Isivikelo esilinganayo siqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu noma iqembu elinqatshelwayo isivikelo esifanayo semithetho ejatshulelwa abanye abantu noma amaqembu. Lesi simiso sisebenza njengesisekelo esingokomthetho somthetho omelene nobandlululo futhi sinikeza uhlelo lokuhlola ukuthi izinhlelo zikahulumeni zingokomthetho noma azinabulungisa noma azinangqondo. Empeleni, isivikelo esifanayo asisona isithembiso esingabonakali kodwa ithuluzi eliqinile elisetshenziswa izinkantolo, izishayamthetho, kanye nabasekeli bokuhlola ukulunga kwezimiso, imithetho, nezenzo ezingokomthetho.

Ukuqonda indlela lesimiso esisebenza ngayo kudinga ukuhlola imvelaphi yaso yomthetho - sisekelo, izindinganiso ezinezinhlokwana zezinkantolo zokubukeza ziyasebenza, ukuziphendukela kwaso ngezindaba eziwuphawu oluphawulekayo, nezinselele ezivelayo ezivivinya imingcele yaso emphakathini oyinkimbinkimbi nohlukahlukene wezobuchwepheshe.

Umsebenzi Ocatshangelwayo Wesivikelo Esilinganayo

Incazelo Nemigomo

Ngezinga eliyisisekelo, isivikelo esifanayo sidinga ukuba abantu abasendaweni efanayo bephathwe ngendlela efanayo. Nokho, ngoba ohulumeni kumelwe bahlukanise abantu ngazo zonke izinhlobo zezizathu ezifanele (umzk., iminyaka yobudala yamalayisense okushayela, inzuzo yezinqola zentela), umbuzo oyinhloko ongokomthetho awuvamile [[ ukuba ubala olukhona, kodwa uhratio lwendlela evumelekile [[. Umgomo uyiniko ukususa, noma ukuhlukanisa okulimaza amaqembu abekwe eqekelweni ayisisekelo.

Isivikelo esilinganayo sifeza izinjongo ezintathu eziyinhloko: ukuvimbela ukucwaswa ngenhloso, ukulinganisela imiphumela elimazayo yezimiso ezithinta amaqembu avikelwe ngokungenakulinganiswa, nokuthuthukisa umphakathi lapho abantu behlulelwa ngezinzuzo zabo kunokuba bahlonishwe ngezimpawu ezingenakuguqulwa. Ukufinyelela lemigomo kudinga ukuhlaziywa okunamandla okulinganisela amalungelo omuntu ngamunye ezithakazelweni zikahulumeni.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Neyomthetho - sisekelo

Isivumelwano esicacile kakhulu sokuvikelwa okulinganayo e-United States yi-Univilence Protection Claus ye- Firenteth Isichibiyeli , esigunyazwe ngo-1868. Iyala ukuba kungabikho mbuso ozothi "umela kunoma yimuphi umuntu onegunya lakhe lokuvikela imithetho elinganayo" ekuqaleni ukuvikela izigqila ezisanda kukhululwa emithethweni yombuso wezezomthetho womthetho womthetho (Imithetho Engalawulekiyo), lesi sithathelwe ukuba imoto eyinhloko yokusebenzisa amalungelo ezakhamuzi cishe kuyo yonke indawo yokuphila komphakathi, kusukela emfundweni nasemsebenzini wokuvota nasezindaweni zokuvota.

I-gameter isebenza kuphela [ esenzweni sombuso (futhi, ngokufakwa, isenzo sikahulumeni ngeSichibiyelo seNdlela yesihlanu ka-Claus). Lokhu kusho ukuziphatha kwangasese, ngaphandle kokuba kugunyazwe noma kukhuthazwe uhulumeni, ngokuvamile kuvele kufinyelelwe ngaphandle kwesikhundla, nakuba uMkhandlu uye wasebenzisa amandla awo ngaphansi kweSigaxa 5 seSichibiyelo se 14 ukudlulisa imithetho enjenge-Civil Rights Act ka-1949 elawula ubandlululo lwezindawo ezinjengezindawo zomphakathi nemisebenzi.

