Indima Yembangela Ephambili Ekuhlolweni Kwezezimali

Umqondo wezimbangela ezingenzeka uyisisekelo seSichibiyelo sesine, ikakhulukazi esisekelweni sokuthola imvume yokuthola amarekhodi emali. Isebenza njengesivikelo esibucayi somthetho-sisekelo esivikela ukuzifihla komuntu ngamunye kuyilapho isenza ukuba ukugcinwa komthetho kuqoqe ubufakazi bokugcinwa okungekho emthethweni ngokuphoqelelwa ukuba kuchazwe ukugcinwa kwemali, ukugcinwa kwemali, ukugcinwa kwemali, kanye nemininingwane yentengiselwano. Ukuqonda ukuthi kungenzeka yini ebangela ukugcinwa kwemithetho egciniwe kudinga ukuhlolisiswa kwezindinganiso zomthetho, amacebo omthetho, kanye nezindlela zokucwaninga ezisebenzayo. Lesi sihloko sihlola imfundiso yezicelo ezilindelekile ngezizathu ezingokomthetho zemibhalo engokwezimali, ukugcinwa kwayo okusobala, izimfuneko ezisobala, nezinselele eziqhubekayo ezibangelwa ubuchwepheshe obungasese.

Ukuqonda Imbangela Efanele

Incazelo Nesisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Imbangela enengqondo inkolelo esekelwe emaqinisweni angenakungatshazwa, ukuthi ubugebengu buye benziwa nokuthi ubufakazi bokuthi ubugebengu buyotholakala endaweni noma entweni okumelwe buphenyiswe. Ngokomongo wemibhalo yezimali, ngokunokwenzeka imbangela idinga ukugcinwa komthetho ukuze kuboniswe isilinganiso esifanelekile sokuthi imibhalo ifuna ubufakazi bobugebengu. Lendinganiso isuka eSiphendulweni sesine ukuya eMthethweni we-U.S., onikeza lokhu:

" Ilungelo labantu lokuphepha kubantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, nemiphumela, ngokuphenya okungenangqondo nokuquleka, ngeke kuphazanyiswe, futhi akukho maWarrant azakuphuma, kodwa ngokunokwenzeka, asekelwe u-Oath noma isiqinisekiso, futhi ikakhulukazi ukuchaza indawo okungaseshwa kuyo, nabantu noma izinto ezithinjwayo."

Indinganiso okungenzeka ifeza injongo ehlukene: inika abaphenyi bakahulumeni amandla okuthola ubufakazi obudingekile kuyilapho ivimbela ukuhlaselwa okuyimfihlo noma okuqanjiwe. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaphikelela ikholelwa ukuthi kungenzeka imbangela iwusizo, engasungulwanga isekelwe engqikithini yezimo. Izintambo ze-Illinois v. [izigwegwegwe] [i-as [i Gate:1], u-U.S. 213 (1903), iNkantolo ishiye i-prong eqinileyombili i-Spurellicle [[FLT] [FLT]] ukuhlolwa lokuzisa izihloko nokuhlola okuthambileyonke ulwazi olukhona.

Ukwehluka Ekulahleni Okunengqondo

Imbangela efanelekile kumelwe ihlukaniswe nendinganiso ephansi yokusola okunengqondo, evumela ukuma okufushane kokuhlola nokuhlola okulinganiselwe. Ukusola okunengqondo kudinga amaqiniso aqondile nanengqondo asikisela ukuthi ubugebengu buyimpambano, kodwa kungcono kakhulu kunesizathu esilindelekile. Isiqinisekiso semibhalo yezezimali singaveza kuphela izimbangela zokwahlulela ezingalindelekile, hhayi ukusola nje. Ngakho abaxhasi kumelwe baqoqe iziqu zangempela [ ngaphambi kwe- besebenzisa isiqinisekiso, ngokuvamile bethembela ekuhlolweni kwentengiselwano yezimali, izinkulumo zobufakazi, ukuphawula okuyimfihlo, noma ukukhomba ezingeni ezikhwameni zasebhangenwayo.

