Table of Contents
Ukuhlanganyela enkantolo kahulumeni kungaba inqubo enzima nesabisayo ezakhamuzini. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhilelekile njengommangalelwa, ummangalelwa, ufakazi, noma umane ufuna ukuqonda amalungelo akho angokomthetho, ukuhambisa isimiso senkantolo kudinga ukulungiselela okucophelelayo, ulwazi lwezinqubo, nokuqonda amathemba asenkantolo. Lomqondisi ogcwele uyokuhamba kukho konke okudinga ukwazi ngokuphumelelayo mayelana nokuhlanganyela enkantolo kahulumeni, ekutholeni amandla okuqonda ukuze uzinikele ngokuqeqeqe enkantolo.
Ukuqonda Isimiso Senkantolo Yomphakathi
Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zilalela amacala obugebengu, okungenamthetho, nokuwa kwabantu, futhi ukubusa kwazo kuchazwa ngokucophelela ngamalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo nangokomthetho. Ngokungafani nezinkantolo zikahulumeni, ezisingatha izindaba eziningi ezingokomthetho ezithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisebenza ngaphansi kwemingcele elinganiselwe futhi zizwa kuphela izinhlobo ezithile zamacala.
Yimaphi Amacala AseNkantolo Yesizwe?
Ukubusa kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni kuye kwachazwa uMthetho-sisekelo, imithetho yezikhulu, nezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States. Ukuqonda ukuthi icala lakho lisenkantolo kahulumeni kuyisinyathelo sokuqala esibucayi kule nqubo.
I - webhsayithi ye - U.S. ibala izinhlobo zezindaba izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezizisingatha njengezingamacala ahilela: ukuba ngokomthetho - sisekelo komthetho; imithetho nezivumelwano ze - United States; amanxusa nezikhonzi zomphakathi; izingxabano phakathi kwezifunda ezimbili noma ngaphezulu; umthetho owenqabayo; ukuwinwa kwamalungelo ombango; kanye, nezindaba zomthetho wekhopus. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha amacala lapho uhulumeni waseUnited States eyiqembu, kanye nezingxabano ezithile zomphakathi phakathi kwezakhamuzi zemibuso ehlukene.
Isinqumo Semibuzo KaFederal
Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinecala lokuchaza imithetho kahulumeni, imithetho kahulumeni, kanye noMthetho-sisekelo we-United States, i-productal yemibuzo (28 U.S.C Ú 1331). Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma icala lakho lihilela ukwephulwa komthetho kahulumeni, amalungelo omthetho ngokomthetho, noma imithetho kahulumeni, kungenzeka ukuthi lisenkantolo kahulumeni kunokuba kube yinkantolo kahulumeni.
Izibonelo zamacala emibuzo kahulumeni zihlanganisa ukwephulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi, izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho, izindaba zentela zikahulumeni, izindaba zokufuduka, namacala ahilela imithetho kahulumeni yobugebengu.
Ukulahlwa Okuhlukahlukene
Izindawo ezihlukene zenza ukuba ummangalelwa angene enkantolo kahulumeni lapho ummangalelwa esendaweni ehlukile. Ukuletha umthetho kahulumeni enkantolo kahulumeni, wonke ama-paltiff kumelwe abekwe ezifundeni ezihlukene kunabo bonke abamangalelwa, futhi "ophakathi kwempikiswano" kumelwe kube ngu $75,000 (R150 000). Lelungiselelo liqinisekisa ukuthi ngaphandle kwezwe abamangalelwa bayakwazi ukungenela i-interum uma izingxabano zinqamulo zezwe.
Izakhiwo Zezinkantolo Ezizimele
Isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni sinezinga eliyinhloko ezintathu. Izinkantolo ezivamile zesimiso senkantolo yeSithili sase-U.S. Lezinkantolo zisingatha kokubili amacala obugebengu nawomphakathi. Izinkantolo zesigodi zikhona futhi lapho amaqembu eqala khona ukufaka izikhalo zawo. Kunezinkantolo zesifunda ezingu-94 eUnited States, okungenani eyodwa kuwo wonke amazwe.
Leli zwe lihlukaniswa ngezingxenye ezingu - 13 ezihlukene, ngalinye lineNkantolo Yezikhalo yalo siqu ehlola izinqumo ezikhishwa ezinkantolo zesigodi endaweni yalo.
Eqophelweni lenkantolo yombuso kuhlala iNkantolo Ephakeme yase - United States, ehlaziya amacala amaningi ngokusemthethweni futhi isebenza njengomsekeli wokugcina womthetho kahulumeni nokuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo.
Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile
Ezinye izinkantolo zinegunya ezweni lonke ezindabeni ezinjengentela (United States Trutho Court), zithi zimelene nohulumeni (United States Court of Federal Anties), futhi zimelene nezohwebo lwezizwe (United States Court of International Trade). Lezinkantolo ezikhethekile zisingatha izindaba zobuchwepheshe ezidinga ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile futhi zisebenze ngaphansi kwemithetho yazo siqu eyingqayizivele.
Izinhlobo Zenkantolo Yesifunda
Ukuqonda uhlobo lokuqhubekeka ohilelekile kuyokusiza ukuba ulungiselele ngokufanele futhi wazi ukuthi yini okumelwe uyilindele kuyo yonke le nqubo.
Ukuqhubeka Kwezakhamuzi
Icala lomphakathi likahulumeni lihlanganisa impikiswano engokomthetho phakathi kwamaqembu amabili noma ngaphezulu. Isenzo somphakathi siqala lapho iqembu eliya empikiswaneni lifaka isikhalo futhi likhokha imali egciniwe. Amacala omphakathi angahlanganisa ukuphikisana kwesivumelwano, ukulimala komuntu siqu, ukucwasana ngemisebenzi, izindaba zempahla zobuhlakani, nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezingxabano ezingokomthetho.
Isikhalo sichaza umonakalo noma ukulimala kommangalelwa, sichaza indlela ummangalelwa abangela ngayo umonakalo, abonisa ngayo ukuthi inkantolo inegunya, futhi acele inkantolo ukuba ikhiphe imvume yokukhululeka. Ummangalelwa angase afune imali yokukhokhela umonakalo, noma angacela inkantolo ukuba iyale ummangalelwa ukuba amise ukuziphatha okubangela umonakalo. Inkantolo ingayala nezinye izinhlobo zosizo, njengesimemezelo samalungelo angokomthetho omphathi wezwe esimweni esithile.