Ukwakheka Kokuhlakanipha Komthetho - sisekelo

Ukusebenza okusebenzayo kwesivikelo esifanayo kulawulwa uhlaka oluyinkimbinkimbi, oluneziqeshana zokwahlulela. Izinga lokuhlola elisetshenziswa emthethweni linquma ukuthi umthwalo wokuzithethelela unzima kangakanani kuhulumeni. Lesi sakhiwo siklanyelwe ukuba sithobeke ngokuhlonipheka ezinhlelweni eziningi zemithetho kuyilapho ngokungqongqo siphoqelela labo abasekelwe ezicini ezisolekayo noma kulelolungelo eliyisisekelo.

Ukubukeza Okuyisisekelo Kwe - lapnal

Isisekelo sokuhlola i-rationalal siyindinganiso elungile neye-kekelela kakhulu. Ngaphansi kwalokhu kuhlola, umthetho uthathwa njengomthetho-sisekelo futhi uzakugcinwa uma kuhlangene [ nesithakazelo sikahulumeni esingokomthetho. Umthwalo uwela cishe ngokuphelele kumceli wenselele ukubonisa ukuthi umthetho awukho ngokomthetho noma awunangqondo ngokuphelele. Lendinganiso isebenza kunkindla yemithetho yezezomnotho, imithetho evimbelayo, nemithetho esekelwe ebudaleni, ewubusweni, noma ekukhubazeni.

Ngokwenqubo, isisekelo esinengqondo sibekelwe isikhathi eside. Izinkantolo zivame ukuveza izizathu zokuthi kungani isishaya-mthetho singase sidlulise umthetho, ngisho noma lezo zizathu zazingesona isisusa sangempela. Nokho, kwezinye izimo eziphawulekayo, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa "isisekelo sokubekwa ngokuluma" indinganiso yokubulala imithetho eshukunyiswa amaqembu angathandwayo, njengaku iDocure of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center (1985) (ukukhubazeka okungokwengqondo) kanye trumr v.[56]

Ukuhlolwa Okuphakathi

Ukuhlola okungaqondakali kusebenza ekuhleleni okusekelwe der kanye i-illigicy[ (izinga lokuzalwa komuntu). Uhulumeni kumelwe abonise ukuthi ukuhlelwa kuhlangene ngokuhlobene nesithakazelo esibalulekile sikahulumeni [[. Lendinganiso ifuna kakhulu kunesisekelo esiqinile kodwa ilula kune-sibindi.

Ithuthukisiwe ezimweni ezinjenge Craig v. Boren [77] kanye [FLT] United States v. Virginia (1996], ukucubungula okuphakathi kwenqaba kakhulu ukuhlelwa kwendima noma amakhono amadoda nabesifazane. Uhulumeni ngeke uncike emazingeni avamile; kumelwe unikeze "ukulunga okunamandla okushukumisa" ngokokwehlukana kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Ngokwesibonelo, isikhungo sezempi sasidingeka sivume abesifazane ngoba isimo sihlulekile ukubonisa ukuthi ukuhlukanisa abesifazane kufeza injongo ebalulekile yemfundo.

Ukucwaninga Okuqinile

Ukuhlola okuqinile kuyinto ephakeme kakhulu nengalinganiswa kakhulu yokubukeza. Kusebenza ekuhleleni okusekelwe ku race , umsuka womhlaba wonke, futhi ukuhlelwa okuthwele umthwalo [[[FLT:]] amalungelo angokwezimo [[FLT:] (ngokufana nokuvota, umshado, nokuhamba kwezizwe). Uhulumeni uphethe umthwalo onzima wokuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho ungu [FLT:] ngokucurlet shodayo ukufinyelela isithakazelo sikahulumeni [[[FLTL:]]]

Ngaphansi kokuhlolisisa okuqinile, umthetho kumelwe udingeke ukuze ufinyelele umgomo kahulumeni, futhi kumelwe kube khona enye indlela engcono yokukhetha ekhona. Lendinganiso ivame ukuchazwa ngokuthi "inkolelo, kodwa ibulalayo," nakuba lokhu kungelona iqiniso ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ezinye izinhlelo zobuhlanga ezivumayo nezindlela ezithile zokhuseleko zesizwe ziye zasinda ekuhlolweni okuqinile. Nokho, ukuhlolwa kuveza umbono onamandla ngokumelene nohulumeni, kuphoqelela izikhulu ukuba zithethelele ukuthi kungani uhlanga noma imvelaphi yesizwe kumelwe ibe isisekelo senqubo ethile ethile.