Intuthuko Engokomlando Nendima Yemibhalo Yezimali

Ukusetshenziswa kwezizathu ezilindelekile emarekhodini ezimali kuye kwashintsha kanye nezinguquko ezisemqoka ehlelweni lwezezimali nasemfundisweni yesine yeSichibiyelo. United States v. Miller, 435 U.S.196], iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi abathengi abangenalo ithemba elingokomthetho lokuthola amarekhodi emali ebhange ngenxa yokuthi lawo marekhodi ayizincwadi zebhizinisi zebhange, hhayi amaphephandaba azimele. Le "Imfundiso yesithathu" yasho ukuthi uhulumeni ungathola amarekhodi ebhange ngaphandle kwemvume, uma nje isebenzisa inqubo ephansi noma enye engokomthetho. Nokho, ngokulandelana, imithetho enjalo ihlelwe njengemiyalo enzima [FLT: FFF] esemthethweni yezezimali (RFFFFF]). I-"ikhuselwe ukunikeza imvume enkulu kakhulu kahulumeni, noma imvume yokunikeza imvume engokomthetho yezezimali. Imithetho enzima, izimali ezikhona.

Indinganiso Engokomthetho Yabasizi

Izimfuneko Zesichibiyelo Sesine

Imvume esebenzayo kumelwe isekelwe ngokunokwenzeka, isekelwe kwi-affidavit efunwe, futhi ikakhulukazi ichaze indawo okumelwe ihlolwe futhi izinto zithathwe. Embhalweni werekhodi lezimali, i-ffidavit kumelwe ibeke amaqiniso amisa i-nexus phakathi komsebenzi wobugebengu osolwayo nemibhalo efunwayo. Umahluleli (noma, kwezinye izifunda, umahluleli kahulumeni) ukhonza njengomhloli ongathathi-hlangothi ohlola ukwaneliswa kwe-affidavit. Uma uma uma ijaji lithola ukuthi imzahluleli ibangela ukungabi nasizathu, isicelo sogunya kumelwe senqatshwe noma silungiswe.

Imfuneko Eyisisekelo

Izivumelwano zezezimali kumelwe zichaze amarekhodi afunwayo ngokufuna ukuhlolwa okwanele ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuphenya okuvamile noma ukuphenya. Izinkantolo ziye zachitha imithetho echaza "yonke imibhalo yezimali" ngaphandle kokulinganisela, njengoba ulimi olubanzi luphula igunya leSichibiyelo Sesine esikhethekile. Isiqinisekiso esihlelwe kahle samarekhodi emali siveza: i-akhawunti ethile noma ukulandisa okumelwe kuphenywe, isikhathi lapho kufunwa khona imibhalo, izinhlobo zamarekhodi (umk., ukulandisa, iziphakamiso, izingxenyana, ukudlulisa amarekhodi, izinhlelo zocingo, izinhlelo zomthetho eziboletwayo), kanye nomsebenzi wobugebengu osolwayo ohlanganisa imibhalo yemali ekuhlolweni. Izinkwa ezingaphezulu nokuntula okuthile okukhethekile kuyizizathu ezivamile zokuncishwa kobufakazi obutholakala emibhalweni yemali.

Indima Yesikhulu Sokwahlulela

Imvume kumele ikhishwe imantshi engathathi hlangothi futhi engaboshelwanga, hhayi izisebenzi zomthetho noma umshushisi. Isikhulu sokwahlulela kumelwe sizitholele ngokwaso i-affidavit futhi sinqume ukuthi izimbangela ezinhle zikhona yini. Lokhu kuzihlola okuzimele kuyisivikelo sokumelana nokucukuthwa. United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897 (1997), iNkakhulu leNkanto edale inqaba ukuhlukanisa ukholo, okuvumela ubufakazi obutholakele ngaphansi kwesiqinisekiso kamuva ukuba bungatholakali sizathu esifanele uma izikhulu zisebenzisa ngokunengqondo inhloso ye-mantshi. Nokho, ngaphandle kwalokho, uma isikhulu esinenkani singakwenzi kahle, uma singekho esimweni esinengqondo, noma uma isikhulu esiphuntwahlulele.

