Ubuhlobo phakathi kwesimiso sempilo yomphakathi nenqubo yomthetho buchaza indlela izinhlangano ezisingatha ngayo izinselele zempilo, ukunikeza imithombo yezimali, nokuvikela abantu ekulimaleni okungavinjelwa. Isimiso sezempilo somphakathi sinikeza uhlelo lokungenela kwezempilo ezisezingeni eliphezulu, kuyilapho ukumiswa kwemithetho kudala igunya elingokomthetho nezindlela zokuxhasa imali ezidingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe lezo zimiso. Lokhu kugovwa akuyona nje imfundo nje engokwemfundo — kunquma ukuthi imiyalelo yokugoma iphumelele yini, ukuthi ukusebenzisa ugwayithi lwakagwayi kuyancipha, nokuthi impilo ikhona yini engcono kuyo yonke imiphakathi. Kubafundi nabafundi abafunda ngesayensi yempilo, ukuqonda le nqubo yezesayensi, futhi umphakathi udinga ukuhlanganisa ukuthuthukisa impilo yezigidi.

Inqubo yezempilo yomphakathi iveza imiphumela ephumelela kakhulu lapho ochwepheshe bezezimiso zezentengiselwano, izomnotho, nezimiso zokuhloba ukunikeza izixazululo, kodwa ngaphandle kokusekela kwemithetho, lezo zihlongozo zihlala zikhona. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umthetho ongenabufakazi obuqinile bempilo yomphakathi ungachitha imithombo yemali noma ubangele ukulimala okungalindelekile. Imiphumela yempilo ephumelela kakhulu ivela lapho ochwepheshe bezesimiso somthetho kanye nabamisi-mthetho bebambisana, kanye nohlangothi ngalunye ngokuqondene nobuchwepheshe bomunye. Lesihloko sihlola umsuka wenqubo yempilo yomphakathi, indima ehlukile yesenzo somthetho, izindawo eziyinhloko lapho zihlangana khona, izinselele ezivelayoveza impumelelo, kanye nokuthambekela okuyochaza ikusasa lempi.

Ukuqonda Umthetho Wempilo Yomphakathi

Isimiso sezempilo somphakathi sibhekisela ezinqumweni, emalungiselelweni, nasezenzweni ezenziwa ohulumeni, izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, nezinhlangano ezingezona ezokuthuthukisa impilo, ukuvimbela izifo, nokunweba ukuphila kwabantu. Ngokungafani nokwelapha kweziguli ezigulayo, isimiso sezempilo somphakathi sikhuluma ngezimo eziguqula impilo yabantu kuyo yonke imiphakathi — amanzi ahlanzekile, izinga lomoya, ukuphepha kokudla, amazinga okugoma, ukuvimbela izifo ezingapheli, nokukwazi ukufinyelela empilweni. Inhlangano yezempilo yezwe (WHOM) ichaza inqubo yempilo njengezinqumo ezithinta isimiso sempilo nezokuvimbela impilo.

Isimiso somphakathi sempilo esiphumelelayo sisekelwe ebufakazini. Abacwaningi bahlola izindlela zezifo, izici eziyingozi, ukungenela, nokukhokha izindleko ukuze batuse amasu. Ngokwesibonelo, izimiso ezikhuthaza ukugoma kwezingane zisekelwe emashumini eminyaka ekhombisweni ebonisa ukuthi ukugoma kuvimbela ukuqubuka nokusindisa ukuphila. Ngokufanayo, intela yeziphuzo ezinoshukela inikezwa ukuhlola okuhlanganisa ukudliwa kukashukela nokukhuluphala kwesifo sikashukela. Inqubo yezempilo yomphakathi ibuye ikhulumele izithiyo ezintshonxa zempilo — inzuzo, imfundo, indlu, nemisebenzi — ngoba lezi zibangela ukugobeka imingcele yempilo ngaphandle kwendlela yokwelapha yokwelapha kuphela.

Izimiso zempilo zomphakathi zingahlukaniswa zibe izindawo eziningana:

  • Ukukhushulelwa kweHealth:[ Kukhuthaza ukuziphatha okunempilo ngemfundo, imikhankaso, nezisusa (umk., izikhangiso ezimelene nokubhema, izinhlelo zokuvivinya umzimba).
  • Ukuvimbela ukungenwa kwesifo solwembu: i-Picentinations, izinhlelo zokuhlola, kanye nezinyathelo zokwehlukanisa ukuze kuncishiswe izifo ezithathelwanayo nezingamahlalakhona.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukukhokha kobukhazikhazi: Ukulinganisa ukuthi abantu bangathola izinkonzo zezokwelapha ezibizayo, ezisezingeni eliphezulu, kuhlanganise nempilo engokwengqondo nokuvinjelwa.
  • [[INDANGO:0] Ukugunyazwa kwezimboni: Kubusa ukubekwa kwegama lokudla, ukuphepha ngemithi, impilo yomsebenzi, kanye nokungcola kwendawo ezungezile.
  • [ Ukulungiselela: amasu nemithetho yokusabela ekuhlaseleni ubhadane, izinhlekelele zemvelo, kanye nophekula.

Isimiso sezempilo somphakathi asikho esindandandayo. Inqubo yomphakathi yempilo iqala njengoba kuvela izinsongo ezintsha, njengoba ukuqonda okungokwesayensi kujula, futhi njengoba izindinganiso zomphakathi zishintsha. Ngokwesibonelo, umqedazwe we-COVID-19 wabangela ukubukezwa okusheshayo kwezimiso zokusabela okuwumqedazwe emhlabeni wonke, uqokomisa kokubili amandla nobuthakathaka bokwakheka okukhona.

Indima Yesenzo Somthetho

Isenzo somthetho sihilela ukwakhiwa, ukuhlelwa kwemithetho, nokugcinwa kwemithetho yizindikimba zikahulumeni — amaphalamende esizwe, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni, izinyunyana zedolobha, nezinhlangano eziqondisayo. Imithetho inikeza igunya elibophayo elidingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe izimiso zezempilo zomphakathi, ukunikezela ngemali, nokujezisa. Ngaphandle komthetho, ngisho nezimiso ezimiswe kahle ezingenawo amazinyo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukutuswa ngokuzithandela ukuba kufakwe izihlalo kungaba nethonya eliphansi, kanti umthetho ofuna ukusetshenziswa kwesihlalo somphakathi — ngokukhokhwa okuhle ngenxa yokuphula umthetho — ukwandisa ukukhokhwa nokunciphisa ukubulala komgwaqo.

Ukuthatha isinyathelo sokushaya umthetho empilweni yomphakathi kungaba nezindlela eziningi:

  • Imithetho yezokufundisa: idlula ngezindikimba ezikhethiwe, idala izinhlelo ezintsha zempilo, iphonsa intela ukuze kuxhaswe impilo, noma ivinjelwe imikhiqizo elimazayo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa i-Afford Care Act nezenzo zomoya ohlanzekile.
  • Imithetho nemithetho yokuphatha: Ikhutshelwa izinhlangano zikahulumeni ngaphansi kwegunya elinikezwa yizimiso, lezi zisho imininingwane efana namazinga avunyelwe okungcola noma izimfuneko zokufaka izimpahla ezipayipiwe.
  • Iziqondiso ezisemthethweni: ezikhutshelwe amongameli noma ababusi ukuqondisa umsebenzi wenhlangano phakathi nobunzima, njengokumemezela isimo esiphuthumayo sempilo yomphakathi noma isifihla - buso esisetshenziswa ezakhiwoni zikahulumeni.
  • [ Imithetho yedolobha noma yesifunda ikhuluma ngezindaba ezinjengokubhema emapaki, ezokudla, noma isilinganiso sesiphuzo esineshukela.

Amaqumrhu agunyaza umthetho kumelwe alinganisele izithakazelo ezincintisanayo. Imithetho yezempilo yomphakathi ingabhekana nokuphikiswa okuvela emaqenjini emboni, abasekeli bezemfihlo, noma amaqembu ezombangazwe amelene nokungenela kukahulumeni. Abenzi bomthetho bathembela ebufakazini obungokwesayensi, ekuhlolweni kwezindleko, nasembonweni womphakathi ukuba kwenziwe umthetho osebenzayo nosebenza ngokwezombangazwe. CDC’S isisekelo esiyinhloko sezempilo yemithetho yezomthetho [ [i-FLT] igcizelela ukuthi ukugcinwa kwemithetho nezimiso zezempilo zomphakathi kuyisisekelo somsebenzi oyinhloko wezentengiselwano-mthetho, kuphakamisa ukubaluleka kwesenzo somthetho.

Ukukhokha kuyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yokushaya umthetho. Imithetho ingayifanelekela imali eminyangweni yezempilo yomphakathi, ukucwaninga, nezinhlelo zomphakathi. Ukwabiwa kwemithombo yemali — kungaba emikhankasweni yokugoma, ukuqapha izifo, noma imfundo yempilo — kuxhomeke ekubekeni izimali kuqala. Uma izimali zinganele, ngisho nezimiso ezisekelwe ebufakazini aziphumeleli emigomweni yazo.

Izindawo Eziyinhloko Zokungenwa Kwayo

Ukuhlangana kwesimiso sempilo yomphakathi nesimiso sokushaya umthetho kubonakala kakhulu ezindaweni ezithile zezempilo zomphakathi lapho imithetho ithonya khona ngokuqondile impilo yabantu.

Amaphoyisa Okugoma

I-ccamper ingenye yezimo ezibiza kakhulu zezempilo zomphakathi. Isimiso sezempilo somphakathi situsa izimiso zokugoma, kodwa isenzo somthetho sizenza ziqikelelwe. Imithetho efuna ukugoma abakhona ezikoleni iye yaba baluleke kakhulu ekufinyeleleni amazinga aphakeme okugqunywa kwemali nokuvikelwa kwezilwane ezilusa. Ngemva kokuqubuka kwesimumumumumu esihlangene neDisneyland, izigungu zikahulumeni eziningi ezivalelwe ukukhulula kwemizwa kwezokwelapha, okuholela ekugonyeni kwenani elingaphezu kuka-95% ezikoleni eziningi. Lesi sinyathelo somthetho sokugoma isikole siye sasindisa ukuphila futhi savimbela ukuqubuka. Nokho, imijongo ihlala iphikisana, ngenkululeko yomuntu siqu ehlangene nesivikelo emphakathini — ukuntenga okunga okungantengiswayo ngokuhlengwa ngokuhlengwa kwemithetho.

Ukulawula Ugwayi

Ukucwaninga kwezempilo yomphakathi kuye kwakubonisa ngokucacile ukulimala kokusebenzisa ugwayi. Ukutusa komthetho kuhlanganisa ukuvinjelwa kokubhema ezindaweni zomphakathi, ukukhokha intela eyandayo kukagwayi, nokuvimbela ukukhangisa. Ukuthatha izinyathelo ezisemthethweni kuye kwamisa lezi zinyathelo ezisemthethweni eziphethe izifunda eziningi, okuye kwaphumela ekuncipheni okukhulu kwamazinga okubhema. Ngokwesibonelo, iFamily Smoff Devition and Tobacco Control Act ka-2009 [Umthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho wokwehlisa isilinganiso sobukhulu beminyaka kukagwayi]. Imithetho kahulumeni ekhuphuzile ukuya ku-21 ekuthengeni ugwayinciphiso inciphe ngokwengeziwe. CDC'i CD's sholotime kagwayi wezweyo kagwayi ibonisa ukuthi umthetho onamandla kakhulu ka-Foccobaccop [2001] ka-mose] uveza ukuchuma okudla ugwayidla.

Ukudla Nokudla

Ukukhuluphala okubangelwa ukukhuluphala nezifo ezihlobene nokudla okungamahlalakhona kuyizinselele ezinkulu zempilo yomphakathi. Imithetho yokukhokha yenza lezi zinqubo zibe yiqiniso: i-Intrition Learnic Libting and Education Act ka 1990 eyagunyaziswe ukuba iphawulwe izimpawu zokudla okunomsoco ezisemqoka. Muva nje, amadolobha anjenge Philadelphia ne-Berkeley afaka izintela zezentengo ezithengwayo. Isenzo sokudla i-swekile sibuye sisekele izinga lokudla, okudinga izindlela ezingcono zokudla ukudla okudliwayo, ezigunyaza izinhlelo zesikole zokudla ezithengwa ngumthetho.

Ukukwazi Ukunakekelwa Kwempilo

Isimiso sezempilo somphakathi sigcizelela ukuthi ukunakekelwa kwempilo kuyinto eyisisekelo evimbela impilo. Isenzo somthetho sihlela ukufinyelela ngokuhlanganisa imishuwalense ye-Medicaid, ukunwetshwa kwe-Medicaid, kanye nesivikelo sesineke. I-Affordhable Care AC) ihlanganisa izigidi zaseMelika ngezindawo zokuthengisa nemishuwalense, futhi ukwanda kwayo kweMedicaid emazweni athatha igalelo eliphansi futhi ithuthukise imiphumela yempilo. Isenzo sokuvikela i-Affordal Carect, idinga ukuba izingqwembe zempilo yengqondo zihlanganise izinkonzo zezempilo zezempilo. Lemithetho inciphisa ngokuqondile ukuncitshiswa kwezinkonzo zezempilo zezempilo.

Impilo Endaweni Ezungezile

Umoya ohlanzekile, amanzi ahlanzekile, nezindawo eziphephile emsebenzini yizinto eziza kuqala zempilo yomphakathi ezixhomeke ekwakheni umthetho. I-Ceao Air Act ne-Fit Adreater Act evikela imiphakathi ekungcoliseni. Ukuthatha umthetho ezingeni lombuso kungathinta ukufakwa kwamapayipi, ukuvikelwa kwentuthu, noma iziqondiso zezibulala zinambuzane. Isimiso sezempilo somphakathi sitshela lemithetho ngokunikeza izilinganiso eziyingozi nemingcele yokuchayeka izingozi. Ngokuphambene, ukugcinwa kwemithetho eqinile noma ukuvinjelwa kwendawo ezungezile kungaholela ekwandisweni ekhudlweni kwesifuba, umdlavuza, nezinye izimo — okubonisa ukuthi kwenzekani uma isenzo somthetho sihluleka ukuhlanganisa nobufakazi bempilo yomphakathi.

Izinselele Emthethweni Wempilo Yomphakathi Nezenzo Zomthetho

Naphezu kwezinzuzo ezisobala zokubambisana phakathi kwesimiso sezempilo somphakathi nenqubo yokushaya umthetho, izithiyo eziningi zinganciphisa ithonya lazo.

Ukumelana Nezombangazwe Nokuhlaziywa Kwezikhundla

Izimiso zempilo yomphakathi zidinga ukungenela kukahulumeni ukuba abanye abagcona babheke ibhizinisi njengelinobuqili. Amaqembu ezokuhweba anezithakazelo zemali — ugwayi, utshwala, izibhamu, ukudla nesiphuzo — ngokuvamile aphehla umfutho wemithetho. Imibono yezombangazwe ingavimbela futhi izinyathelo ezisekelwe kubufakazi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukugunyaza nokuvala izifihla ubuso phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19 aqala ukuphambana kakhulu, futhi abanye abenzi bomthetho bawaphikisa ngisho nalapho ukwaziswa kuveza ukudluliselwa okunciphilekile. Lokhu kungabambezela noma kunciphise isivikelo sempilo esigxekayo.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwemali

Izindlela zomphakathi zezempilo zincike kakhulu. Isimiso sezempilo somphakathi wase-U.S. sincike emsebenzini onciphile kahulumeni, kazwelonke, kanye nokusekela imali yendawo, futhi phakathi nokuwohloka kwezomnotho, ngokuvamile kunqanyulwa ukuhlelwa kwemali. Inhlangano yesizwe yeCounty and City Health Accounciers (NACHO) ibika ukuthi iminyango eminingi yezempilo yendawo iye yanciphisa ukusebenza kwezisebenzi futhi yasiza ngenxa yokuxhasa impoqo zemithetho emisha. Ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwemithetho esemthethweni emishanayo, ngisho nemiklamo engcono kakhulu ayinakwenziwa ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukuqaphela Umphakathi Nokungaqondi

Ukuthatha isinyathelo sokushaya umthetho kuxhomeke ekusekeleni komphakathi, kodwa ukwaziswa okunganembile kungaqeda ukuqiniseka ezindinganisweni zempilo yomphakathi. Ukunqikaza kwenqindi okubangelwa ukuqashelwa kokuzisholo okungamanga kuye kwabangela ukuqubuka kwesimungumungwane nokwesimungumungwane. Isimiso somphakathi sezempilo singatusa ukungenela okunengqondo ngokwesayensi, kodwa uma umphakathi ungakuqondi noma ungakwethembi, abamisi-mthetho bangase banqikaze ukudlulisa umthetho osekelayo. Imikhankaso yemfundo nokuxhumana okubonisayo kubaluleke kakhulu kodwa ngokuvamile kubangelwa yimithombo engokwesayensi.

Amagebe Okwaziswa Nezimiso Ezidlule

Inqubo ephumelelayo incike ekwazisweni okufike ngesikhathi, okunembile. Nokho, izimiso zokuhlola impilo zomphakathi zivame ukuhlukaniswa, ziphazanyiswa, futhi zingakwazi ukuhlanganisa ukwaziswa ngokushesha ezifundeni ezingaphandle. Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, ukusabela okuthiywe. Isenzo sokushaya umthetho singagunyaza ukuhlanganisa nokutshala ukwaziswa ezinjukwini zanamuhla, kodwa imithetho enjalo ivame ukubhekana nezithiyo eziyimfihlo nezithiyo.

Ukuhlukaniswa Kwegunya

Ukubusa kwempilo yomphakathi emazweni amaningi kuhilela amazinga amaningi kahulumeni — isizwe, umbuso, nendawo — ngalinye elinemithwalo yemfanelo ehlanekezelwe. Lokhu kungaholela ezimisweni eziguquguqukayo, izikhala eziphoqelelwe, nezinselele ezingokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nobhadane, ezinye izifunda ziphelelwa izikhundla zokufihla imbobo, zidala ukudideka. Isenzo sokulawula imingcele singathuthukisa ukuvumelana, kodwa ukufinyelela ukuvumelana ezindikimbeni eziningi kunzima.

Ukuhlola Icala Emithethweni Yezempilo Yomphakathi

Ukuhlola izibonelo zangempela zezwe kuyasiza ekuboniseni indlela ukushaya umthetho okungathuthukisa ngayo impilo yomphakathi. Ngezansi kunezinhlolo ezine ezibonisa amazinga ahlukahlukene empumelelo nezici ezithonye imiphumela.

UMthetho Wokunakekela Ongafinyeleleki (ACA)

Ngo-2010, i-ACA yayiyimpumelelo ephawulekayo engokomthetho eyaguqula isimiso sokunakekela impilo sase-U.S. Sandisa ukukwazi ukudayisa kwe-Medicaid, kwadala izimakethe zempilo, kwavimbela izikhankasi ekunqabeni ukukhokha ngenxa yezimo ezikhona, futhi kwadingeka izinzuzo zempilo ezibalulekile. Ukucwaninga kwezempilo yomphakathi kwabonisa imiphumela emibi yempilo ebangelwa ukungabekezeli, nokuzama kwayo ukuhlanganisa i-ACAid ukuxoxa ngalelogebe. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ukwandisa uMedicaid onakho ukuncitshiswa kwezinga, ukuthuthukisa ukufinyelela kokuthola izindleko zokunakekelwa, nezinga lokufa. Nokho, ukucwaninga komthetho kwabhekana nokuphikiswa okukhulu kwezombangazwe, izinselele ezingokomthetho, nemizamo yayo ehlukene kakhulu, ngezikhathi zeMidica esazinidid njengoba lesi simo siveza imiphumela eqinile.

Isimiso Sokulawula Ugwayi SaseCalifornia

Uhlelo olubanzi lokulawula ugwayi eCalifornia, olwasungulwa yivoti iProsition 99 ngo-1988 (eyaphakamisa izintela zikagwayi), lungesinye sezinyathelo eziphumelela kakhulu zempilo yomphakathi emlandweni. Umthetho wabela ingxenye yentela emikhankasweni yokulwa nokubhema, izinhlelo zomphakathi, nokugcinwa kwemithetho yokuvimbela ukubhema. Emashumini amathathu eminyaka alandelayo, amazinga abantu abadala ababhemayo eCalifornia ehla kusukela kuma - 22% kuya ku-9% — elinye lamazinga aphansi kakhulu ezweni. Inqubo yezentengiselwano ezingokomthetho ihlangene ngezimali, iziqondiso, nemfundo. Umbuso wabuye wadlulisa imithetho evimbela ukubhema emsebenzini, ezindaweni zokudlela, nakukhokha izintambo zokuthenga ugwayi ezindaweni zokubhema ugwayi (206), futhi ukunciphisa ukuconga kwemisebenzi ephambili yeze imikhiqizo kagwayi (2020).

Umthetho Oyisiphuzo Esibi WaseNew York (Othuliwe)

Ngo-2012, i-New York City Board of Health, isekelwa umphathi wedolobha, yakhipha umthetho olinganisela ubungako beziphuzo ezinoshukela ezidayiswa ezitolo ezidlalwayo nasezindaweni zokudla zaseshashalazini kuya kuma-16gremu. Isimiso sasisekelwe ekucwaningeni kwezempilo okwakuhlanganisa ukuphuza okunoshukela nokukhuluphala kakhulu. Nokho, imboni yesiphuzo yasheshisa umthetho, futhi izinkantolo zaphula umthetho, zaphikisa ukuthi iBhunga lezempilo leqise igunya lalo — isilinganiso esinjalo kufanele sidluliswe umkhandlu wedolobha njengomthetho. Lendaba ibonisa ukuthi isinyathelo somthetho kumelwe sifike egunyeni elifanele futhi umklamo wemithetho kumelwe ulindele izinselele ezingokomthetho. Nakuba ekugcineni umthetho wengxenye yehluleka, yabangela ukuba kube nempikiswano yomphakathi namanye amadolobha ukuba aphishekele intela ngezindlela ezifanele.

Ukugonywa Kwesikole Kuyafika Emfucumfucwini Yokugawulwa Kwamagciwane

Ngemva kokuqubuka kwesimungumungwane ngo-2014 kuya ku-2015 okwaqala eDisneyland, iCalifornia yanikeza iSigele uBill 277 (2015), eyaqeda izinkolelo zomuntu siqu zokungavunyelwe izimfuneko zokugoma esikoleni. Imininingwane yezempilo yomphakathi yabonisa ukuthi izindawo ezinezinga eliphakeme lokungaphunyuki zisengozini yokuqubuka. Isenzo sokushaya umthetho saphikisana, abaphikisi ababephikisana ngaso ngokuphucwa kwamalungelo abazali. Nokho, umthetho wasinda ezinkingeni zomthetho futhi waholela ekugonyelweni okungaphezu kuka-9% kwabasese ezikoleni eziningi. Imithetho efanayo iye yadluliselwa eNew York nakwamanye amazwe ngemva kokugqashuka kwezimo. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi isinyathelo somthetho singaphumelela uma kusekelwa ubufakazi obuqinile nempilo yomphakathi, ngisho nasendaweni yokugomelana nokuphikisa kwezwisa.

Ikusasa Lomthetho Wezempilo Yomphakathi Nesenzo Sokushaya Indiva

Izimo eziningi zizoshintsha indlela le mikhakha ehlangana ngayo eminyakeni ezayo.

Usongo Lwempilo Oluvundile

Izifo ezintsha ezithathelwanayo, ukumelana nezifo ezilwa namagciwane, kanye nokuthinteka kwempilo okuhlobene nesimo sezulu kudinga ukusabela okusheshayo kwemithetho. Umqedazwe we-COVOVID-19 wabonisa ukuthi izinqubo ezingokomthetho ezikhona zempilo yomphakathi ngokuvamile ziphelelwe isikhathi noma azinele. Umthetho wesikhathi esizayo kufanele uhlanganise amalungiselelo okusekela imali, ukuhlanganisa imininingwane, kanye nokubambisana komphakathi. Inqubo yezempilo yomphakathi izodinga ukuvumelana ngokwaneleyo ukuze ikwazi ukujwayela izinsongo eziqanjiweyo, futhi imithetho kumelwe inikeze izinhlangano zezempilo ezikhona ngaphandle kokulahla inkululeko yomphakathi.

Intuthuko Engokobuchwepheshe

Ubuchwepheshe bezempilo bezemishini — amarekhodi empilo emishini, imishini enciphileyo, i-telehelth, kanye nokuhlakanipha kokuzenzela — kunikeza amathuba amasha okuhlola nokuthuthukisa impilo. Ukuthatha isinyathelo sokulawula ukuvikela imininingwane yezobuchwepheshe, ukubambisana, nokusebenzisa imithetho elawula ukusetshenziswa kwemininingwane yezempilo yezinkampani zobuchwepheshe kuzokuthinta ikhono lezinhlangano zezempilo zomphakathi lokuhlola nokucwaninga. Izimiso zemithetho ezifana ne-21 Century Cureates Act zizoqala ukukhuthaza ukwabelana ngemininingwane yokwaziswa, kodwa umsebenzi omningi usasele.

Gxila Empilweni Efanele

Ukwahluka ngokwempilo okusekelwe ngokohlanga, iholo, ukuma komhlaba, nezinye izici kuye kwathola ukunakekela okukhulu, ikakhulukazi ngemva kwethonya elingalinganiyo le-COVID-19 emiphakathini encishisiwe. Isimiso sempilo yomphakathi sesikhathi esizayo siyohlasela ngokuqhubekayo izigwegwegwe zempilo yomphakathi. Isenzo somthetho singahlanganisa ukukhokha ikhefu lokugula, ukutshala izimali ezibiza imali enele, izinhlelo zokusiza ngokudla, nemithetho elwa nokungahlangani kwe-divration. Melikan Medical Association (A) nezinye izinhlangano ziye zabiza ukukhokhela ukuphatha ikhefu empilweni yempilo.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nokuhlanganyela Ekubuseni

Izikhulu ezisungulwe ngaphandle kosizo lomphakathi ngokuvamile ziyahluleka ukubhekana nezidingo zangempela noma ukumelana nomthetho. Izinqubo zesikhathi esizayo zomthetho zingahlanganisa izinqubo zokuhlanganyela komphakathi, njengezibhodi eziqondisa umphakathi, ukuvoca, noma ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo zezempilo. Uma imiphakathi ihileleke emithethweni yempilo elungisayo — ngokwesibonelo, ezinqumweni eziphathelene nentela yesoda noma imithetho yezindlu — izimiso eziwumphumela zithambekele ekutholeni ukwamukela futhi ziphumelele.

Ukubambisana Kwembulunga Yonke

Usongo lwempilo yomphakathi aluyihloniphi imingcele. Izimo zemithetho yomhlaba wonke, njengemithetho ye-International Health Regional ye-WHO, zibalulekile ekusabeleni okuhlangene ekuhlaseleni ubhadane lwezifo nezinye izinsongo zembulunga yonke. Nokho, lezi zivumelwano zithembele kohulumeni bezwe ukuze basebenzise umthetho wezwe. Ukuqinisa ukubusa kwembulunga yonke kuyodinga ukukhonzwa kwezombangazwe nokuhlanganiswa ngokomthetho. Isivumelwano esihlongozelelweyo kanye nokubuyiselwa kweMithelela ye-International Health Programs simelela imizamo eqhubekayo yokuthuthukisa ukumiswa kwemithetho yezemithetho yezezwe lonke.

Ngamafuphi, ukuhlangana kwenqubo yempilo yomphakathi nenqubo yomthetho akuyona into ekhona kodwa ubuhlobo obunamandla nobulungisayo. Ukubusa okuphumelelayo kufuna ukuba abenzi bezimiso, ososayensi, abamisi-mthetho, nemiphakathi basebenze ndawonye bahumushe ubufakazi bebumithetho eqashelwayo evikelayo nethuthukisa impilo. Kubafundisi nabafundi, ukuqonda lendawo kubalulekile ukuze baqonde ukuthi intuthuko yempilo ifinyelelwe kanjani — nokuthi bangasekelwa kanjani ekubhekaneni nezinselele zezombangazwe, zezomnotho, nezezenhlalo.