Ukuvikelwa Kwezindawo Eziyizwe

Ukuhlukana Nokufana: Inguquko Yemfundo

Icala lesivikelo elilinganayo lisasele Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo [1954]. INkantolo Ephakeme yalahla "ukuhlukanisa kodwa ilingana" imfundiso esungulwe Pnetic v. Ferguson [1896]], iphethe leyo de jurebustrations ezikoleni ezinswela abantwana abambalwa bamathuba emfundo efanayo. INkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi i-proce yakha i-mface esekelwe ehlangani engenakususa umuzwa wobululazwana ngezindawo eziphathekayo.

Brown wabonisa ukuthi isivikelo esifanayo siphathelene nakho kokubili ukuzimisela kanye neziphumelezelo zesenzo sikahulumeni. Isinqumo salungisa indlela yokususa imithetho kaJir nokwakhe isisekelo esingokomthetho se-Livic Rights Movement. Izenzakalo eziyalwe ukunqanyulwa kwe-"yonke isivinini samabomu" futhi sakhuluma ngomehluko phakathi kwe-dereliv (umthetho ngeqiniso) ne-deo revotion (ngesimo).

UGender NoMthetho: Ukuphikisa Izinhlobo Eziwuhlobo

Iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu ngemva kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane sokusetshenziswa kweSichibiyelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela imithetho eyayiphatha amadoda nabesifazane ngokwehlukile ngokwezindima ezingokwesiko. Brawellwell v. Illinois (1873] [181]), iNkantolo yavumela i-Illinois ukuba ivimbele abesifazane ukuba bangayisebenzisi imithetho. Kwakungo-1970 lapho iNkade iqala khona ukusebenzisa i-scroptungs ekucunuliseni ubulili.

Craig v. Reed (1971], iNkantolo yawisa umthetho we-Idaho owakhetha amadoda phezu kwabesifazane ngokuzenzakalela njengabaphathi bezindawo. Craig v. Boren wasungula uhlelo olucubungulayo oluphakathi, lwashaya umthetho owavumela abesifazane ukuba bathenge ubhiya ngo-18 kodwa wafuna amadoda ukuba alinde kuze kube 21. Lezizinkantolo zibonisa ukusuka ekubhekeni abesifazane njengezidalwa ezincikeneyo futhi ziqaphele ukuthi bangabahlanganyeli abaphelele futhi abalinganayo embusweni nasemkhakhelweni nakuphile.

Impikiswano Eqinisayo Ngesenzo

Mhlawumbe indawo encintiswane kakhulu yesivikelo esifanayo iwukuvuma isenzo. Umbuzo oyinhloko uwukuthi izinhlelo eziziqaphelayo izinhlanga eziklanyelwe ukuxazulula ukucwaswa kwangesikhathi esidlule noma ukukhuthaza ukwahlukahlukahluka kwezinto ziphazamisa i-Community Claus. Regens of the University of California v. Bakke [1988], iNkantolo ikholelwa ukuthi nakuba isilinganiso sohlanga sasingakholeki, uhlanga lungasetshenziswa njengesici esisodwa phakathi kwezinqumo eziningi ekufinyeleleni indikimba yabafundi ehlukene.

Emashumini eminyaka, iNkantolo yalungisa lesi simiso emacaleni anjengaye Griteper v. Bollinger [2003] [2003] kanye Fisher v. University of Texas (20]), isebenzisa ukuhlola okuqinile ezimisweni zohlanga eziqondeneyo. [FLT]][FLT]]] [2003] Izici ze-Fair Adgicts v.[[FLT:] [2023]] [202] [iiinani elingu-202], iNkanto ephawulekayo, iphethe leyo mfundo ephakeme yemfundo ephakeme kakhulu. INkanto engathi i-Calmagement (ist Claus) eqinisekisa izinhlelo ezihlangene zokuphatha abantu ngabanye, njengoba zingenakumiswa, ngokwezincukuveza, abafundi abambalwa, ngokwezihlobo.

Lesi sinqumo simelela ukumiswa okukhulu kwemfundiso yesivikelo esilinganayo, okubonisa ukuthi iNkantolo izophoqelela noma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa kwesizwe ngabadlali bakahulumeni, ngisho nangezinjongo ezibonakala zilungile noma zokulungisa. Iziqu zomphakathi manje kumelwe zithole izindlela zobuhlanga ezingefani ukuze kufinyelelwe izinhlobonhlobo.

