Ubuhlobo phakathi kwenqubo efanele namalungelo abantu bukhona kuso kanye isisekelo sezimiso zomthetho zanamuhla. Nakuba inqubo efanele inikeza imishini engokwesiko yokuphathwa kahle, amalungelo abantu anikeza izibopho zokuziphatha eziyisisekelo lezo zinqubo ezihloselwe ukuvikela. Ezweni elihlangene kakhulu, ukuqonda indlela lemiqondo emibili ehlangana ngayo ngamasiko ahlukene angokomthetho, izimiso zezombangazwe, kanye nomongo wesiko okubalulekile kunoma ubani osebenza emthethweni, inqubo, noma ukuthuthuka kwezizwe zonke. Lesihloko sihlola kokubili izisekelo eziyisisekelo kanye namaqiniso asebenzayo enqubo efanelekile namalungelo abantu, sinikeza umbono owembulunga yonke oqokomisa izinselele ezihlala njalo nezinguquko ezithembisayo.

Ukuqonda Inqubo Efanele

Inqubo elindelekile ingumqondo wokuthi umbuso kumelwe ulandele imithetho emisiwe nezimiso zomthetho uma uthatha inyathelo kumuntu. Igama lisuka emagameni esiLatini metrae trem (" ngokomthetho wezwe"), ovela kuyiMagna Carta yekhulu leminyaka eli-1215. Ekuhambeni kwesikhathi, yaqala yaba amagatsha amabili ahlukene kodwa ahlobene:

  • Inqubo elindelekile elindelekile: Leligatsha lidinga ukuba uhulumeni anikeze isaziso esanele, ukuzwa ngokungakhethi, umenzi wesinqumo, nethuba lokunikeza ubufakazi ngaphambi kokuncisha othile ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Kuwumgogodla welungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi leyomithetho yobufakazi, ukunqamuleka, nokunxusa kuyalandelwa.
  • Inqubo elindelekile: Leligatsha lilinganisela [ ukungeneliswa kwemithetho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isetshenziswa ngokulinganayo kangakanani. Lithi amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ayimfihlo, njengasese, ukuzibusa komzimba, noma inkululeko yokukhuluma] angencishiswe nguhulumeni ngaphandle kokuba isithakazelo esiphoqelelwe. Inqubo efanelekile ihlala iphikisana nemithetho eminingi ngoba imema abahluleli ukuba bachaze amalungelo ayisisekelo angabhalwanga ngokucacile.

Womabili amagatsha abalulekile: inqubo yokuveza inqubo edingekayo iqinisekisa ukuthi umbuso awuziphathi ngokuthanda, kuyilapho inqubo eyisisekelo eyisisekelo ivimbela isimo ekudluliseni imithetho ephazamisa inkululeko eyisisekelo.

Indima Yamalungelo Abantu

Amalungelo abantu afanelwe indawo yonke yizikhundla ezizuzwe njengefa kubo bonke abantu, ezisekelwe esihlazweni sobuntu. Ukwakheka kwamalungelo abantu kwanamuhla kwaqala ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, neSimemezelo somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu (UDHR) esamukelwa yiZizwe Ezihlangene ngo-1948. Amalungelo abantu ahlukaniswa kakhulu ngezizukulwane ezintathu:

  • Isizukulwane sokuqala – Ilungelo lomphakathi nelasezombangazwe: Lezi zihlanganisa ilungelo lokuphila, inkululeko ekuhlukunyezweni, inkululeko yokuveza, ilungelo lokuvota, nelungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga. Lamalungelo avame ukuphoqelelwa ngezinkantolo futhi ahlobene nenqubo efanele.
  • Inhlangano - Inhlangano yezentengiselwano, iSocial, and Cultural Rights: Le lungelo liyimbozo emsebenzini, imfundo, indawo yokuhlala, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nezinga elifanele lokuphila. Bafuna ohulumeni ukuba bathathe izenzo eziqondile, bangagcini nje ngokuyeka ukuphazamisa.
  • Isizukulwane esine-Third - Universality or Unitarity Rights: Lezi zihlanganisa ilungelo lokuzihlela, ukuthuthuka, nendawo ezungezile enempilo. Azizwanga kalula ezimisweni ezingokomthetho kodwa ziqashelwa kakhulu emihlanganweni yezizwe.

Ukuhlangana kwenqubo efanele namalungelo abantu kubonakala kakhulu emalungelweni esizukulwane sokuqala: ngaphandle kwezimiso ezilungile, inkululeko yomphakathi neyobupolitiki iba yizithembiso ezingenanjongo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngaphandle kwesimiso samalungelo abantu, inqubo efanele ingancishiswa ibe yinqubo nje edinga ubuchwepheshe, engenakho ukukhathalela ukwahlulela okungabalulekile.

Ukwenzeka Kwayo Engqondweni: Kusukela EMagna Carta Kuya ESimemezelweni Somhlaba Wonke

Inqubo efanele namalungelo abantu kuye kwavela ndawonye. Isigaba sikaMagna Carta 39 samemezela ukuthi akukho muntu okhululekile ongaboshwa noma aphucwe u "ngaphandle kwesahlulelo esingokomthetho sontanga yakhe noma ngomthetho wezwe" lenqubo efanelekile yasakazwa kamuva ngabahluleli bomthetho baseNgilandi futhi yafakwa eSicelweni sasekunene (1628) naseHabeas Corpus Act (1679).

Izihlakaniphi zokukhanyiselwa zekhulu le-17 nele-18 .⁠John Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire/ayephethe ukuthi ohulumeni kumelwe bawahloniphe amalungelo emvelo nokuthi izinqubo ezingokomthetho ziyindlela eyinhloko yokuvikela lawomalungelo ebushiqela. ISichibiyeli soMthetho-sisekelo sesihlanu (1791) sasebenzisa ngokucacile inkulumo ethi "inqubo yangaphambili yomthetho," neSiphendulo se 1450 (1868) sandisa leyosivikelo kohulumeni. Ngaphesheya kwe-Atlantic, iSimemezelo saseFrance samalungelo abantu nolwesiThuthi (179) samemezela ilungelo lokubhekwa njengelingenacala nesidingo senqubo engokomthetho efanelekile.

Izenzo zonya zekhulu lama-20(20) izimpi zezwe ezimbili, imibuso yobushiqela, ukuqothulwa kohlanga , kwahlanganisa umphakathi wezizwe zonke ukuba ubophe inqubo efanele njengelungelo lomuntu. ISiphakamiso se-UDHR 10 sithi: "Wonke umuntu unelungelo eliphelele lokulingana necala elifanele nomphakathi owenziwe inkantolo ezimele nengakhethi" lesi simiso sasungulwa ngokuqhubekayo eSivumelwaneni seZizwe Zonke samaLungelo eSihlalo Somphakathi (ICCPR) sangonyaka ka-19669, ikakhulukazi iSiphakamiso 14, esichaza isiqinisekiso esinemininingwane: ilungelo lokubekwa kwecala, ukutshelwa isikhathi esanele sokuzivikela, ukuba nesosizo esingokomthetho, nokudlulisa ukunxelwa.

Ngakho umthetho wamalungelo abantu womhlaba wonke wenza inqubo efanele yaba isibopho sendawo yonke, hhayi kuphela emazweni entando yeningi kodwa nakuzo zonke izimemezelo ze - ICCPR.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Ngenqubo Efanele Namalungelo Abantu

United States

I-United States inikeza izivikelo ezifanele zenqubo eqinile, ikakhulukazi ezingeni likahulumeni. Isichibiyeli sesihlanu siqinisekisa inqubo efanelekile kahulumeni; isiHlanzi seMinyaka Engamashumi Amane sinwetshwa ezindaweni ezithile. Umthetho waseMelika ugcizelela kokubili inqubo edingayo nefaneleyo. Inqubo yeNkantolo Ephakeme (]] imanda v. Arizona [6] zifuna amaphoyisa ukuba azise ukusolwa kwamalungelo awo, Gideon. Wainright forous project [] [193]]) isungula ukunikezwa iseluleko sokulunga ezimweni zecala, [FLT:] v.[FLT][5]

Nokho, izinselele ziyaqhubeka: ukuboshwa kwabantu abaningi, ukuhlukaniswa kohlanga ekugwetshweni, izimiso zemali ezijezisa ubumpofu, nokusetshenziswa kwejele lokulawula izinjongo zokufuduka konke kuye kwaphakamisa inqubo engathi sína nezindaba zamalungelo abantu. IUSA PATRIOTT Act ngemva kwe-9/11 amandla anwetshiwe okuhlola nokuqondisa okuxegisa, okuholela ezimpikiswaneni eziqhubekayo ngokuphathelene nokulondeka nenkululeko.

IYurophu

Isimiso samalungelo abantu saseYurophu sinamandla kakhulu emhlabeni. I-European Convention on Human Rights (1950) neNkantolo YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu eStrasbourg inikeza abantu ilungelo lokukhipha izikhalo ngokumelene nohulumeni babo ngenxa yokwephulwa kwenqubo efanelekile namanye amalungelo. ISiphakamiso 6 se-Convention siqinisekisa ukuqulwa kobulungisa, kuhlanganise nokuvunyelwa kwenkantolo ezimele, ukuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi, kanye nezenzo ezifike ngesikhathi. INkantolo yaseYurophu ikhiphe izimemezelo ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho zokuthula, ilungelo lokunikeza usizo olungokomthetho, kanye nokwenqatshelwa kwejele okungenamthetho.

Phakathi kwe-European Union ngokwayo, i-Charter of Fundamental Rights iphinda lezi zithembiso. Izimiso zezomthetho zesizwe ezizweni ezingamalungu e-EU zihlanganisa izimiso ezifanele ngamasiko omthetho-sisekelo nezimiso zomthetho. Umehluko oyinhloko ovela e-U.S. ukuthi i-Europe igcizelela kakhulu amalungelo ezenhlalo futhi ilinganisela isigwebo sokufa (inqunywe yiProtocolment 13). Noma kunjalo, izimpikiswano zisalokhu zikhona: ukusetshenziswa kwezinyathelo ezivimbela ukulawulwa kobuphekula, ukuphathwa kwabafuni behlawulo ngaphansi kwe-Dublin Regatence, kanye nokungalawuleki kwenkululeko yokwahlulela ePoland naseHungary kuye kwavivinya imingcele yenqubo efanelekile yeYurophu.

i-Latin America

Amazwe ase-Latin America ngokuvamile aye amukela isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo esiqinile enqubweni efanele, ethonywe kakhulu umthetho wamaRoma nesimiso samalungelo abantu sase-Internet American. I-American Convention on Human Rights (11969) ifuna izimpawu zokunikeza inqubo efanele, futhi i-International Court of Human Rights Court of Human Rights izimpikiswano ezibopha izinqumo. Amazwe anjenge-Argentina, Brazil, ne-Mexico aye ahlanganisa lezimiso emithethweni yawo yemithetho-mthetho nezimiso zobugebengu.

Noma kunjalo, ukusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi akunakwenzeka. Ubudlova bamaphoyisa, ukonakala enkantolo, ukuboshwa isikhathi eside ngaphambi kwecala (ngezinye izikhathi kunezigwebo ezidlule kakhulu), kanye nokuzimela okubuthakathaka kwabashushisi kululaza inqubo efanelekile. Lesifunda siye sabona ukuthambekela okuhle: ukushintshwa kweColombia kusuka kumthetho wokuqulwa kwecala kuya esimisweni sobukhombisi; inguquko yomthetho sisekelo waseMexico ka-200 yokuveza ukuqulwa komlomo kanye nokubekwa kobumsulwa; kanye ne-Brazil "Operation Carshay" empeleni yaqokomisa isidingo sokuvikelwa kwemithetho eqinile ngokusetshenziswa kweqembu labamangali.

i-Asia

I-Asia inikeza izindawo ezihlukene kakhulu. i-Japane ne-South Korea inezikhuselo ezifanele ngaphansi komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wangemva kwempi kanye nezikhulu zezomthetho ezizimele. E-South Korea, iNkantolo yoMthetho-sisekelo iye yawagunyaza ngokuqhubekayo amalungelo esizwe, kuhlanganise nasemacaleni okuphepha kwesizwe. INkantolo Ephakeme yaseNdiya iye yandisa inqubo efanele ngencazelo ebanzi yeSiphakamiso 21 (inelungelo lokuphila nenkululeko yomuntu siqu), kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo, usizo olungokomthetho olukhululekile, kanye nelungelo lokuthola ithuba lomuntu siqu.

Kodwa kwamanye amazwe amaningi ase-Asia, inqubo efanele ibuthakathaka. Imibuso yombuso e-Vietnam, i-Laos, iChina, ne-Myanmar izimele ngaphansi komthetho wokubusa iqembu. EChina, umqondo "umthetho" uchazwa ngokuthi "kubusa umthetho," usebenza umbuso, hhayi umuntu ngamunye. Ukuvunyelelwa kwenqubo ye-Tibet ne-Xinjiang enquialism ngaphansi kwemithetho yokuvikela yeChina, nokuboshwa kukaRohingya eMyanmar ngaphandle kokulingwa, kubonisa ukwehluleka okukhulu. Ngisho nakumazwe alawulwa ngentando yeningi yentando yeningi njengePhilippines, uProdrigo Duter umphumela wempi yezidakamizwa wabangela ukubulala kwezinkulungwane zenqubo encindial ngenqubo efanelekile ye-China.

Izizathu ezingokwesiko futhi zibalulekile: Eminye imiphakathi yase-Asia ibeka phambili ukuzwana nokuhlanganisa amalungelo ezenhlalo kunenqubo efanelekile. Ukuxhumana komphakathi, ukulungisa ubulungisa, nokulungisa izinqumo ngokwethukela kungaphelelisa izimiso ezingokomthetho, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi igwema ukuvikela okungokwemvelo, ikakhulukazi kwabesifazane nakwabambalwa.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano

Ukuhlangana kwenqubo edingekayo namalungelo abantu kubhekene nezinselele eziningana eziphikelelayo ezinqamula imingcele:

  • Access kuMahlulelo: ukumelelwa okungokomthetho akunakwenzeka kwabaningi, ikakhulukazi emazweni asathuthuka. Izimiso zomphakathi zokuvikela zivame ukudukiswa, kuholele ekucelweni okuphoqelela abangenacala ukuba banxuse ukuba banxuse icala. Kubantu abampofu abanecala, ilungelo lokuquliswa icala ngokuvamile liyilungelo abangalisebenzisi.
  • Isizwe Sescivice and Counter-Terrorism: Kusukela ngo-9/11] Kusukela kusukela ngo-Iyadi, amazwe amaningi aye asungula ukuvalelwa okuvimbelayo, ubufakazi obuyimfihlo, imishini yezempi, nezinhlelo zokuhlola ezidlula izinkantolo ezivamile. IGuantanamo Bay iyisibonelo esidume kakhulu, kodwa imikhuba efanayo yenzaka e-UK (imiyalelo yokulawula), eNdiya (AFSPA), ne-Israel (ibophonsi). Amaqembu amalungelo abantu aphikisa lenqubo efanelekile, kodwa ohulumeni baphikisa ukuthi ubuphekula idinga ukusabela okukhethekile.
  • I-Interfanect and Judicial Independence: Emazweni amaningana, abaholi baye bahlasela amajaji, izinkantolo ezivalelwe, noma abameli abahlukumezayo. Izinguquko zokwahlulela zaseHungary, igumbi lemithetho lasePoland labahluleli, ukukhishwa kwamajaji eTurkey ngemva komzamo wokwehlulwa kuka-2016, futhi ukususwa kwamajaji eNkanto Ephakeme konke kubonisa indlela inqubo efanele engakhishwa ngayo ngaphakathi.
  • Ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa okubanzi neNkathi ePhakethiwe: Ukwanda kweqoqo lokwaziswa ngezifundazwe nezinhlangano ezizimele kubekela inselele imibono engokwesiko yezaziso, ukuzwa, nokuzifihla. Izinkantolo zisaphikisana nendlela yokusebenzisa inqubo ehambelanayo ekuhloleni inombolo, ukuquleka kwempahla enxuseni ngomthetho wezezenzo zobugebengu, nokusebenzisa ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa ekubikezeleni isimilo sobugebengu noma ukwenza izinqumo zebheyili.
  • I-Cultraf Relativism: Abanye ohulumeni e-Asia, e-Afrika, nase-Middle East baphikisa ngokuthi lenqubo efanelekile yaseNtshonalanga ihluleka ukuhlonipha amasiko endawo, umthetho wezenkolo, noma izindinganiso zomphakathi. Basekela "amagugu e-Asiya" noma "Inqubo efanele" egcizelela ukubuyisana ngezenzo ezicatshangelwe. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi lendlela yokubhala ivame ukubeka imingcele futhi amalungelo abantu ezindaweni zonke ngesibopho sesivumelwano.

Ukuhlola Icala

IGuantanamo Bay Yokugonywa Kwabantu

Ngemva kokuhlasela okungu-9/11, i-Bush Administration yamemezela "impi yomhlaba wonke yokwesaba" futhi yabamba amakhulu amadoda eGuantanamo Bay yase-U.S. i-Cuba. AmaDetaines abizwa ngokuthi "impi yalwayo" futhi ancishwa isikhundla seziboshwa zempi ngaphansi kweGeneva Cource Convention. Bagcinwa ngaphandle kokukhokhiswa, ngaphandle kokunikwa imvume, benganikwa abameli, futhi banikwa izindlela zokuthuthukisa ukuncintisana ezicatshangelwa kakhulu njengokuhlushwa. INkantolo Ephakeme ibusa . [204])] futhi Bacekwa ngaphandle kwemvume yokukhomba. [bsclose] [blve:] [5] [200] [200] [200] i-aspus, kodwa izikhulu zelungelo elingu-2025], njengoba kuhlala intengo yenani yezempi yempi yesizwe.

Inkinga Ye - Rohingya EMyanmar

Iqembu elincane lamaSulumane e-Rohingwa e-Rakhine State yaseMyanmar liye labhekana nobandlululo, ukushushiswa, nokunqatshelwa kwesizwe. Ngo-2017, amabutho aqala ubudlova bokuthi iUN yabiza "isibonelo sencwadi yokuhlanza ubuhlanga" uRohingya waboshwa, wahlukunyezwa, wadlwengulwa, futhi wabulawa ngenani elikhulu kunalo lonke inqubo engokomthetho. INkantolo yezizwe zonke yeJaji yayala izinyathelo ezimisiwe zokuvimbela ukuqothulwa kohlanga, kodwa ngenxa yenqubo efanelekile kaRohingya uyaqhubeka engekho. Usizi lwabo lugcizelela indlela ukwehluleka kwenqubo efanele ezweni lonke okungaholela ngayo ekubulaweni okubhubhisa amalungelo abantu.

Indaba Yokuphila Okumnyama Nokushintsha Kwemikhuba

Ukubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd ngo-202020 kwabangela ukubhikisha kwembulunga yonke ngobudlova bamaphoyisa nobandlululo lwezimiso. Lenhlangano yaqokomisa indlela inqubo efanele ephikwa ngayo kubantu abamnyama nabambalwa: ukusebenzisa amaphoyisa amandla eqisayo, ukuphambanisa izinqumo, nokuhluleka kwezimiso zokulandisa. Icala likaBreonna Taylor, labulala ekhaya lakhe phakathi nokungaphazanyiswa kwe-kki, libonisa indlela ukugunyaza kokuhlola okungakhishwa ngayo ngaphandle kokucabangela izikhungo ezingokwesiko. Izicelo zenguquko, ukuthatha iziphetho, ukuvikela okuzimele, ukuqeda inqubo efanelekayo yokuvikela bonke abantu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bahlanga luni.

Ikusasa: I - conformation noma I - didergence Eqhubekayo?

Isu lokulandelana kwenqubo efanele namalungelo abantu akunazo izikhomba-ndlela. Kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba, intuthuko isobala: ukwanda komthetho wobugebengu emhlabeni wonke, ukukhula kwezinkantolo zamalungelo abantu, nokukhuliswa kwemithetho engokomthetho kuye kwaphakamisa amathemba embulunga yonke. Ubuchwepheshe bunikeza amathuluzi amasha okuveza ukukhanya, njengamarekhodi asenkantolo e-inthanethi futhi aphila. Izinhlangano zeGrassroots zifuna ukulandisa.

Kodwa ukuhlasela kwempoqo ye-pholic kungokoqobo. [[FLT:] Isimemezelo esingavumelaniyo samaLungelo abantu [ sajika saba ngu 75 ngo-2023, kodwa eziningi zenqubo yayo efanelekile zikhona ziyahlaselwa. Inkantolo ye-Unian Rights of Human Rights [ ibhekene nokugxekwa okuvela kwezinye izizwe ezingamalungu. [[FLT:]] Inkantolo yezehlulelo yezizwe yeJaji [ inamandla alinganiselwe. Okwamanje, ubuchwepheshe bezesayensi bobuchwepheshe buveza izinsongoso ezintsha: ubulungisa obungathandeki ukucwa kwezinkantolo ezingokwesiko, nemithetho yesizwe igwebo. [[FLT]

Umbono wembulunga yonke wembula ukuthi inqubo efanele namalungelo abantu akuzona izipho ezihlala njalo zomthetho; kumelwe zivikelwe, zilungiswe futhi zikhuliswe. Abameleli nabenzi bezimiso kumelwe basebenzele ukunqamula imingcele ukuze baqinise ukubusa komthetho, baqinisekise ababusi abazimele, futhi baqinisekise ukuthi akekho umuntu ophathwa ngonya. Uma sihlanganisa ukungakhethi obungalingani namalungelo abantu aphansi, singakha uhlelo lwembulunga yonke ngempela.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlangana kwenqubo efanele namalungelo abantu kuyisimiso somthetho nesidingo sokuziphatha. Nakuba inhloso icacile, inqubo evikela isithunzi esifuywe yifault.(izimiso) ukusetshenziswa kwayo kumi ngomlando, ngokwesiko, ngokwezombangazwe, nangengcebo. Ukusuka enkantolo ukuya ekamu lejele, kusukela ekuvukeleni ngokuthula kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwendlela yokukhosela, ukulwela amalungelo abantu afanele kuwukulwela ukusebenza. Umbono wembulunga yonke ubonisa ukuthi intuthuko ingenzeka uma izindinganiso zomhlaba wonke zisekelwa yisibopho sasekhaya, ukwengamela, ukuqapha kwezakhamuzi. Njengoba umhlaba uqhubeka uyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, isibopho sokusebenza njengegumbi eliyikhothayo lamalungelo abantu kumelwe sihlale siqinile.

[ Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka i UN Isimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu[; i- ye-Eupanean Convention on Human Rights [; futhi imibiko ye i-Amnety International[[] ngenqubo efanelekile nejele.]