Isigebengu Siyaqhubeka
Amacala ezigebengu ahlukile emacaleni omphakathi. Ekuqaleni kwecala lobugebengu likahulumeni, abadlali abayinhloko i - Attorney (umshushisi) nejaji elikhulu lase - United States limelela i - United States ezinkantolo eziningi, kuhlanganise nazo zonke izigebengu.
Ecaleni lobugebengu, umthwalo wobufakazi usohulumeni. Abavikeli akudingeki babonise ubumsulwa babo. Kunalokho, uhulumeni kumelwe anikeze ubufakazi ukuze aqinisekise abahluleli becala labamangalelwa. Lesi simiso esiyisisekelo sivikela amalungelo abamangalelwa futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi izinkolelo zobugebengu zisekelwe ebufakazini obuqinile.
Ukuqhubeka Kwemali
Izinkantolo zikahulumeni, ezinegunya lazo elikhethekile emacaleni okuwa, zinikeza abantu namabhizinisi isiqalo esisha lapho bengasakwazi ukukhokha izikweletu zabo.
Ukulungiselela Ukuhlanganyela Enkantolo Yomphakathi
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umelela wena noma usebenza nommeli, ukuqonda okumelwe ukulindele nendlela yokukulungiselela kuyokuthinta kakhulu okuhlangenwe nakho kwakho kanye nomphumela wecala lakho.
Ukuqonda Indima Yakho
Indima yakho ekumangalelweni kwenkantolo kahulumeni iyohluka kuye ngokuthi ungumhlanganyeli kuliphi icala, ufakazi, ijaji, noma ingqapheli. Indima ngayinye inemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukene nokulindela. Icala linengxenye ebaluleke kakhulu, njengoba kumelwe ukuba bahlanganyele ngenkuthalo kuzo zonke izigaba zokuqulwa kwecala, kusukela emabhukwini afaka ubufakazi namacala.
OFakazi babizelwa ukuba banikeze ubufakazi ngamaphuzu ahlobene nalelicala. Uma ubizwa njengofakazi, unesibopho esingokomthetho sokuvela nokufakaza ngeqiniso. Abaqondisi basebenza njengabatholi beqiniso ekuqulweni kwecala, belalela ubufakazi futhi banqume umphumela osekelwe emthethweni njengoba ufundiswe umahluleli.
Ukunquma Ukuthi Uzosifihla Yini I - athoriney
Esinye sezinqumo ezibaluleke kakhulu ozozenza ukuthi uzimelele yini (iprocessing "se") noma uqashe ummeli. Uma unelungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokuzimelela enkantolo kahulumeni, ukunkimbinkimbi yezinqubo nemithetho kahulumeni kwenza ukumelelwa okungokomthetho kungcono kakhulu ezimweni eziningi.
Inkantolo yama-freal ihlanganisa imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi, imithetho eqinile ethatha isikhathi, izindinganiso eziyinkimbinkimbi ezicacile, nezimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi zomthetho. Ababheki bachitha iminyaka befunda lemithetho futhi bethuthukisa amakhono adingekile ukuze basebenzise isimiso ngokuphumelelayo. Ngisho nabameli abangomakad’ebona baqasha abanye abameli uma behlanganyela ekuhlaziyweni.
Uma ukhetha ukuqasha ummeli, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zivame ukunikeza imithombo yosizo, nakuba abahluleli nezisebenzi zenkantolo bengenakunikeza iseluleko esingokomthetho.
Ukuqoqa Amadokhumende Nobufakazi
Ubufakazi obuphelele bubalulekile enkantolo kahulumeni. Qala ngokuqoqa zonke izincwadi ezihlobene necala lakho, kuhlanganise nezivumelwano, izincwadi, izithombe, amarisidi, amarekhodi ezokwelapha, amarekhodi emisebenzi, noma yiziphi ezinye izinto ezisekela isikhundla sakho.
Hlela izincwadi zakho ngokulandelana kwezikhathi futhi wenze amakhophi enkantolo, amaqembu aphikisanayo, kanye namarekhodi akho siqu. Izinkantolo zeFederal zinezimfuneko eziqondile zokuhlela izincwadi, ukuhlela, nokusebenza, ukuze ujwayelane nalemithetho kusenesikhathi.
Ngaphandle kwezincwadi, cabangela ukuthi yibuphi obunye ubufakazi obungasekela icala lakho. Lokhu kungahlanganisa izinto ezingokoqobo, ubufakazi obungochwepheshe, izitatimende zobufakazi, noma ubufakazi bemidwebo obunjenge-imeyili, imiyalezo, noma imithombo yezindaba. Khumbula ukuthi bonke ubufakazi kumelwe bube obuphathekayo, obuyiqiniso, futhi bungasetshenziswa ngaphansi kweMithetho ye-Federal yoBufakazi.
Ukuqonda Imithetho Yesifunda
Inkantolo ephethe inkantolo ilawulwa yimithetho eminingana enqumayo ukuthi amacala aqhubeka kanjani. Imithetho ye-Federal ye-Police Proceduce ibusa amacala omphakathi, iMithetho yeSigebengu ibusa amacala obugebengu, iMithendeleko ye-Federal of Evince ibusa ukuvunywa kobufakazi, futhi i-Federal Respoint of Appellete Procedure ibusa izikhalo.
Inkantolo yesifunda ngasinye iphethe nemithetho yayo siqu ehlanganisa imithetho kahulumeni. Lemithetho yendawo isingatha izindaba ezinjengokuhlelwa kwemithetho, isimilo, nohlelo lokuhlelwa kwenkantolo. Ungathola lemithetho engosini yenkantolo noma ngokuvakashela ihhovisi lomabhalane.
Nakuba kungadingeki ukuba ubambe ngekhanda yonke imithetho, ukuzijwayelana nezinqubo nezimfuneko eziyisisekelo kuyokusiza ukuba ugweme amaphutha abizayo namaphutha angokwemvelo angalimaza isimo sakho.
Ukuhlangana Nemigqa Efile
Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisebenza ngezikhathi ezimisiwe eziqinile, futhi ukulahlekelwa isikhathi esimisiwe kungaba nemiphumela engathi sína, kuhlanganise nokuxoshwa kwecala lakho noma umxoshi wamalungelo abalulekile. Lapho uthola imvume yenkantolo, ukumema, noma enye incwadi ebhalwe isikhathi esimisiwe, yiphawule ngokushesha ekhalendeni lakho bese ubeka izikhumbuzo kusengaphambili.
Uma ulindele ukuthi uhlangabezana nobunzima bokuqeda isikhathi, ungakwazi ukucela ukunwetshwa enkantolo. Nokho, izicelo ezinjalo kumelwe zenziwe ngaphambi kokuba isikhathi siphele futhi kumelwe zibonise isizathu esihle sokunwetshwa. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile ziyayekelela kakhulu emadilini amele kunasemachazeni e-pro seligion, ngakho uma uzimelela wena, khuthalela ngokukhethekile ngezinsuku zomhlangano.
Inqubo Yokuthola
Ukuqonda inqubo yokuthola izinto kuyokusiza ukuba uhlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo futhi uvikele amalungelo akho.
Yini Etholakalayo?
Kungase kutholakale ukuthi ama - ligion kumelwe anikezene ukwaziswa ngecala, njengokuthi obani ofakazi namakhophi anoma yiziphi izincwadi ezihlobene naleli cala. Injongo yokuthola lokhu iwukulungiselela ukuqulwa kwecala ngokufuna ukuba lezi zingcezu zihlanganise ubufakazi bazo futhi zilungiselele ukubiza ofakazi.
Ukuthola ukwaziswa kufeza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile, kusiza abantu ukuba baqonde amandla nobuthakathaka bendaba yabo, kukhuthaza ukuba babhekane nobunzima obutholakala ohlangothini ngalunye, kuvimbela ukumangala lapho kuqulwa icala, futhi kuthuthukisa ukuxabana okuphumelelayo.
Izinhlobo Zokuthola
Izinkantolo ze-Federal ziyaziqaphela izindlela eziningana zokuthola izinto, ngayinye ifeza izinjongo ezihlukene. Izingxoxo zemibuzo zibhalwe omunye umuntu athumele komunye, okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo. Izicelo zephepha zidinga ukuba abantu abazobhalane bakhiqize izincwadi ezihlobene nazo, ukwaziswa okugciniwe ngomshini, noma ezinye izinto eziphathekayo ukuze bahlolwe futhi bakopishe.
Izindawo zihilela ubufakazi bomlomo obunikezwa ngaphansi kwesifungo ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, ngokuvamile ehhovisi lommeli elinentatheli yasenkantolo. Izicelo zokucela ukuvuma ukuvuma noma ukuphika amaqiniso akhethekile, ukusiza ekuvaleni izindaba zokulingwa. Ukuhlola okungokomzimba nokungokwengqondo kungayalelwa uma isimo somzimba noma sengqondo sommeli sisendabeni.
Ukusabela Ezicelweni Ezatholakala
Lapho uthola izicelo ozitholayo, zithathe ngokungathi sína futhi uphendule ngokuneqiniso. ukuhluleka ukusabela ekutholeni noma ukunikeza ukusabela okungaphelele noma okungamanga kungaphumela ekujezisweni, kuhlanganise nezijeziso zemali, imithetho esobala, noma ngisho nokuxoshwa kwecala lakho.
Zihlole ngokucophelela izicelo ezitholakele futhi uthintane nommeli uma unemibuzo ngokuthi yikuphi ukwaziswa okumelwe ukunikeze. Okunye ukwaziswa kungavikelwa ekutholeni ilungelo elisemthethweni, imfundiso yezentengiselwano, noma ezinye izivikelo ezingokomthetho.
Amadokhumende Afihlwayo NgeNkantolo
Ukuqonda inqubo yokuhlela nezimfuneko kuyosiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izincwadi zakho zamukelwa futhi zicatshangelwe inkantolo.
Izimiso Zokuphehla Ngemishini
Izinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni zisebenzisa i-Case Management/Electronic Case Falls (CM/ECF) ukuze kugcinwe amadokhumende nge-tektroniki. Ukusebenzisa i-CM/ECF, kumelwe ubhalisele i-akhawunti futhi ungenise igama lokungena. Isimiso sikuvumela ukuba ubhalise amabhukwana ama-case amahora angu-24 ngosuku, izinsuku eziyisikhombisa ngesonto, futhi unikeze ukuqinisekiswa kwamanje.
Imishini yokubhala imishini iye yathatha indawo yokufaka amaphepha ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, nakuba ezinye zingatholakali ezinhlotsheni ezithile zezincwadi noma ezinhlanganweni ezibonisa ukuthi ukuqongelela ama - electronic kungabangela ubunzima obungafanele.
Izimfuneko zokulungisa idokhumende
Izinkantolo ze-freal zinezimfuneko ezikhethekile zokuhlela ibhukwana, kuhlanganise nohlobo lwe-ography, ama-lace, imikhawulo yelayini, nemingcele yamakhasi. Lezi zimfuneko zitholakala kakhulu emithethweni yendawo yenkantolo yesifunda ngasinye. Izimfuneko ezivamile zihlanganisa ukusebenzisa i-profile eyi-12, imikhawulo ye-intshi, kanye nokuhlukanisa kabili kwemibhalo eminingi.
Amabhukwana kumelwe futhi abe nesihloko esichaza inkantolo, inani lamacala, amacala, nesihloko sezincwadi. Izinkantolo eziningi zinikeza amafomu nezinhlamvu zokulungisa izincwadi ezihlelwe kahle.
Ukusebenza kwamadokhumende
Ngaphezu kokufaka amaphepha enkantolo, kumelwe unikeze amakhophi futhi kunoma yimuphi omunye umkhandlu. Inkonzo iqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amalungu anesaziso sezincwadi nethuba lokusabela. I-Federal Reals of Civil Proceduceture ichaza izindlela ezifanele zenkonzo, kuhlanganise nenkonzo ye-electronic ngesimiso se-CM/ECF, iposi, noma ukuthunyelwa komuntu siqu.
Uma ufaka incwadi, kumele ufake isitifiketi senkonzo esichaza ukuthi uyithumele kanjani futhi nini enye ingxenye. Ukwehluleka ukuthumela amadokhumende ngokufanele kungaphumela enkantolo enqabayo ukucabangela i-faces yakho.
Ukuhlanganyela Enkantolo Equlwa Amacala Nokuqhubeka
Ukuvela enkantolo kahulumeni kungase kwesabise, kodwa ukuqonda okumelwe ukulindele nendlela oziphatha ngayo kuyokusiza ukuba uhlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo futhi umenze abe nombono omuhle umahluleli.
Umshini Wenkantolo Ne - scoorum
Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zilondoloza izindinganiso eziphakeme zokuziphatha okuhle nomsebenzi. Gqoka ngendlela ehloniphekile nengokobuchwepheshe, njengokungathi uya emhlanganweni webhizinisi obalulekile. Amadoda kufanele agqoke amasudi noma amabhulukwe agqoke ihembe elinamakhabethe nothayi. Abesifazane kufanele bagqoke amasudi ebhizinisi, izingubo zokugqoka, noma izimpahla zokuhloba, noma noma noma yini engase ibhekwe njengengenanhlonipho.
Kusheshe ufike ukuze unikeze isikhathi sokuhlola ukulondeka futhi uthole indawo yenkantolo elungile. Izinkantolo ze-Federal zinezimiso eziqinile zokuphepha, kuhlanganise nokuhlola insimbi nokuseshwa kwezikhwama. Shiya izinto ezinqatshelwe, njengezikhali, ekhaya, futhi uzimisele ukuzicisha zonke izisetshenziswa zogesi noma ukuzishiya ngaphandle kwenkantolo.
Uma umahluleli engena noma ephuma enkantolo, misa njengophawu lwenhlonipho. Yisho umahluleli ngokuthi "Inhlonipho yakho" futhi ukhulume kuphela lapho unikezwa imvume. Ungalokothi uphazamise umahluleli noma ezinye izikhulumi, futhi ugweme ukwenza izimpawu zobuso noma zomzimba ezingase zibhekwe njengezedelelo.
Ukukhuluma Enkantolo
Uma kuyithuba lakho lokukhuluma, yima ngaphandle kokuba ufundiswe ngenye indlela, khuluma ngokucacile nangokuzwakalayo ukuze wonke umuntu azwe, futhi uqondise amazwi akho kumahluleli kunokuba uqondise kumaqembu aphikisanayo noma kubameli bawo. Hlela imicabango yakho ngaphambi kokukhuluma futhi unikeze izimpikiswano zakho ngokunengqondo nangokufingqiwe.
Namathela emaqinisweni nasemibangweni evumelana nenqubekela-phambili. Gwema ukuthukuthela ngokomzwelo, ukuhlasela komuntu siqu, noma ukwaziswa okungabalulekile. Uma uma ijaji likubuza umbuzo, yiphendule ngokuqondile nangokuthembeka. Uma ungayazi impendulo noma udinga isikhathi sokucwaninga indaba, yisho kunokuqagela noma ukunikeza ukwaziswa okunganembile.
Izinhlobo Zenkantolo Eziqhubekayo
Ukuvela kokuqala nokujeziswa kuvame ukuvela enkantolo emacalani obugebengu, lapho abamangalelwa batshelwa khona ngamacala futhi bafake isikhalazo.
Izindlebe ezihambayo zikhuluma ngezindaba ezicacisiwe ezingokomthetho noma ezisekelwe emaqenjini. Lezi zindaba zingahlanganisa izimpikiswano zomlomo ezithathelwe phambili ukulahla, ukuthatha isinyathelo ukuze kukhishwe ukwahlulela okufingqiwe, noma ukuthatha isinyathelo ukuze ukhiphe ubufakazi. Yiza ulungele ukuxoxa ngesisekelo esingokomthetho nesiyiqiniso sesikhundla sakho nokuphendula imibuzo evela kumahluleli.
Imihlangano yamacala isiza ijaji ukuba lisingathe icala futhi likhuthaze ukuhlaliswa. umahluleli angase axoxe ngokuhlelwa kwecala, ukuthola izimpikiswano, ukuxazulula amathuba, nokulungiselela ukuqulwa kwecala lakho. Zilungiselele ukuxoxa ngesimo secala lakho nanoma yiziphi izimpikiswano ezidinga ukuxazululwa.
Ukuqulwa Kwamacala kuyizikhalo ezingokomthetho, lapho amaqembu enikeza khona ubufakazi nezimpikiswano kumajaji noma kumajaji.
Ukusebenza Nezikhulu ZaseNkantolweni
Ihhovisi lonobhala nezinye izisebenzi zasenkantolo zifeza indima ebalulekile esimisweni senkantolo kahulumeni. Banganikeza ukwaziswa ngezinqubo zenkantolo, izimfuneko zenkantolo, nokubekwa kwecala. Nokho, abanakunikeza iseluleko esingokomthetho noma bakusize ulungiselele icala lakho.
Ziphathe ngenhlonipho izisebenzi zasenkantolo, zingochwepheshe abenza umsebenzi obalulekile, futhi zingaba imithombo ebalulekile yemibuzo eyimfihlo. Uma udinga iseluleko esingokomthetho, thintana nommeli kunokuba ubuze izisebenzi zasenkantolo.
Ukuqonda Amalungelo Akho Njengengxenye
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungowokuhlangana, ufakazi, noma ungqapheli, unamalungelo athile lapho uhlanganyela enkantolo kahulumeni. Ukuqonda lamalungelo kuzokusiza ukuba uzivikele futhi uqinisekise ukuphathwa kahle.
Amalungelo Emikhosi
Uma ungowokuhlangana enkantolo kahulumeni, unelungelo lokuzwakala, ukunikeza ubufakazi nofakazi, ukunqamule ofakazi abaphikisayo, nokunquma icala lakho ngokusekelwe emthethweni nasebufakazini. Ezimweni zomphakathi, ungaba nelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala uma ucela elinye futhi icala lihilela umthetho kunokuba libhalwe ngokulinganayo.
Ezicatshangelweni zobugebengu, abamangalelwa banamalungelo amakhulu omthetho - sisekelo, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuthula, ilungelo lommeli (kuhlanganise neseluleko esimisiwe uma ungenakukwazi ukulithenga), ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo nelinomphakathi, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi nelungelo lokunikeza isivikelo.
Amalungelo OFakazi
OFakazi banelungelo lokuphathwa ngenhlonipho nangesizotha. Uma ubizwa njengofakazi, kumelwe ufakaze iqiniso, kodwa futhi unezivikelo ezithile. Ungaqinisa ilungelo leSichibiyelo sesihlanu ngokumelene nokuzilahla wena uma ubufakazi bakho bungakuchaya engxengweni yobugebengu.
Ungase futhi ube nelungelo lokuba nommeli okhona phakathi nobufakazi bakho, nakuba ummeli ngokuvamile engenakukukhulumela noma ephazamisa ekubuzeni.
Ukutholakala Komphakathi Enkantolo
Ngokuvamile ukuqulwa kwenkantolo kuvulekele umphakathi, kubonakalisa isimiso sokuthi ubulungisa kufanele bube obusobala futhi bufinyeleleke. Amalungu omphakathi angase abe khona ezindlebeni eziningi nasekulingweni, nakuba ezinye izinkulumo zingase zivalwe ukuze zivikele ukwaziswa okusheshayo, ukulondeka kwesizwe, noma ukuba umuntu abe wedwa.
Amarekhodi asenkantolo ngokuvamile atholakala nasemkhakheni we - Public Access to Court Electronic Records (PACER), ovumela abantu ukuba bafune futhi bathathe izincwadi zenkantolo kahulumeni kuyi - Internet ukuze bathole imali encane.
Ukunakekelwa Okukhethekile Kwezisulu
Ukuzimelela enkantolo kahulumeni kuveza izinselele eziyingqayizivele futhi kudinga ukukhuthala nokulungiselela okwengeziwe. Nakuba izinkantolo ziqaphela ilungelo lakho lokuzimela, zilindele ukuba ulandele imithetho nezinqubo ezifanayo njengabameli.
Imithombo Yabaziphenduleli Abazimele
Izinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni zinikeza imithombo eklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukusiza abaqondisi ukuba basebenzise isimiso. Lezi zingahlanganisa izikhungo ezizisizayo, izincwadi zokwaziswa, ukwakha amaphepha, kanye namavidiyo okufundisa. Hlola ingosi yenkantolo yendawo yakho ukuze uthole imithombo ekhona.
Izinhlangano zosizo ezingokomthetho zingase futhi zinikeze usizo ekufanelekeni kwabantu, kuhlanganise neseluleko, ukulungiselela amabhukwana, noma ukuma kwezincwadi okulinganiselwe. Ngisho noma ungakwazi ukunikeza izimpawu eziphelele, ukuxoxa nommeli okwesikhashana kungakusiza ukuba uqonde ukukhetha kwakho futhi ugweme amaphutha abucayi.
Izihibe Ezivamile Okumelwe Zigwenywe
Izikhulu ze-proligion zivame ukubhekana nobunzima ngenxa yokuthi azijwayelene nezinqubo zenkantolo nezimfuneko ezingokomthetho. Amaphutha avamile ahlanganisa ukulahleka kwezinsuku ezimisiwe, ukuhluleka ukusebenzisa izincwadi ngokufanele, ukunikeza amafaksi ahlelwe kahle, ukwenza izimpikiswano zomthetho ngaphandle kokusekela igunya, futhi ukuhluleka ukulondoloza izindaba zokudlulisa icala.
Ukuze ugweme lezizihibe, zifundise ngemithetho nezinqubo ezisebenzayo, funa usizo ezimfashinini ezikhona, hlela futhi ugcine amarekhodi anemininingwane eminingi, uxhumane nenkantolo nakwamanye amaqembu, futhi ucabangele ukuqasha ummeli ngezinjongo ezilinganiselwe, njengokubukeza izincwadi ezibalulekile noma ukunikeza iseluleko esiwusizo.
Ukusingatha Amathemba
Ukuzimelela enkantolo kahulumeni kuyinselele, futhi imiphumela ayiqinisekisiwe. Ngisho noma ulungiselela kahle, ungabhekana nempi ephakeme nabameli abanolwazi abaqonda incazelo ecacile yokuzihlela kukahulumeni.
Kwezinye izimo, ezinye izindlela zempikiswano njengesinqumo sokulungisa noma ukudluliswa kwecala zinganikeza indlela efinyelelekayo nengahleliwe yokuxazulula impikiswano yakho.
Indima Yempi Ehlukile
Izinkantolo eziphethe zikhuthaza amaqembu ukuba axazulule izingxabano ngezindlela ezihlukile zempikiswano (ADR) ngaphambi kokuba aqhubeke ayoqulwa icala. Ukuqonda lezi zinqumo kungalondoloza isikhathi, imali nokucindezeleka kuyilapho kungenzeka kufinyelele imiphumela engcono.
Isiphazamiso
Ukubuyisana kuhilela umuntu wesithathu ongathathi hlangothi osiza abahilelekile ukuba baxoxe. Umlamuleli akakhi izinqumo noma abeke izixazululo kodwa wenza kube lula ukukhulumisana futhi kusize abantu ukuba bathole isisekelo esifanayo.
Izinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni zinezinhlelo zokuqulisana futhi zingase ziyale amaqembu ukuba ahlanganyele ekuqulweni kwecala ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Ngisho noma kungadingeki ukuba kuxazululwe, kungaba indlela ephumelelayo yokuxazulula izingxabano kuyilapho kulawulwa umphumela.
Ukudluliselwa Kwezindawo
Ukuthatha inqubo ye - ADR kuyindlela esemthethweni lapho umsizi ongathathi hlangothi ezwa khona ubufakazi nezimpikiswano nhlangothi zombili futhi enza isinqumo esibophekile. Ukuthatha inqubo kungashesha futhi kungabiza kancane kunokuqulwa kwecala, nakuba futhi kulinganisela ikhono lakho lokudlulisa izinqumo ezingezinhle.
Ezinye izivumelwano zidinga ukuqulwa kwezimpikiswano, futhi izinkantolo zikahulumeni ngokuvamile ziyozimisa lezivumelwano.
Imihlangano Yokuhlala Kulo Mhlalandawo
Amajaji ahlangene noma amajaji amajaji angase alungise izingqungquthela ukuze akhuthaze amaqembu ukuba axazulule izingxabano zawo. Le mihlangano inikeza ithuba lokuxoxa ngezici ezinhle nobuthakathaka becala ngalinye nokuhlola imibandela engase ixazululwe.
Imihlangano yokuxoxa ixazululeka ngengqondo evulekile nangokulindela okungokoqobo. Nakuba kufanele ulwele izithakazelo zakho, cabangela futhi izindleko, izingozi, nokungaqiniseki kokuqhubeka ukhuluma ngempikiswano.
Ukuqonda Izinqumo Nezicelo Zenkantolo Kahulumeni
Ngemva kokukhipha isinqumo enkantolo kahulumeni, kudingeka uqonde ukuthi sisho ukuthini nokuthi iziphi izindlela ongazikhetha lapho usibekela inselele noma usigunyaza.
Izinhlobo Zezinqumo Zasenkantolo
Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zikhipha izinhlelo zezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise neziqondiso, imibono, nezahlulelo. Isiyalo sidingida izindaba ezithile ezingokwendabuko noma ezithi shazwé phansi futhi singakhishwa nganoma isiphi isigaba secala. Imibono ichaza indlela yenkantolo yokucabanga nokuhlaziywa kwemithetho, ikakhulukazi emacaleni ahilela izindaba ezibalulekile ezingokomthetho.
Izahlulelo ziyizinqumo zokugcina ezixazulula icala noma izinkulumo eziqondile. Isahlulelo singakhipha isijeziso, sinikeze impumuzo elula, ukuxoxisana, noma ukunikeza amanye amakhambi. Uma sekungene ukwahlulela, kuba lula ukuphoqelelwa futhi kungase kubhekwe.
Inqubo Yokukhanga
Uma icala selinqunyiwe, ngokuvamile kungadluliswa, ukudluliswa kwecala akuzona izikhalo ezintsha kodwa kunalokho kubukezwa ukuthi inkantolo ephansi iwusebenzisa kahle yini umthetho. Inkantolo ihlola irekhodi lenkantolo lokuqulwa kwecala, kuhlanganise nemibhalo eqoshiwe, imiboniso, nezifushaniso ezingokomthetho, ukuze ithole ukuthi amaphutha athinta umphumela.
Ukuze udlulisele isinqumo senkantolo yesifunda kahulumeni, kumelwe ubhale isaziso sokudlulisa isikhalo ngenkathi eqinile, ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu - 30 kusukela ekungeneni ekwahluleleni emacaleni omphakathi nasezinkantolo zobugebengu izinsuku ezingu - 14. Ukungawutholi lo mzuzu ngokuvamile kusho ukulahlekelwa ilungelo lakho lokudlulisa icala.
Ukudlulisa izicelo kuhlanganisa izimfuneko eziyinkimbinkimbi zokubhala, kuhlanganise nokulungisa irekhodi le-applette, ukubhala izikhawu ezimfutshane, futhi ngokunokwenzeka kunikeze izimpikiswano zomlomo. Uma kucatshangelwa indlela yezobuchwepheshe yokusebenzisa i-appellate, ukumelela okungokomthetho kutuswa kakhulu uma ucabangela ukudlulisa.
Ukukhipha Izahlulelo
Uma uthola isahlulelo esihle, kungase kudingeke uthathe izinyathelo ezengeziwe zokusiphoqelela. Ezindabeni zomphakathi, lokhu kungahlanganisa ukuqoqa umonakalo wemali ngokukhokhelwa iholo, intela yasebhange, noma amaphutha empahla. Izinkantolo ze-Frederal zinezinqubo zokugunyaza izahlulelo, futhi kungase kudingeke ukuba ubhale phansi ezinye izinqubo noma amacala ukuze uqoqe lokho okukweleta imali.
Amacebiso Awusizo Okuphumelela ENkantolo Kahulumeni
Ngaphandle kwezinqubo nemithetho eqondakalayo, amasu athile asebenzayo angathuthukisa okuhlangenwe nakho kwakho nokuphumelela lapho uhlanganyela ekuqulweni kwenkantolo kahulumeni.
Hlala Uhlelekile
Gcina ifayela elibanzi lecala lakho, kuhlanganise nazo zonke izincwadi zenkantolo, iposi, ubufakazi, nenothi. Yenza umngcele wezenzakalo ezibalulekile nezinsuku ezimisiwe. Sebenzisa uhlelo lwekhalenda ukuze ulandelele izinsuku zenkantolo, ukugcina isikhathi esimisiwe, nezinye izinsuku ezibalulekile. Inhlangano enhle izokusiza ukuba uhlale phambili kwecala lakho futhi ugweme ukulahlekelwa yizikhawu ezibucayi noma ukulahlekelwa amabhukwana abalulekile.
Ukukhulumisana Ngochwepheshe
Zonke izinkulumo ezihlobene nenkantolo, amaqembu aphikisanayo nabameli babo kufanele zibe ezobuchwepheshe, ezihloniphekayo, nezinjengezebhizinisi.
Lapho ubhala, hlola ngokucophelela indlela obhalwe ngayo amagama, uhlelo lolimi nokucacisa.
Zilungiselele
Ukwazi amaqiniso ecala lakho ngaphakathi nangaphandle, ukuqonda umthetho osebenzayo, ulindele izimpikiswano eziphikisanayo nokulungiselela izimpendulo, futhi uprakthize ukuveza izimpikiswano zakho ngokucacile nangokufingqa.
Uma uhlelelwe ukuqulwa kwecala noma icala, vakashela enkantolo kusengaphambili uma kungenzeka ukuba uzijwayelanise nesimo nendawo ezungezile. Lungisa noma yiziphi izinto ozozidinga, njengemiboniso, izinhlu zokufakaza, noma iziphathimandla ezingokomthetho, kusengaphambili.
Lalela Ngokucophelela
Lalelisisa lapho kuqulwa icala. Lalela lokho umahluleli akushoyo, landela iziyalezo zomahluleli ngokunembile, futhi ubhale amaphuzu emaphuzu abalulekile noma imibuzo. Uma ungaqondi okuthile, buza ngesizotha ukuba ucacise kunokuba uqhubeke usekelwe ekucabangeni.
Lawula Imizwelo Yakho
Ukuqubuka kwamacala angokomthetho kungacindezela futhi kubangele intukuthelo, ikakhulukazi uma amalungelo noma izithakazelo ezibalulekile zisengozini.
Uma uzizwa uzizwa uzizwa uzizwa uzizwa uzizwa uzizwa, phefumula kakhulu, yima ngaphambi kokuphendula, bese ugxila ezindabeni ezingokomthetho neziyiqiniso kunokuba ugxile emizweni yakho siqu.
Yazi Isikhathi Sokufuna Usizo
Ngisho noma uzimele, qaphela lapho udinga usizo lochwepheshe. Izindaba zomthetho eziyinkimbinkimbi, imiphumela ephawulekayo, noma izinkinga ezingokwesayensi zingadinga ukuxhumana noma ukuqasha ummeli. Abameli abaningi banikeza imiklamo yezimpawu ezilinganiselwe, lapho besiza khona ngezici ezithile zecala lakho kunokuba basize ngezimpawu eziphelele.
Ubuchwepheshe Nenqubo Yenkantolo Yanamuhla
Ukuqonda la mathuluzi ezobuchwepheshe kungakusiza ukuba uhlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ezinkantolo zanamuhla.
Ukundiza Kwama - computer Nokuphatha Icala
Isimiso se-CM/ECF siye saguqula indlela yenkantolo kahulumeni ngokuvumela ukugcinwa nokuvunyelwa kwezincwadi ze-electronic ezibhalwe enkantolo. Zijwayelane nale nqubo ekuqaleni kwendaba yakho. Izinkantolo eziningi zinikeza izinto zokuqeqesha kanye neziqondisi zosizo ukuze usebenzise isimiso.
I-email ye-electronic inikeza izinzuzo eziningana, kuhlanganise nokutholakala kwamaphepha, ukuqinisekiswa ngokushesha, umsebenzi ozisebenzelayo kwabasebenzisi ababhalisiweyo, kanye nezindleko ezincishisiwe nezokuthumela. Nokho, idinga ukunaka izimfuneko zobuchwepheshe, njengefomethi yamafayela, isilinganiso sobukhulu, kanye nokungathathi hlangothi kokwaziswa okusheshayo.
Izindawo Ezikude
Izinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni manje zinikeza ukuhlanganyela ekude kwezinye izikhalo nge-video noma ngocingo. Lokhu kungaba usizo kakhulu emaqenjini ahlala kude negceke noma ahamba kanzima.
Uma uthatha igalelo kude, qinisekisa ukuthi unobuxhaka obunokwethenjelwa, indawo ethule neyobuchwepheshe, kanye nokuxhumana okuqinile kwe-inthanethi. Vivinya imishini yakho kusengaphambili futhi ube necebo lokuyisekela uma kwenzeka ubunzima bobuchwepheshe.
Ukucwaninga Ngomthetho Ngomsha - phansi
I - Legal Information Institute eCornell Law School inikeza inkululeko yokusebenzisa imithetho, imithetho nemithetho yenkantolo.
IPACER ikuvumela ukuba ungene emabhukwana enkantolo kahulumeni nasemadokisini, nakuba ibiza imali encane ngekhasi ngalinye. Imitapo eminingi yomthetho inikeza ukufinyelela mahhala ezitatsheni zokucwaninga ezingokomthetho ukuze zisetshenziswe umphakathi.
Ukuqonda Izindleko Zenkantolo Nezifebe
Ukuhlanganyela enkantolo kahulumeni kuhilela izindleko ezihlukahlukene nenkokhelo okufanele uyiqonde futhi uyisebenzise ngokufanele.
Amaphaphu Anukayo
Lezi zintela zingaba amagugu amakhulu, kusukela emadola angamakhulu ambalwa ecala lomphakathi kuya kumadlana ambalwa ngenxa yezenzo ezithile.
Uma ungenakukwazi ukukhokhela imali, ungase ufake isicelo sokuqhubeka ne - forma pauperes, okukuvumela ukuba uqhubeke ngaphandle kokukhokha uma ubonakalisa ubunzima obungokwezimali. inkantolo iyobukeza ukwaziswa kwakho okungokwezimali bese inquma ukuthi uzokhokhela yini intela.
I - Attorney Fees
Uma uqasha ummeli, intela yezomthetho ingaba nethonya. Ama-athorney adla ihora, anamazinga ahlukahlukene ngenxa yolwazi, indawo, kanye nenkinga. Abanye abameli banganikeza intela eyisicaba yemisebenzi ethile noma amalungiselelo okukhokhela lapho bethola khona isilinganiso esithile sanoma ikuphi ukululama.
Xoxa ngenkokhelo namalungiselelo okukhokha kunoma imuphi ummeli ocabangela ukuqasha. Thola izivumelwano zenkokhelo ezibhalwe phansi futhi uqiniseke ukuthi uqonda ukuthi yiziphi izinkonzo ezihlanganisiwe nokuthi iziphi ezinye izindleko ongase uzifake.
Ezinye Izindleko
Ngaphandle kwenkokhelo yokukhokha nokukhokha ummeli, ukukhokhela izindleko kuhilela ezinye izindleko ezinjengomsebenzi wokukhokha inqubo, ukufaka amarekhodi, izindleko zobufakazi, ukukopisha nokunyathelisa, nezindleko zokuhamba.
Ukucabangela Okungokomthetho Nomthwalo Wemfanelo Wobuchwepheshe
Bonke abahlanganyela enkantolo kahulumeni banesibopho sokuziphatha esiqotho nesiqotho.
Ingxenye Yecandor
Unesibopho sokuba neqiniso enkantolo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi awunakwenza amanga ngamabomu, unikeze ubufakazi obungamanga, noma ufihle ukwaziswa okudingeke ukuba ukudalule. Ukuphula lo msebenzi kungaphumela ekujezisweni, kuhlanganise nokuxoshwa kwecala lakho, izijeziso zemali, noma ngisho nokumangalelwa ngecala noma ukuvinjelwa kobulungisa.
Ukuhlonipha Inqubo Engokomthetho
Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zilindele ukuba bonke abahlanganyelayo bayihloniphe inqubo engokomthetho futhi balandele imithetho yenkantolo neziyalezo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukumiswa kwezikhathi ezimisiwe, ukuvumelana nezibopho zokuthola izinto, ukulandela izinqubo zasenkantolo, nokuphatha bonke abahlanganyela ngenhlonipho.
Ukusetshenziswa kabi kwenqubo engokomthetho, njengokuphoqa izinkulumo ezingenangqondo, ukuhlukumeza, noma ukwephula ngamabomu iziyalezo zenkantolo, kungaphumela emiphumeleni engathi sína, kuhlanganise nokujezisa, ukudelela, noma imingcele yokutholakala kwenkantolo esikhathini esizayo.
Ukufihla Izindaba Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu
Qaphela izinto eziyimfihlo neziyimfihlo lapho uhlanganyela ekuqulweni kwenkantolo kahulumeni. Okunye ukwaziswa kungavikelwa ngelungelo eliyilungelo lommeli, imfundiso yemikhiqizo esebenzayo, noma imithetho yangasese. Imithetho yeNkantolo idinga futhi ukuncishiswa kokwaziswa okuthile okubucayi, njengenombolo ye-Social Security, izinombolo zemali, kanye nokwaziswa okuphathelene nabantwana.
Imithombo Yezakhamuzi Ezihlanganyela ENkantolo Kahulumeni
Kutholakala imithombo eminingi yokusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde futhi ziqondise inkantolo kahulumeni.
Imivubukulo Yenkantolo Engokomthetho
Inkantolo yase-U.S. engosini ye-website . u-ucourts.gov inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngesimiso senkantolo sezwe, kuhlanganise nezincwadi zemfundo, imithetho yenkantolo, neziqondiso zokuqondisa izinhlelo. Amawebhusayithi enkantolo esifunda anikeza ulwazi lwendawo, izakhiwo, nemithombo eqondene nekhokhisi kuleyo nkantolo.
Izinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni zinezinhlelo zosizo kanye nezikhungo ezinikeza ukwaziswa kanye nosizo olulinganiselwe kubantu abazinikeza bona. Thintana nenkantolo kahulumeni yendawo yakho ukuze uthole izinhlelo ezikhona.
Izinhlangano Zosizo Ezingokomthetho
Izinhlangano zosizo ezingokomthetho zinikeza izinkonzo zomthetho zamahhala noma ezisezingeni eliphansi ukuze kufaneleke abantu.
I-website yeNhlangano Yezinkonzo Zomthetho e- e www.lsc.gov ingakusiza ukuba uthole izinhlangano zosizo olungokomthetho endaweni yakini. Amanxusa amaningi e-bar asebenzisa nezinhlelo ze-probobo ezixhumanisa abantu nabameli bokuzithandela.
Imitapo Yomthetho
Imitapo yezincwadi yomthetho inikeza imvume yokuthola izinto zokucwaninga ezingokomthetho, kuhlanganise nemithetho, imithetho, imithetho yasenkantolo, nezincwadi zomthetho. Imitapo eminingi yomthetho ivulekele umphakathi futhi inikeza usizo lokucwaninga kubaphathi bezincwadi abaqeqeshiwe. Imitapo yezincwadi yesifunda nezincwadi zezomthetho ziyizindawo ezinhle zokuqala.
Izinhlelo Zokufundisa Nezindawo Zomsebenzi
Izinkantolo, izinkampani zezosizo ezingokomthetho nezinhlangano zomthetho ngokuvamile zinikeza izinhlelo zokufundisa nezindawo zokucwaninga ngezihloko ezihlukahlukene ezingokomthetho.
Ukwaziswa Okungokomthetho Kuyi - Internet
Amawebhusayithi amaningi anikeza izakhamuzi ulwazi olungokomthetho nemithombo yemali. I-Legal Information e-Cornell Law School ( www.law.corell.Celru) inikeza ukufinyelela kwamahhala emithethweni kahulumeni nombuso, imithetho yenkantolo, kanye nokwaziswa okusemthethweni. I-website ye-American Bar Association inikeza ulwazi olungokomthetho kubantu ngezihloko ezihlukahlukene.
Qaphela lapho usebenzisa ukwaziswa okungokomthetho kuyi - Internet, njengoba kungezona zonke imithombo enokwethenjelwa noma ekhona manje.
Isiphetho
Ukuhlanganyela ekuqulweni kwenkantolo kahulumeni kudinga ukulungiselela, ulwazi, nomsebenzi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumhlanganyeli ecaleni, ufakazi, noma umane ufuna ukuqonda isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni, ukwaziswa okukulesi siqondiso kunikeza isisekelo sokuhlanganyela okuphumelelayo.
Khumbula ukuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisebenzisa imithetho eqinile nezinqubo eziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zilungile futhi zilungile.
Nakuba inkantolo kahulumeni ingaba yinselele, ikakhulukazi kulabo abangaqeqeshiwe ngokomthetho, kunemithombo eminingi ekwazi ukukusiza ukuba uqonde amalungelo nemithwalo yakho yemfanelo. Unganqikazi ukusebenzisa le mithombo, ukubuza imibuzo, nokufuna usizo lochwepheshe uma kufaneleka.
Ngokuqonda isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni, ukulungiselela ngokwanele, nokuhlanganyela emsebenzini, ungaqinisekisa ukuthi izwi lakho liyazwakala futhi amalungelo akho avikelwe enkantolo kahulumeni. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zifeza indima ebalulekile esimisweni sethu sobulungisa, futhi zinolwazi, zilungiselele izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ekuqondiseni ubulungisa ngendlela engakhethi nephumelelayo kubo bonke.