Isivikelo Esilinganayo Ezweni Lanamuhla Eliphethe

Ukuphambanisa Amalungelo Nokuxuba Izinhlanga

Isivikelo esifanayo siye saba semqoka ekulweleni amalungelo okuvota. Sekuyisikhathi eside iNkantolo iqaphela ukuthi ilungelo lokuvota liyisisekelo, okusho imingcele ekuvoteni ingaphansi kokucubungula okuqinile. Ukuvota amalungelo [Umthetho ka-1965 (VRA]) wamiswa ngaphansi komthetho wokuphoqelela ukulwa kobandlululo olugcwele evotini, kuhlanganise nokuhlolwa kokufunda nokukhokha intela yenhlawulo.

Selby County v. Hoker (2013), iNkantolo yalahla indlela ye VRA, eyayidinga ukubekwa kwemithetho yobandlululo nomlando wokukhetha ngaphambi kokuba kuvele noma iziphi izinguquko ezisemithethweni yokuvota nohulumeni. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi lendlela yaphelelwa isikhathi futhi yaphula ubukhosi bezwe. Lesinqumo siye saholela ekubekeni imingcele yesilinganiso somthetho wokuvota, eminingi yayo manje ebekelwe inseleleka ngaphansi kwesivikelo sika Claus Claus ngokwenani elingunxaxwe kakhulu.

I-Gerrymaning isho futhi ukuthi ingaphansi kwe-Ulinganayo Protection Claus. Ezimweni ezifana ne- Shaw v. Reno [1993] no- Cooper v. Harris[ [2017], iNkantolo yathi izifunda zidwetshwe ngohlanga njenge "ingxenye ye-predomin" iphula isivikelo esifanayo ngaphandle kokuba zihloniswe kancane ukuze zivumelane ne-VRA. Lezi zimo zidinga ukuphenywa okunzima kwezisusa zokwahlulela nezisusa zezifunda.

Ubulungisa Bobugebengu Nezigwebo Ezingafani

Ukusetshenziswa kwesivikelo esifanayo kubulungisa obungathandeki. Isithiyo esibaluleke kakhulu sokuvikela izinselele ezifanayo kulendawo yimfuneko yokufakazela ububanzi benhloso . Shychington v. Davis [1997], iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi umthetho noma inkambiso ehlukene ngokohlanga ayiyiyo igebelele ngaphandle kokuba inselele ingabonisa ukuthi ishukunyiswa yinjongo yobandlululo.

Lemfuneko enenjongo yenza kube nzima ukubekela inselele imikhankaso elinganiselwe ebophekile njengemisho elinganayo yecrack cocaine (eyayithinta kakhulu imiphakathi yaseAfrika ngokomlando kunempuphu yekhokhaine) noma ukunqamuka kokuhamba kwemibhalo. Nakuba iNkantolo iye yavuma ukuthi kukhona ukwahlukahlukana kwezinhlanga esimisweni, kuye kwanciphisa njalo ukuthi i-Flimate Protection Claus ayiqinisekisi imiphumela elinganayo, kuphela izinqubo ezilinganayo. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ezinguqulweni zemithetho ephawulekayo, njengale I-Step Umthetho we-Cract [2018], owanciphisa ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwe-crack ne-cocaine, kodwa inselele inselele esemthethweni yokungavumela ukucwa kwe-cocaine, kodwa izinselele ezilawulayo ezilawulayo ezisenzweni ezisezingeni.

LGBTQ+ Amalungelo Nesithunzi Esilinganayo

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwesivikelo esifanayo seLGBTQ+ abantu ngabanye kubonisa indlela ukuqondana komphakathi nemfundiso engokomthetho okusebenza ngayo. Romaster v. Evans (1996]), iNkantolo yabulala iColorado colorado commorado evimbela noma iliphi igatsha likahulumeni ekuvikeleni abantu ngokusekelwe ekuqondiseni kokuziphatha kobulili, ibusa ukuthi lalishukunyiswa yi-amis futhi lintule isisekelo esinengqondo. LAWREnce v. Texas [2003] [i-2003], iNkanto yemithetho ye-CUSCURYS (2003]), yashaya imithetho esekelwe i-Calme ngaphansi kwe-UMklamous Claus.

