi komthetho wobulungisa.

Isisekelo Senqubo Efanele

Inqubo elindelekile isiqinisekiso somthetho-sisekelo esisekelwe ezinzibeni zesihlanu nezeshumi nane zoMthetho-sisekelo we-United States. Isichibiyeli sesihlanu senqabela uhulumeni wezwe ukuba anciphe noma yimuphi umuntu "ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho," kuyilapho iSichibiyelo se 145 sidlulisela isivikelo ukuze sithathe izivumelwano. Zombili lezi zinguquko zikha isimiso somthetho esiqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokufanele esimisweni sokwahlulela esivamile. Inqubo elindelekile ihlukaniswa ngokwezigaba ezimbili: i-procedroptic ne-se-setantine.

Inqubo ejwayelekile

Inqubo efanelekile idinga ukuba uhulumeni alandele izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuba anciphe umuntu wokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Izingxenye zihlanganisa ukuqaphela izenzakalo, ithuba lokuzwiwa, nelungelo lokumelelwa ngokomthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. ichaze inqubo edingayo enjengalezehlakalo Goldberg v. UKelly [ [1970], okuthi abamukela inhlalakahle banelungelo lokuqulwa ngaphambi komthetho. Emongweni wobugebengu, inqubo efanelekile efanelekile engokomthetho igunyaza ukuqulwa kwecala, inkantolo engakhethi, nelungelo lokubhekana nofakazi abangakhethi. Nokho, lezi zikhungo zezinhlanga, ezivamile zincishiswa yizimiso ezithiwe yizimiso ezingokomthetho, ezithinta ukuboshwa, nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso ezingokomthetho.

Inqubo Engeyona Inkinga

Inqubo efanelekile eyisisekelo ivikela amalungelo ayisisekelo ekungeneleni kukahulumeni, ngisho nalapho kulandelwa izinqubo ezifanele. Lamalungelo ahlanganisa ukuzifihla, umshado, umkhaya, nokwethembeka komzimba. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa inqubo efanelekile evimbelayo ukushaya imithetho ephazamisa ukuzenzela ngokwenzuzo (] Rhoe v. [[FLT], kamuva ephendulwe [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] amaDobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [FLT])[FLT] inqubo engafanele yemithetho evimbela ukuzalanisa ([[FLT:]]) kanye nomshado ofanayo ([FLT:]] [[FLT]]] igwebergehre. [iindlela egcwele ukuvikela, futhi ithola imvume yokuvikela, ukuvikela, noma isilinganiso esiqinile kulokhu kulokhu kuvela, isilinganiso esiqinile, siyaqhubeka, lapho kulokhu kulokhu kuvela khona, lapho kuvela khona, lapho kuvela khona, futhi kuyaqhubeka, lapho ku

Imisuka Engokomlando Yokwahlukana Ngokobuhlanga Esimisweni Esingokomthetho

Uhlanga lulokhu luyisici esiyinhloko esimisweni somthetho waseMelika. Kusukela kumthetho-mfathu ovumelana noMthetho-sisekelo ku-Fugitix Act ye-Fritive ngo-1850, umthetho waqanjwa ngamabomu ukuba ulwele abantu abaMnyama abangaphansi kwabantu abamnyama. Ngemva kweMpi Yombango, iSiphendu se-constructionon (13th, 14th, no-15) sithembisa isivikelo esifanayo, kodwa awenziwa imithetho emnyama futhi kamuva uJim Crow wabekwa umthetho wemithetho yesizwe yokuthi ukuziphatha kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi zabamnyama kwaphulwa ngamaphutha. Isinqumo seNkantolo enkulu e v.[FLD] [186]]) sagunyazwe "ehlukene kodwa esilinganayo," futhi u-Generalderdialgialgius ungene umthetho womthetho wesizwe wesizwe phakathi kwesigamu sekhulu leminyaka elingaphezu kwesigamu.

Ifa lalomlando lisaqhubeka namuhla. IMpi Yezidakamizwa, eyaqala ngawo-1970, imiphakathi yabaNsundu yahlaselwa ngokungenakulinganiswa yizimo ezifanayo zokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezizweni zobuhlanga. I-Sevencing Project ibika ukuthi uma imikhuba yamanje iqhubeka, indoda eyodwa kwezintathu zabamnyama namuhla ingalindela ukuvalelwa endaweni ethile ekuphileni kwayo. Lamanani abonisa ukuthi i-United States yayinezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokuboshwa emhlabeni, futhi i-Black America iboshwe izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezihlanu. I-Valensigration ibika ukuthi uma ukuthambekela kwamanje kuqhubeka, indoda eyodwa kwezintathu zabamnyama namuhla ingalindela ukuvalelwa endaweni ethile ekuphileni kwakhe. Lamanani abonisa ukuthi lokhu konakala akubonisi nje kuphela kodwa isimiso esiye sasetshenziswa ngokomlando ukujezisa inqubo yokujezisa abantu abamhlophe kunokuba ivikele imiphakathi.

Umehluko Wezinhlanga Kuzo Zonke Iziphepho Zokuqhubeka

Ithonya lohlanga elifanele kusukela ngesikhathi sokuhlangana kokuqala nokuqiniswa komthetho ngokugweba nangamakhambi angemva kokukhipha isigwebo. Isigaba ngasinye sinikeza amathuba okukhetha ukusonta imiphumela.

Ukuphatha Abantu Ngenhlonipho Nokuboshwa

Ukufuna ukuhlanganisa izinhlanga kusalokhu kuwumkhuba ovamile. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi abashayeli abamnyama nabaseSpain bamiswa, baphenywa, futhi baboshwa ngamazinga aphakeme kunabashayeli abamhlophe, ngisho noma amazinga okuhlaselwa ngenkani efana nalawo akhona namaqembu. ACLU[ [umthetho] ubhalile ukuthi kwezinye izindawo, abantu abamnyama basengozini ephindwe kayishumi yokumiswa kunabantu abamhlophe. Lokhu kuyaya ngokuya kukhula, kwakhela irekhodi lobugebengu elithinta umsebenzi, indlu, nokuhlangana nesimiso sobulungisa esikhathini esizayo. Isinqumo sokuboshwa kunokuba sikhiphe isixwayiso noma ukubungaza kobupolisa noma ukucwa kwemibono esobala yokuthi abamhlophe bangaba abamhlophe bangaba ababhidibani nobugebengu.

Ukulahlekelwa Imali Kwangaphambi Kokusetshenziswa Kwezimboni Nokunganakekelwa

Lapho sebeboshiwe, uhlanga lommangalelwa luvumelana kakhulu nokuthi baboshiwe yini ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Isimiso sebheyili, ngokusobala esiklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukubonakala kwenkantolo, ngokuvamile sisebenza njengendlela yokuvalelwa ecebile. Abamangalelwa abamnyama bavame ukunikezwa imali ephakeme ye-parel futhi cishe bangakwazi ukukhokha, kuholele ekuboshweni kusengaphambili. Ukuhlola [i-[FLD:0] iProject kuthole ukuthi abantu abamnyama baboshwe ngamazinga aphakeme kunamadoda amhlophe ngenxa yamacala afanayo. Ukuvalelwa, nakho, kwandisa amathuba okuqiniseka ngenxa yokuzivikela ngenxa yokuthi abamangalelwa abambalwa abangakwazi ukusiza ekuzivikeleni kwabo, ngokunokwenzeka bangaba necala elinecala, futhi balahlekelwe imisebenzi noma izinhlangano zezindawo zokuhlala.

Ukuhlinza Nokugobeka

Abamangaleli bakhona banamandla amakhulu ekunqumeni ukuthi yiziphi izikhalo ezidingwayo kanye nokuthi iziphi izikhankaso ezizonikezwa. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi abamangalelwa abamnyama basengozini enkulu yokubhekana namacala angaphansi futhi mancane amathuba okuba bancishiswe kunabamangalelwa abamhlophe ababekwe ngokomthetho. Ukuhlolwa kuka-2014 kweYunivesithi yaseMichigan Law School kwathola ukuthi abamangalelwa abamnyama bathola isikhalazo esiphinda kathathu kunalabo abamangalelwa abesilisa ngenxa yamacala afanayo. Lokhu kululaza inqubo efanelekile yokunxusa imvume yokuxoxa ngethuba lokuphendula, manje esinquma ukudluliswa kwezikhalo zobugebengu ezingaphezulu kwezingu-9% esimisweni sombuso.

Ukukhethwa kwe Jury

ISiqendu seSisambo seSithathu siqinisekisa i-avaleji engakhethi, kodwa ubandlululo lobuhlanga luvame ukungcolisa inqubo yokukhetha. Abashushisi baye basebenzisa izibhelu zomlando ukuze bakhiphe izikhalazo zabansundu ezibophele ukukhonzwa, ikakhulukazi ezicabeni ezihilela abamangalelwa abaMnyama. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme [1986] ifuna ukunqabela izinselele zohlanga zokuzikhulula, ifuna ukuba izikhali zezinhlanga zingene izinhlanga zingene. Nokho, iBatson ingqina kunzima ukugcinwa ngenxa yokuthi izincazelo zecala azithathi hlangothi. A 2019 ukucwaninga kumthetho [[FLT] [FLD [FLD] [FF:] [FLD]

Ukugwetshwa

I-Sentensing Commission ithole ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi izigebengu zabesilisa abansundu zithola imisho engu-15-20% ubude kunaleyo ebekwe amadoda amhlophe aboshwa ngecala elifanayo. Leligebe liyaqhubeka ngisho nangemva kokulawula ukuphatha ngokunemba, umlando wobugebengu, nezinye izici ezingokomthetho. Iziqondiso zokugweba i-cocaine, ezathatha i-crack (ngokuvame ezisetshenziswa abasebenzisi abaNsundu) njengezinzima ngokuphindwe kayikhulu kune-cocaine eyimpuphu (evame ukusetshenziswa ngabasebenzisi abamhlophe), evezelela ukucwasana kwezinhlanga. I-Fair Send Resemgated Act ka-2010 ka-2010. I-Crectorirgisteriglet yanciphisa ukuhlukaniswa kwemithetho ehlukene kuya ku- 18:1, kodwa ifaugqiza i-mcond yale yalezi zimiso zemithetho yokusetshenziswa kwabamhlophe.

Icala Eliphawulekayo Lidalula Ukungabi Nabulungisa Kobuhlanga

Amacala amaningana aphakeme aye enza ukuba ukuhlangana kwezinhlanga nenqubo efanele kubonakale emphakathini, kubhikishe izinhlangano zokuguqula izinhlangano nokufunda okungokomthetho.

I - Central Park Isihlanu

Ngo-1991, intsha emihlanu emnyama ne-Latino esentsha .Antron McCray, uKevin Richardson, u-Yusef Salaam, uRaymond Santana, noKorey Weave − yalahlwa ngokungeyikho ngokuhlasela nangokudlwengula owesifazane omhlophe eDolobheni lase-New York. Izinkolelo zabo zazisekelwe ekuvumeni izono ngokuphoqelelwe, ukukhishwa kobufakazi beDNA, futhi zakhuthazwa yimithombo yezindaba eyabadweba "iphakethe njenge"umphaka wemoto." Intsha yachitha iminyaka ephakathi kwesithupha nengu-3 ejele ngaphambi kokuba umenzi wecala wangempela weDNA ivume icala lakhe futhi yaveza ukuthi inqubo efanelekile yokuvikela inqubo ye-DNA yahluleka kanjani ukutholakala ngaphandle kweseluleko, futhi amaphoyisa angayinaki. Ngo-2014, i-E. I-E.

Rodney King noMnyango WeLos Angeles Ngo - 1992

Ngo-1991, uRodney King, umqhubi wemoto omnyama, washaywa ngesihluku i-Los Angeles Police Department ngemva kokuxoshwa okukhulu. I-video eqoshiwe yathatha ukushaywa, eyabonisa izikhulu zishaya iNkosi izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezingamashumi amahlanu. Naphezu kobufakazi obucacile, ijaji lakhulula izikhulu ngo 1992, libangela ukungenwa kwezibhelu, ukuphanga, ne-arson okwashiya abantu abangu-6 befile futhi balimele inkulungwane. Isinqumo sabonisa ukuthi ngisho nalapho inqubo efanelekile igcinwa ngokusemthethweni, ukuqulwa kwecala, ukuvikelwa kwecala, ukukhohlakazwa okunga okukhulu kobulungisa. Icala eligqugquzelwayo liveza amalungelo ezikhuluni zomphakathi, eliphumela ezinkonzweni zabo ezimbili, kodwa elezimpini yezwe elihlukene ezisontweni ezingokomthetho ezimhlophe eziqondwe kakhulu.

UMichael Brown NoForguson Prosets

Ukudutshulwa okubulalayo kuka-2014 kukaMichael Brown oneminyaka engu-18 ubudala ngesikhulu samaphoyisa amhlophe e-Forguson, eMissouri, kwabangela ukubhikisha kwesizwe sonke nenhlangano ye-Black Live Matter. Uphenyo lweJaji lwathola ukuthi ubandlululo lwezinhlanga olusakazekile eMnyangweni wezikhulu ze-Forguson Police nenkantolo kamasipala, oluncike emalini ekhokhwa izakhamuzini yabaNsundu ukuze zikhiphe imali. Umbiko ka DOJ waphetha ngokuthi inqubo yezenzwe zezenzwe zezesiteji seSipheshi se - 1450 seSiphetho nenqubo efanelekile. Icala likaBrown lagcizelela ukuthi ubandlululo lungathinta zonke izimiso zobulungisa zendawo, ukunqandwa kwezakhamuzi zabansundu ekutholeni inzuzo yokuzisela imvume yomgwaqo ezisuka enkantolo yokuqala ukuya enkantolo yokugcina.

Izinsimbi Ezingokomthetho Nezikhungo Zazo Ezingokomthetho

Ubandlululo oluphelele lubhekisela ezimweni zengqondo ezingekho zingqondweni noma ezivamile ezilawula izinqumo zethu kanye nokuziphatha. Esimisweni somthetho, ubandlululo olucacile lungathonya wonke umdlali: amaphoyisa athambekele kakhulu ekubhekeni abantu abamnyama njengabasongelayo, abashushisi ababheka abaMnyama njengabangathembekile, abahluleli abaphoqelela isigwebo esinzima kubantu abamnyama, kanye nabasizi abafaka ubufakazi obukhulu kofakazi abamhlophe. Ukucwaninga ngokusebenzisa ukuhlola okucacile (IAT) kuye kwaqinisekisa ukuthi iningi lamaMelika abheka izinhlangano zomphakathi zinombala omhlophe nomnyama, kuhlanganise namajaji nabameli abaningi.

Izinkantolo azizange zikwazi ukusingatha ubandlululo olucacile ngokuqondile. Nakuba eminye imikhakha manje idinga ukuqeqeshwa okuphelele kobandlululo kumajaji nasemaphoyiseni, ithonya lokuqeqeshwa okunjalo ngemiphumela engokoqobo lihlala lilinganiselwe. Ukuhlola kuka-2017 kweNational Center for State Courts kwathola ukuthi abahluleli abaqeqeshwa ngobandlululo babeyiqaphela kakhulu inqubo yabo yokucwasa kodwa abawushintshanga ukuziphatha kwabo. Izazi ezingokomthetho ziye zabiza ushintsho lwesakhiwo, olunjengezimiso ezikhomba imigaqo nezindlela zokuhlola izingozi zemithetho, kodwa nabo bangalwa nobandlululo uma bengaklanywanga ngokucophelela. Insela ekuqapheleni ukuthi inqubo efanele, njengoba icatshangelwa ngokwesiko, inengqondo, ayizange ibonakale ingcono uma ubandlululo lusebenza ngaphansi kokuqonda kokuqonda.

Imizamo Yenguquko Nokusetshenziswa Kwayo

Ngenxa yokuhlangana okuphikelelayo kwezinhlanga nenqubo efanele, kuye kwahlongozwa futhi kwasetshenziswa izinguquko eziningi emazingeni endawo, ezwe, nakuhulumeni. Le mizamo ifuna ukunciphisa ukuhluka, ukuthuthukisa ukuma okulungile, nokubuyisela ukuthemba esimisweni somthetho.

Ukuphathana Kakhulu Nokulandisa

Izinguquko emkhosini wamaphoyisa zihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakhamera omzimba, ukuvinjelwa kokusetshenziswa kwemiyalo ye-flalting yohlanga (umzk., ukuhlolwa kwenqubo ye-DOJ nokwenza uphenyo). Amanye amadolobha aye azama ukuqeda ukuqeqeshwa nokunqanda ukunqanda ukunqanda ukuboshwa okungadingekile kwabantu ngesifo sengqondo noma ngemiphakathi encintisana. I-ACLU iyaqhubeka isekela ukuqondisa kokuzimela kwezengamela kweminyango yamaphoyisa nokuqeda ukumelana nezifo, okuyizikhulu ezivikela amasuntswo ngisho nalapho amalungelo omthetho-mthetho-siseko ephulwa.

Ukushintsha Kwezinhloso Nezinhloso Zokuzama

Izifunda-mazwe eziningana, kuhlanganise ne-New Jersey, iNew York, ne-California, ziye zaguqula noma zasusa ibheyili yemali emacaleni amaningi. Lezinguquko zithathe indawo yezimo zemali ngokuhlola okusekelwe engozini, futhi ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi ziye zanciphisa amazinga okuvalelwa kwangaphambi kokuhlolwa ngaphandle kokuhluleka okwandayo. Nokho, kusakhathazekile ngohlanga nobandlululo lwesigaba oluzuzwe ngefa lengozi. Amaqembu ezisebenzi eziphethe njengasePredium Justice Institute aqhubezela phambili ekutholeni isilinganiso sokukhanya nomphakathi ekuklameni kwamathuluzi anjalo.

Ukugweba Izinguquko

Umthetho wokwehlisa izinguquko, njenge-Four Step Act ka-2018, uncishisiwe imigwebo ebophekile yecala elithile lezidakamizwa futhi uvumele ukusetshenziswa kwe-Fair Sendensing Act. Isenzo sandisa futhi "i-paregssion" evumela abahluleli ukuba bathathe isigwebo ngaphansi kwemithetho ebophekayo yezinga eliphansi, izihlubuki ezingenabudlova. Ezingeni likahulumeni, amagunya amaningi adinga ukususa izilinganiso eziyimfuneko nokunciphisa imilandulo ekhuliswayo yezinkolelo zangaphambili. Iproject elawulayo inikeza umthetho nesibonelo sokuqondisa lemizamo. Noma kunjalo, izisholo ziphikisa ukuthi impela ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa kudinga ukuncitshiswa kwezidakamizwa kanye nokusetshenziswa komphakathi.

Ukushintsha Nokuhlukahluka Kwezinkantolo

Ukuze kuxoxwe ubandlululo ekukhetheni amajaji, ezinye izifundazwe ziye zenqabela ngokuphelele izinselele zokuzihlehlisa (ukulandela ukuhola kwezifunda ezinjenge-Arizona ne-California). Ezinye zifuna ukuba zonke izigaxa zisekelwe "ngendinganiso elungile". Ukuhlukahluka kwekhothanto kugxile: ukwandisa inani labahluleli abamnyama nababhishobhi, abashushisi, nabavikeli bomphakathi kungathuthukisa ukumelelwa nokulunga kwesimiso sobulungisa. Izinhlangano ezinjenge NAACP LCP Leginfense and Educational Fund ( LDF[F:1]) i-F[FLT]) isebenza ekuqeqesheni italentaneti engokomthetho neligate yoshintsho lwesimiso sezemithetho.

Ukuhlanganyela Nokufundisa Komphakathi

Ukuqapha okungokomthetho kukodwa akunakuxazulula izinkinga ezijulile zobandlululo lobuhlanga. Izinhlelo zemfundo zomphakathi ezifundisa umphakathi ngamalungelo abo, inqubo efanelekile, nezinqubo zesimiso somthetho zibalulekile. Izinkampani ezikwazi ukukunika ilungelo, ukulungisa izinxuluma zobulungisa, nezingxoxo phakathi kokugcinwa komthetho nezindawo zemibala zingakha ukuqondana nokulandisa. Izikole namayunivesithi zifeza indima ebalulekile ngokufaka incazelo egxekayo yohlanga kanye nokufunda okungokomthetho ezifundweni zesikole, kulungiselele isizukulwane esilandelayo sezakhamuzi nabasekeli bezokubekela inselele yokungabi nabulungisa.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlangana kwezinhlanga nenqubo efanele esimisweni somthetho akuyona into ekhathazayo, kodwa kugxile ekutheni isithembiso esinengqondo sobulungisa obulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho siyiqiniso noma siwubufakazi obungokomlando nobesikhathi esikhona bubonisa ukuthi izinhlanga zihlela ngokulandelana okuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu kuzo zonke izigaba zenqubo yobulungisa, kusukela ekubuthweni kwemithetho kuya ekugwetshweni. Izenzakalo zeposi ziye zaletha lokhu kuhlukahluka kokukhanya, kodwa ushintsho olubalulekile ludinga umzamo oqhubekayo emazingeni amaningi: ukuguqula imibandela yomthetho, ukulandisa komphakathi, ukuhlelwa kwezeluleko lwezeluleko, nemfundo yomuntu ngamunye. Kubafundisi nabafundi, ukuqonda le ngqungquthelana kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuya esabelweni komthetho nesenzweni. Njengoba isizwe siqhubeka silwanisa ifa laso lobuhlanga, siqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo edinga inqubo edinga ukuphuphuma kakhulu ngempela ehlala inseleleni lezinseleleni esibhekene kakhulu.