Isicelo Esisebenzayo Emarekhodini Ezezimali

Imisebenzi Ewumlando Elawula Izinqolobane Zezimali

Umthetho we-Federal unikeza izindlela eziningi ukuze uhulumeni athole amarekhodi ngokwezimali, ngalinye linezimfuneko zalo. Izimoto ezintathu eziyinhloko yilezi: (1) Ilungelo lokuthola ama-ficalfic Act (RFPA), 12 C. U-U.S. 76 3401-34222; (2) i-Vreld Communications Act (SCA), 18 U.S.C. . 2701-2222; kanye (3) ne-ssss eqed comvinics. Abakhokhi abaphethe i-jaji abavamile basetshenziswa kakhulu lapho i-RFPA idinga isiqinisekiso sokuseshwa (umz., ukuze kubhalwe imibhalo ethile yasebhange) noma lapho i-SCA idinga isiqinisekiso sokuxhumana okugcinwe nge-elective esezins ezingaphansi kwezinsuku ezingu-180.

Ngaphansi kweRFPA, isikhulu sikahulumeni singathola amarekhodi ngokwezimali enhlangano yezezimali kuphela uma: ikhasimende ligunyaza ukuvunywa; i-pacena noma amamemo agunyaziwe futhi i-arhente inesaziso; noma imvume yokufuna i-RFPA itholakele ngesizathu okungenzeka. Ngakho i-RFPA ifaka ngokucacile iSichibiyelo sesine ngokunokwenzeka esibangela indinganiso esekelwe ekutholeni imvume. Lo mthetho futhi ufuna ukuba uhulumeni unikeze ikhasi ngekhophi yemvume nohlu lwemibhalo efunyenweyo, ngaphandle kokuba inkantolo ibambezele ukuqaphela ukuthi isaziso singafaka engozini enkulu ekuhlolweni.

I-SCA, ehlanganisa ama-parthery ezokuxhumana ngemishini ye-electronic (njengama-atmater compression) kanye nezinkonzo ezikude zokuxhumana, inikeza isiqinisekiso esisekelwe ngokunokwenzeka esibangela ukuphoqelela ukuthunyelelwa kokuqukethwe kwezokuxhumana okugcinwe [ izinsuku ezingu-180 noma ezimbalwa kakhulu [[. Ukuxhumana kwakudala noma ukwaziswa okuyisisekelo, i-pupena noma uhlelo lwenkantolo ngaphansi kwendinganiso ephansi (njengamaqiniso angokolwazi oluphelele"""". Lokhu kwenzela ekuphenye ukuhwebelana okuphathelene nemali okuqhutshwa nge-imeyili noma amapulatifomu, lapho okuqukethwe imiyalezo ngokwako kungaba amarekhodi emali.

Izinhlobo Zobufakazi Ezifakazela Imbangela Efanelekile Yezimali

Ukuze babonise ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi amarekhodi ezimali ayoqukethe ubufakazi bobugebengu, abacwaningi ngokuvamile bancike ezinhlotsheni eziningana zobufakazi:

  • Izindlela zokuthengiselana ngokuthembisa: Izindawo ezigciniwe ezingaphansi nje komnyango wokubika we $10,000, ukudluliswa okuvamile ezizweni ezaziwayo ngemfihlo yebhange, noma ukuhanjiswa okusheshayo kwemali ngama-akhawunti amaningi (ukubeka) kungabonisa ukufakwa kwemali noma ukuhlelwa kwe-stative.
  • I-menucter yobufakazi obuvela ku-izazi noma imisebenzi yangasese: Ofakazi ababambisanayo, izimemezelo eziyimfihlo, noma amanxusa angaphansi komthetho angafakaza ukuthi indaba ehilelekile emsebenzini ongekho emthethweni futhi isebenzise ama-akhawunti athile noma izikhungo zezimali ukuze iqhubeke.
  • Ukuhlakanipha kwezezimali okuvela eBank Shirley Act (BSA) kubika: Imali Transaction Reports (CTRS), iSpace Accounting Reports (SARS), neApopain of International Transportage or Monetary Implications (Izikhungo zezimali) ezibekwe yizinhlangano zezezimali zingakha isisekelo esiyiqiniso sesizathu, uma uhulumeni engamisa i-nexus phakathi kwemibiko yeBSA nokuziphatha kobugebengu.
  • Ukuhlola nokuthengiselana : Abangenisi bangasebenzisa ama-pace penas kulwazi olusezingeni eliphansi noma amarekhodi ayisisekelo e-akhawunti (okungadingi ngokunokwenzeka imbangela) ukwakha isisekelo semvume efuna imininingwane ebanzi kakhulu ngokwezimali. Ngokwesibonelo, i-pache yezincwadi zokuvula zebhange elisolwayo zingaveza incazelo negunya lokusayina, okuthi khona - ke kusekele isiqinisekiso semininingwane yezentengiselwano.
  • Isivumelwano phakathi komsebenzi osolwayo nongekho emthethweni: Isaziso sofakazi lowo osolwayo avuma ukuba ukhwabanisa bese efaka i-akhawunti ethile singanelisa i-akhawunti yokuxhumana. Ngokufanayo, ukuqapha okungokoqobo okubeka umsolwa egatsheni lasebhange ngosuku olufanayo njengasemalini enkulu kungahlanganiswa nobunye ubufakazi.
  • Izifanekiso ezisetshenziswayo ezivumelana nomsebenzi ongekho emthethweni: Umsoli osebenzisa imali kakhulu, uvula ama-akhawunti ngamagama ezinkampani zamagobolondo, noma izakhiwo ezigciniwe ukuze ugweme ukubika izimfuneko zingabonisa umzamo okwaziyo wokufihla impahla, usekela imbangela okungenzeka.

Umthetho Obonisa Icala Obangela Amarekhodi Ezimali

Izinqumo eziningana ze-applette zikhanyisa indlela izinkantolo ezifuna ngayo imvume emarekhodini emali. United States v. Nejad, 655 F. App'x 548 (9 Kir. 2016) (enganyatheliswanga), inkantolo yagcizelela ukuthi imvume yamarekhodi ebhange isekelwe ngokunokwenzeka ngesizathu lapho i-affidavit ichaza khona izingcingo ezisolekayo ezisuka ezindaweni zangaphandle nasemlandweni wommangalelwa we-stardss. Inkantolo yagcizelela ukuthi ingqikithi yezimo, kuhlanganise nezomthetho wangaphambi kommangalelwa wezimali, inikeza isisekelo esiqinile semali etholwa yi-mashijeji.

Ngokuphambene, ku-United States v. MacCormack, No. 17-CR-00168, 2018 WL 4926161 (D. Oct. 10, 2018), inkantolo yesifunda yafihla ubufakazi obuvela evumelwaneni olusuka ku-'yonke imibhalo yezimali" yommangalelwa ngenkathi yeminyaka emihlanu, ukuthola ukuthi i-ftidavit yanele ukusungula imbangela elindelekileyo njengakulokhu kulandisa nokuthi imfanelo intula ngokukhethekile. Inkantolo yaphawula ukuthi i-ffidavit yamane nje yasola ukukhwaba okuvamile ngaphandle kokukhwabanisa ngokuqondile, ukuhlanganisa isikhathi esiqondweyo ngemibhalo efunwayo. Lokhu kubonisa ukubaluleka kokukhomba okuqondile kwe-ixus.

Enye indaba ebucayi yiyo [[[FLT: 0] v. umbambo , 138 S. 2206 (208), kanti ingabhekiseli ngqo emarekhodini ezezimali, ibuye ilungise imfundiso yesithathu ngokugcina ukuthi uhulumeni ufuna isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esingaba sesizathu sokuthola ulwazi lwe-cell-astent ngenxa yokuthi abantu balindele imfihlo ephelele yezindlela zabo ezingokoqobo phakathi kwesikhathi eside. Ezinye izinkantolo eziphansi nezazi zezezezimali ziye zaphikisa ngokuthi [[FLT] [FFLT]] [FFT]] [FT] [5] [5] izimpawu ezibonisa isimo sezokwahlulela esingokwezimo ezithena, ezikwazi ukwembula umfanekiso wezinto eziningi. [ngesandla sesandla sezezezezemali][5][5] [inani] [inani] [FT]

Izinselele Nokunakekelwa Okungokomthetho

Ukucwaninga Kokwahlulela Nengozi Yokucindezelwa

Izinkantolo zihlolisisa ukuthi kungani kungenzeka ukuthi izimbangela zemali ezikhona ezikhonjweni zezicelo. Uma inkantolo ebukezayo ithola ukuthi i-affidavit ayitholi imbangela okungenzeka, lo myalo ungancishiswa futhi noma ibuphi ubufakazi obutholakalayo, kuhlanganise nemibhalo yezimali ngokwayo nanoma ibuphi ubufakazi obuvelayo ("izithelo zesihlahla esinobuthi"), zingacinywa. Ukucinazelwa ngokuvamile kugxile ekufinyeleni kokwaziswa, ukuthembeka kwabanikezi, kanye nokuthe ngqo kwe-nexus phakathi kwemibhalo egciniwe nobugebengu.

Inkinga Yokungahloniphi

Imbangela efanelekile kumelwe ibe khona ngesikhathi imvume ikhishwa, hhayi nje ngesikhathi sezenzakalo ezichazwe kuyi-affidavit. Amarekhodi emali ngokuvamile afunwa esikhathini eside ngemva kokuthengiselana kwenzekile, kuphakama izindaba zokungalungi. Uma i-affidavit incike kuphela ekuthengiseni okusukela eminyakeni eminingana ngaphambili ngaphandle kwezimpawu zokuqhubeka kobugebengu, imejaji ingathola ubufakazi obunzima kakhulu bokuthola imbangela elindelekile. Ngakho amasheya kumelwe abonise indlela yokuziphatha esikisela ukuthi imibhalo yezimali isazoqukethe ubufakazi obubalulekile, noma ukuthi imibhalo yendalo ehlala ikhona (umz., ukulandisa okushiyela kokugcinwa kweminyango okungokwezingosi eziko). Izinkantolo zithola ukuthi izinhlangano ezingokwezimali zigcina amarekhodi iminyaka emihlanu noma ngaphezulu, imibiko engokomlando iwumlando, kodwa kusathola ukuthi imibiko yeze.

Ukufana Okukodwa Enkathini Yokuqopha Amanani

Amarekhodi ezezimali agcinwa ngokuqhubekayo emitholampilo emikhulu yama-electronic, enza ukuba izimpawu zibaluleke kakhulu futhi zibe yinselele. Isiqinisekiso esifuna "yonke imitapo yezibalo yekhasimende lebhange" singaba ngobuso obungaphezulu. Imvume kumele ihlelwe ukuze kuhlolwe ukuphenywa kwama-akhawunti aqondile, inkathi yesikhathi, nezinhlobo zemibhalo ekholelwa ukuthi ziqukethe ubufakazi obunengqondo. Umnyango wezobulungisa uphenya futhi usebenzise amacomputer noMnyango We-E - electronictic Evices [ unikeza iziyalezo kuhulumeni ezigunyaza imibhalo yezobuchwepheshe, kuhlanganise nemininingwane yemali. Incwadi igcizelela ukuthi i-active projectal processtions of an Crimial Aventiventiers.

Ukusebenzisa Izindlela Zobuchwepheshe Ezibizwa Ngamagama

Ukwanda kokuhlola nokungaboni muntu (umz., izinsimbi zocingo, imali eziyimfihlo) kunikeza izinselele ezintsha ngokunokwenzeka. Uma umnyundela osolekiyo esebenzisa amakheli eBitocoin angenakuxhunyaniswa kalula ne-ioctive, abacwaningi kumelwe bathembele ekuhlaziyweni kwemigoqo, amakheli e-IP, noma izishintshi ezikwaziyo-umsebenzi wakho (KC). Izivumelwano zemali ezigciniwe ezibhalweyo ezisuka kwi-crypy oblyroctives zingasekelwa ngokunokwenzeka ngesizathu sokuba ukuhlanganiswa kwe-akhawunti ethile ixhunyiwe ixhunyiwe emsebenzini ongekho mthethweni, umkhakhakhakha we-mkhakha we-mkhathi, umkhakhakha we-khasi, noma ukukhipha ikhelimu elihlobene nekheli elihlobene nekheli elihlobene ne-mfazankosi. Inkantolo isaqala ukuveza izindinganiso zembangela ukuba kuqondanethi ye-mkhasethi.

Amalungelo Abantu Abangabodwa Nemithetho Ethuthukisiwe

Ukulinganisela phakathi kwezidingo zophengululo namalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu kusaphikiswa. IRFPA ne-SCA kakade sezinikeza izixwayiso zomthetho, kodwa ezinye izifundazwe ziye zamisa izimfuneko ezengeziwe zemvume yokubhalisa ngokwezimali, njengokufuna ukuboniswa kwesizathu esilindelekile se anikho[FLT] amashumi ahlukene] amaphepha ngokwezimali (hayilawo asuka emabhange) noma agunyaza izimpawu zomthetho wesikhathi esisodwa kubathengi. Umthetho we-Foplel ungakhetha ukuthola isiqinisekiso ngisho nalapho kungadingenzeki nhlobo, ukuze kugwenywe izinselele nokugcwalisa isimiso sezekwe-akhawunti. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthetho ohlongowe, njengeSimemezelo Sesine asikhosaSale, ukunciphisa ikhono likahulumeni lokuthenga imininingwane yomuntu siqu, okuhlanganisa ukukhokhelwa kwemali, okudingeniswa kwemvume yemali.

Isiphetho

Imbangela efanelekile isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo esibalulekile semithetho elawulayo efuna amarekhodi ezimali, iqinisekisa ukuthi ukugxambukela kukahulumeni emininingwaneni esheshayo yomuntu siqu neyohwebo kuvunyelelwa ngenkolelo enengqondo yomsebenzi wobugebengu. Imfundiso, esekelwe eSimisweni sesine futhi ehlelwe yiNkantolo Ephakeme, ifuna ukuba ukugcinwa komthetho kuhlobana kwamaqiniso akhona erekhodininini nobugebengu obuthile. Imithetho enjengelungelo lokungena emalini eyimfihlo eMthethweni wezentengiselwaneni yezentengiselwano kanye ne-Vevencts Act e-Tecconect efaka indivies Act futhi ifake isivikelo semithethombo ephakeme. Nokho, ukuhlelwa kwezesayensi yezezimali, kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa kwemiyalo yezentengo yomthetho, kuqhubeke nokuhlolwa kwemigomo engokomthetho engokomthetho nanoma izimalini engokomthetho, noma ubani ongokomthetho ongokomthetho, noma ubani ongokomthetho ongokomthetho ongokomthetho, uyaqhubeka, ukuhlolwa noma ubani ongokomthetho ongokomthetho ongokomthetho, uyaqhubeka, futhi ukucwaninga noma ubani ongokomthetho

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola [[QURL: 0] i-Cornell Information ye- ukucaciswa kwesizathu esingaba khona, umbono weNkantolo [[FLT:] First] Asiyiyo Imposiso yokwethamela (H.R. 6414, 118th Congress , nombono weNkantolo yeNkantolo eCarpent v. United States]. Isiqondiso esiwusizo esinikezwa yincwadi ye-DOJ's yobufakazi obusebenza ngomshini sihlala sibalulekile ekuhleleni izilinganiso zemisebenzi yobuchwepheshe.