Icala eliyingqophamlando i - Obergefell v. Hodges (2015] yaqaphela ilungelo eliyisisekelo lomshado ofanayo wobulili, ukuhlanganisa inqubo efanele nezimiso zokuvikela. INkantolo yathi imibhangqwana efanayo ye-sexthe nokweqisa yayinelungelo lokuhlonipheka okufanayo nelokuqaphela okungokomthetho njengemibhangqwana ehlukene ne-soxhead. Muva nje, [[FLT:]] kuboslock v. County[[FLT]][20]], iNkantolo ebanzi yezelelwe isivikelo seLBTQ+ abantu ngabanye ngaphansi kweSihloko seSihlomo se-OMthethwe somphakathi, iphethe ukuthi ukucwaswa okusekelwe ekuqondiseni kwenkanuko noma esimweni sobulili.[FFF]]

Izindawo Ezihlanganisa Izindawo Nezinselele Eziqhubekayo

Ukucwasana Kwemithetho Yomthetho - sisekelo Nokulingana Kwamanani

Enye yezinselele zanamuhla eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zokuvikela ngokulinganayo ukunyuka kwezimiso zomthetho-mthetho. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zisebenzisa ngokuqhubekayo imithetho-mithetho nezimiso ezizisebenzelayo ukuze zisebenzise imisebenzi esukela ekusebenzeni kwamaphoyisa nase-pall ukuze zizuze inzuzo, ukuhlola inhlalakahle yabantwana, nokuqasha. Lezi zimiso zingaqhubekisela phambili noma zikhulise ukuhlukana kwezinhlanga okukhona kanye nezezomnotho, ngisho nalapho kungekho ukucwasana ngenhloso.

Ngenxa yokuthi ama-algoridi amaningi ayi-proprietary (eyimishini yangasese), kunzima ngabantu ukuthola ukuthi izinqumo zenziwa kanjani noma ukufakazela ukuthi iyinhloso yobuhlanga. imfundiso yemithetho yesenzo [ futhi iphakamisa imibuzo: uma umthuthukisi wasese edala umthetho onamaphutha ocazelelwe inxusa likahulumeni elikhetha ukuwusebenzisa, ingabe ubandlululo oluvelayo lunganikezwa umbuso? Izinkantolo ziqala ukuphikisana nalezi zindaba. Ezinye izikhulu ziye zamisa imithetho ezifuna ukuba kuphicoshelwe izimiso zezimiso zokucwasana nezokukhetha izimoto, kuyilapho abanye beye bavala ukusebenzisa imithetho enqunywe ngokwezimo ezithile zomthetho zobugebengu.

Ukungafani Kwabantu Nezinkulumo Eziyinkimbinkimbi

Imfundiso yesivikelo esivamile elinganayo ithambekele ekuhlaziyeni ukuhlelwa kohlobo olulodwa (uhlanga, ubulili, noma inkolo). Nokho, ubandlululo luvame ukusebenza ekuxhumaneni kwe-octal. Owesifazane omnyama angabhekana nobandlululo olungafananga ncamashí nolubhekene namadoda amaBlack noma abesifazane abamhlophe. Lomqondo, owaziwa ngokuthi ukonakalisa , inselele, inselele ukuqaphela izinkantolo ukuthi azifani kahle nezigaba ezimisiwe.

Ezinye izinkantolo eziphansi ziye zalwa neziphakamiso ezithi, kuyilapho ezinye ziye zavumela abakhohlisi ukuba balethe ukusho okusekelwe enhlanganiseleni yezici ezivikelwe (umzk., i-plus-seace). Uhlaka lwe-Uncimel Protection Claus lulula ngokwanele ukuhlangabezana nalokhu kugomela, kodwa ludinga amajaji ukuba abheke ingqikithi yezimo kanye nezindlela eziyingqayizivele ezihlanganisa ukucwasana. Njengoba umphakathi uba nokwazi ukulingana okungalingani, lemfundiso izodinga ukuveza isivikelo esinengqondo kubantu abayinkimbinkimbi.

Isivikelo Esilinganayo Ngalé Kwemingcele Yase - United States

Isimiso sokuvikela okulinganayo asisona sodwa e-United States. Umthetho wentando yeningi uhlanganisa iziqinisekiso ezifanayo, futhi umthetho wamalungelo abantu wezizwe zonke uhlanganisa ilungelo lokungavumelani. International of Civil and Political Rights [ICCPR], oye wagunyazwa amazwe angaphezu kuka-170, uhlanganisa iSiphakamiso 26, esinikeza ukuthi bonke abantu bayalingana phambi komthetho futhi banelungelo lokuvikelwa ngokufanayo kunoma yiziphi izizathu.

Ezimisweni zikahulumeni njengalezo zaseCanada, e-Indiya, eJalimane, nase-South Africa, izinkantolo ziye zasungula izimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi zokubukeza ukulingana kwemibono ethi ngokuvamile idlula umthetho wase-U.S. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika uhlanganisa kokubili isiqinisekiso sokulingana nelungiselelo lokuvumela ukuphumelela amanyathelo okuthuthukisa amaqembu adinga izimali zesayensi. i-Carter of Rights and Freedoms ihlanganisa ukuhlaziya okuqinile okucabangela ithonya lemithetho emaqenjini ancipheneyo. Ukutadisha lezizindlela ezilinganayo kunikeza ukuqonda okuwusizo ekutheni isivikelo esingasebenza ngokuphumelelayo kangakanani.

Imisebenzi Ewusizo Yezinhlangano Nabantu

Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezimiso Zokusetshenziswa Nokusetshenziswa Kwazo

Ku-ohulumeni, amayunivesithi omphakathi, namalungu azimele angaphansi kwemithetho emelene nokungavumelani, ukusebenzisa isivikelo esifanayo kudinga okungaphezu kwezinhloso ezinhle nje. Kudinga ukumelana nesimiso esiqinile. Ngaphambi kokuba kumiswe isimiso esihlanganisa uhlanga, ubulili, noma imvelaphi yobuzwe, izinhlangano kumelwe ziqinisekise ukuthi zinesisekelo esiqinile esisobala futhi ukuthi lesimiso sihloselwe ukufinyelela umgomo osemthethweni noma ophoqelelwe.

Imikhuba emihle ihlanganisa ukuphatha imiphumela ehlukanisayo enqunyweni ehlongozwayo ezimisweni, ukuqoqa imininingwane ngemiphumela yeqembu lenani labantu, nokucabangela ezinye izindlela zohlanga ngaphambi kokwamukela izinyathelo zobuwula. Ukuqeqeshelwa izikhulu ngokukhetha okucacile nokulalela okungokomthetho nakho kubalulekile. Izinkampani ezihlulekayo ukwenza le ntshiseko edingayo, ukulimaza inzuzo, nokungasebenzi kwezimiso zazo.

Ukuqamba Kwamanga Nokuphindela Ngokomthetho

Kubantu ngabanye nakumaqembu azimele, ukuqonda izakhiwo ezivikela ngendlela efanayo kubalulekile ekuvikeleni umthetho. Isivikelo esiphumelelayo sivame ukuhlanganisa ukubonisa ukuthi uhulumeni uhlukanisa abantu ngendlela ethwesa iqembu elivikelekile noma ilungelo eliyisisekelo. Izinga lokuhlola elisetshenziswayo liyonquma amathuba empumelelo.

Ukukhipha nokulimaza. Ukukhononda ngezinhlangano zokuphatha, njengokuphatha ukuvinjelwa kwemithetho-mthetho, kuhlanganise nokuphulwa kwesivikelo okulinganayo, nezikhulu zikahulumeni nezindawo. AmaPlaintiff angafuna impumuzo engenisa (ukunqanda umkhuba wokusebenza kwezezigebengu) nokulimaza. Ukukhalisa izinhlangano zezombuso, njengokuthatha isigaba sokungeniswa kwemithetho yemithetho yezomthetho yezomthetho ye-octal Divial Division [ noma [[FLT:]] I-Ealbaction Commission Com , kuyindlela yokusebenza. Izinhlangano ezivame ukuletha ukucwa kwezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo zezindawo.

Iqiniso elingokoqobo liwukuthi isivikelo esifanayo siyithuluzi elinamandla kodwa elilinganiselwe. Lincike kubantu ngabanye nasemaqenjini ukuveza ukuphulwa komthetho, ukuqoqa ubufakazi, nokuphikelela ezinqubweni ezinde zomthetho. Lemfundiso iphumelela kakhulu uma ihlangene nemithetho eqinile yamalungelo omphakathi, ibophe izivumelwano zokuphatha, nejaji elibophezelwe ukuqinisekisa isithembiso soMthetho-mthetho sobulungisa obulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho.