I-Bill of Rights iyinsika eyisisekelo yentando yeningi yaseMelika, ihlanganisa inkululeko eyisisekelo evikela abantu ekuphathweni uhulumeni. Yaqiniswa ngo-1791 njengezinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi zoMthetho-sisekelo we-United States, lamalungelo azalwa kokuhlangenwe nakho kwamakoloni ngaphansi kokubusa kwamaNgisi nokuzimisela kwawo ukuvikela izizukulwane ezizayo. Ukuqonda amalungelo akho ngaphansi kweSigqi Samalungelo Abantu akusona nje ithuluzi eliwusizo lokuzilungisa ngokwawo kanye nesabelo sesizwe esibophenesibopho. Lesiqondiso sinikeza umbono obanzi wendlela yokuqeda inkathi ngayinye, umlando, izingcingo zawo, izimemezelo zanamuhla, nezinkulumo eziqhubekayo ezingokomthetho ezigcina lezi sivikelo zibalulekile namuhla.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando: Okwenza Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Sidingeke

UMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala, owabunjwa ngo-1787, wamisa uhlelo lukahulumeni wombuso kodwa ekuqaleni wawungenalo uhlu olucacile lwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Izikhulu eziningi ze-Anti-Federalist zamelana ngokunembile nokudunyiswa ngenxa yalokhu kushiyeka, zisaba ukuthi uhulumeni onamandla angawanyathela imingcele enqotshwe eMpini yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ukuvikela, uJames Madison wasungula uchungechunge lwezinguquko eKhongomeni, edweba i-Virginia Declaraction of Rights ne-Inglash Bill of Rights. Umphumela wawuwukubekwa umthetho onamandla ayishumi owenzelwe ukuhlola amandla kahulumeni futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo athile angokwenzuzo futhi asemthethweni. I-Bill of Rights yagunyaziswa ngoDecember 15,91, inguquko yaphakade enzinyana yenkululeko.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Isisekelo Sokukhuluma Ngenkululeko

ISichibiyelo sokuqala senqabela iSiphendulo somthetho ekwenzeni noma imuphi umthetho “ukuhlonipha ukumiswa kwenkolo, noma ukunqabela ukuyisebenzisa ngokukhululekile; noma ukuvimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yezindaba; noma ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nokunxusa uHulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo.” Lomusho owodwa uvikela amalungelo ahlukene amahlanu: inkolo, ukukhuluma, ukunyathelisa, ingqungquthela nesicelo. Ivame ukubhekwa njengendlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokulungisa ngoba izakhamuzi zingavikela ngayo izindlela zokugxeka uhulumeni nokusekela ushintsho.

Izimpikiswano zanamuhla ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala zihlanganisa umthetho wamaqonga ezokuxhumana, inkulumo enzondo, umkhankaso, nokuboniswa kwezimpawu zenkolo embonini yomphakathi. Icala leLondmark Ehenhla linjengeNew York Times Co. v. Sullivan [1964] [[FL:2] [FLT]] CONCEN] . FEC [2010] ize yakha imingcele yenkululeko yokukhuluma nokunyathelisa. Umthetho wokwethula u-Clauscias uqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni awuvumelani ngokomthetho noma iyiphi inkolo, kuyilapho i-Free Execle Claus evikela amalungelo abantu ekusebenziseni ukholo lwabo. Ngokuqhubekayo, funda [FFLT:] Umthetho weSikole sokuQonda Wokuqala]

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: Ilungelo Lokuphatha Izikhali

ISichibiyelo Sesibini sithi: “I-Militia, njengoba idingekile ekulondekeni kukaHulumeni okhululekile, ilungelo labantu lokuphatha futhi bathwale Izikhali, ngeke incishiswe.” Lokhu kulungisa bekuyisikhungo sengxoxo enkulu yomphakathi ngokuphathelene nokulawulwa kwezibhamu, ukuphepha komphakathi, nenkululeko yomuntu. Ngokomlando, ukunqandwa kwaqala esikweni lezakhamuzi zamabutho nokwesaba ibutho. Namuhla, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza iSiphendulo sesibili njengokuvikela ilungelo lomuntu lokuba nezikhali zokuzidubula ngezodwa, kanye nenkululeko. [FLT] [FLD] ephawuliwe [10] ezindaweni zomphakathi.[FLD [FLD] [2001] [200] futhi i-FOLD] i-D [5]

ISichibiyelo Sesithathu: Amabutho Ahambayo

ISichibiyelo sesithathu senqabela uhulumeni ukuba athathe ingxenye yesine yamasosha emizini yabantu ngaphandle kwemvume yomniniyo ngesikhathi sokuthula. Nakuba kungavamile ukuba kubhekwe ngokuqondile ezinkantolo zanamuhla, lesisivunyelo sibonakalisa ukungathembani okujulile kwabasunguli bamabutho amile nokuhlonipha kwabo ubungcwele bekhaya. Siye sakhonjwa emacaleni ahilela amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu nemingcele yokungena kukahulumeni, nakuba silokhu singenye yamalungiselelo angaphansi kwelungiselelo acushiwe kakhulu eSishaya - Bill of Rights.

Isichibiyelo Sesine: Ukuvikelwa Ekucwaningeni Nokukhohlisa Okungenangqondo

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela imfuneko (enye yezimo eziguquguqukayo), sihlola izenzakalo zokuboshwa kweze-operar), sifuna ukuba umthetho uthole isiqinisekiso esisekelwe empahleni engenzeka, ikakhulukazi ekuhlolweni kobugebengu. Lokhu kuvikela kudlulela nasemzimbeni womuntu, ekhaya, emaphepheni, nasemiphumeleni. Kubhekiselwa kwemfuneko (njengezimo ezishubile, ukuphehlwa kwecala, ukuphenya, futhi “ukukhishwa kwemoto ngenkani""""") kubekwe ngokucophelela yinkantolo. Kuyinkathi yemininingwane yezezinqubo, iSiphendulo sesine sisebenza nasekhalekhudluni se-cell, ama-imeyili, nezinye izingcingo ze-electal . Isinqumo seNkanto ephakeme yecala e [FT:0] v. United States[FLT][FLD] [2018]) sanquma yokuthi uhulumeni udinga ukufinyelela i-temfandalayenzile, i-temfamende ye-temfamende ye-om.

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Inqubo Efanele, Ukuzishintsha, Nokuzifaka Engcupheni Kabili

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sinikeza izivikelo eziningana ezibucayi kubantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu. Siqinisekisa ilungelo lokumangalelwa kwabahluleli abakhulu ngenxa yamacala kahulumeni angathi sína, sivimbela izingozi eziphindwe kabili (ukuzanywa kabili ngenxa yobugebengu obufanayo), sivikela ekuzithuleni (ilungelo lokuthula), futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi akekho ophucwa “ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.” Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthatha u Clause kudinga imbuyiselo kahulumeni uma nje ethatha impahla yomuntu siqu ukuze asebenzise. Inkulumo ethi“ ukuhlasela impahla yesihlanu” ingene esikweni esidumile njengokwenqabile ukunikeza ubufakazi, kodwa inqubo yokuvikela efanelekile ayisebenzi ekude: Basebenzisangasebenzisi kuphela enkantolo kodwa futhi ekulaleleni imicimbi yomphakathi.

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha: Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okungagwegwesi

ISichibiyelo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi okusheshayo nokungasoleki kwejaji elingakhethi esifundeni lapho ubugebengu benziwa khona, kanye nelungelo lokutshelwa ngamacala, ukumangalela ofakazi, ukuphoqelela ofakazi abavumayo, nokuthola usizo lweseluleko. Lokhu kulunga kuqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa abamangalelwa abakhohliswanga ngokuyimfihlo, ukuboshwa okungahleliwe, noma izinqubo ezingalungile. Ilungelo lokululeka landiswa kakhulu [[FLT: 0] Gideon v. Wainright[[[FLT:] [1963], okudingeka ukuba kunikeze abamangali abamangalelwa abamangalelwa ngokuyimfihlo ezimweni ezibucayi. Izimo zanamuhla zihlanganisa ukunikeza iseluleko esisebenzayo sokusetshenziswa kwezelulekwa kweze, ukusakazwa kobuchwepheshe.

Isichibiyelo Sesikhombisa: Ukuvivinywa Kwezigwegwe Ezimweni Zomphakathi

ISichibiyelo seSembete silondoloza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lejaji enkantolo yomphakathi lapho ukubaluleka kwempikiswano kungaphezu kwamaRandi angu - 20 futhi kuvimbela izinkantolo ekukhipheni amaqiniso atholwa abahluleli ngaphandle kwemithetho evamile. Nakuba amacala amaningi ezakhamuzi manje exazululwa ngezikhungo, ngokukhipha izigwebo, noma ngokukhipha icala, iSichibiyelo seSeventh siyaqhubeka sivikela indima yezakhamuzi ezivamile ekukhipheni izimpikiswano ezihilela imali noma impahla.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Unya Nesijeziso Esingavamile

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili senqabela ibheyili ephakeme, amafa eqile, nesijeziso esinzima nesingavamile. Isigwebo “isigwebo sokuhlukumeza nokujezisa” siye sachazwa njengokwenqabela ukuhlukunyezwa, izijeziso zobuqaba, kanye nemilandu engenakuqhathaniswa neze nobugebengu. Siyisisekelo sezinselele zesigwebo sokufa, izigwebo zokuphila kwabantwana, nesigwebo esilinganiselwe esiphoqelelwe. INkantolo Ephakeme [FLD: 0] R22 v. [200] (2005]] ikholelwa ukuthi ukubulawa kwezaphulamthetho ezisulweni ezaze zangesikhathi se-18 zobugebengu kuphula isigwebo se-Esangu-9. Isigwebo sibeka futhi imingcele emandla kahulumeni okukhipha izijeziso zemali ezingaphezulu.

Isichibiyelo Se - Ninth: Abantu Bathola Amalungelo Angenamcikilisho

ISichibiyelo se-Ninth sithi: “Umthetho-sisekelo, wamalungelo athile, awuzukuthathwa njengophika noma uhlupha abanye abantu.” Leli lungiselelo laklanyelwe ukuvimbela impikiswano yokuthi uma ilungelo lingahlelwanga ngokucacile, alikho. Nakuba iSichibiyelo seNight singewona umthombo oyinhloko wamalungelo ongokomthetho, sisekela umqondo wokuthi izakhamuzi zinenkululeko eyisisekelo, ngokulingana nelungelo lokuzimela, ukubusa komzimba, kanye nokuhamba okungabhalwanga phansi kodwa okungavikelwe. I-ampement yadlala indima esekelayo kumthetho-[FL:] [FLT:] v.Connecticut [FL:] [1965], okuyisinqumo esiqaphela ukuthi i-mthetho womthetho umphakathi uwedwa.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi: Amandla Agcinelwe Izwe Nabantu

ISichibiyelo seshumi siqinisekisa ukuthi amagunya awaphathiswanga uhulumeni kahulumeni ngoMthetho-sisekelo, noma anqatshelwe yimibuso, agcinelwe izifundazwe noma abantu. Lokhu kulungisa kuyisisekelo sombuso, kulondoloza ukulingana kwamandla phakathi kukahulumeni bezwe nohulumeni. Kuye kwasetshenziswa ezimpikiswaneni zokunakekela impilo, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, nenqubo yemfundo. INkantolo Ephakeme isebenzise iSiphendulo seshumi leSimende ukushaya imithetho kahulumeni, njengase-New York. United States v.[FLT:][FLD] projectsz.[12]

Indlela Izincwadi Zamalungelo Ezivikela Ngayo Izakhamuzi Namuhla

Nakuba iBill of Rights ekuqaleni yayisebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni kuphela, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane (sagunyazwa ngo-1868) sandisa eziningi zalezisivikelo kuhulumeni nakohulumeni bendawo ngemfundiso yokuhlanganisa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amaphoyisa, izikole, kanye nabanye abadlali bakahulumeni kumelwe bawahloniphe amalungelo akho omthetho-sisekelo. Uma ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho aphulwe, ungafaka icala ngaphansi kuka-42.S.C. 76, okuvumela ukuba kulungiswe imishayo lapho izikhulu zikahulumeni ziphula amalungelo akho angokomthetho. Ukuqonda izici ze-procedturial zokwandisa amalungelo akho enkantolo ngendlela efanelekile.

Ngokwesibonelo, iphoyisa alinakuhlola ikhaya lakho ngaphandle kwemvume ngaphandle kokuba kusetshenziswe imvume ehlukile. Unelungelo lokuthula lapho ubuzwa (ISichibiyelo Sesithathu). Uma uboshwa, kumelwe ulethwe phambi komahluleli ngokushesha futhi ungene kummeli (ISichibiyelo sesi - khulu). Lamalungelo awaqanjwa; akha ukusebenzelana nomthetho, izinkantolo, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni nsuku zonke.

Icala Lenkantolo Eliphakeme Elathonya Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

  • Marbury v. Madison (1803) – ukubukezwa kokwahlulela okumisiwe, kodwa hhayi ngokuqondile icala lamaLungelo; isisekelo sencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo.
  • Barron v. Baltimore (1833) - - Helder u-Help uthi iBhill of Rights isebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni kuphela, isinqumo kamuva sagumbuqelwa ngokufakwa.
  • Gitlow v. New York (1925) - -Qalela inqubo yokuhlanganisa isiMithende sokuQala ngokumelene nezifundazwe.
  • Mapp v.O.1961) – I-Appedit yomthetho ohlukanisayo (ISichibiyelo se-Four) izinkantolo zikahulumeni.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) - izimo ezifunekayo ukunikeza iseluleko kubamangalelwa abangemthetho (ISichibiyelo se-X).
  • Miranda v. Arizona (1966) – yamisa “izixwayiso zeMiranda” (Iziphendulo zesihlanu nezesithupha).
  • New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) - - Ivikela ilungelo lomhleli lokunyathelisa iPentagon Papers (ISichibiyelo Sokuqala).
  • [[NTL:0] Roe v. Wade (1973) - Ithole ilungelo lokufihla (Iziphendu ze-joints) ezivikela ukukhishwa kwezisu; ihlehliswa ngo-2022 ngo-Dobs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization.
  • I-Divolity of Columbia v. Heller (2008) – Aftice ilungelo lomuntu lokuba nezikhali (ISichibiyelo esihlangene).

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo

ISichibiyelo Sesibili sincintiswane kakhulu phakathi kokudubulana kwabantu, futhi kunezici ezihlukanisa kakhulu namuhla. ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sibhekene nezinselele zokukhuluma ngenzondo, ukucubungula isikole, nomthetho we-progresss. ISichibiyelo Sesibili sincishwa kakhulu lapho kubhecwa ukudubulana kwabantu abaningi, abameleli bazo zombili bephikisana ngokubaluleka kwelungelo lokuphatha izikhali. ISichibiyelo sesine seSichibiyelo sivinjelwa ngezobuchwepheshe bokuhlola izikhali, ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa kwamaphoyisa okungabodwa, nokusetshenziswa kwamaphoyisa ukuqashelwa kobuso. Okwesihlanu nesesithupha samalungelo eqenjini emthetho yokulungisa inqubo yecala, kuhlanganise nemithetho ye-patrold neyokuyidiwe ngokushesha. ISichimende se-9 se-Exhent sicelwa ngemizamo yokuqeda isigwebo sokubulala nokugweba isigwebo somthetho.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iziNguquko zeNinth ne - Tenth zinendima empikiswaneni eqhubekayo ngokufinyelela amandla kahulumeni ezindaweni ezinjengezempilo, imfundo, nezimiso zendawo ezungezile. Njengoba umphakathi ushintsha, izinkantolo zichaza iBhili Lamalungelo ukuba lisebenze ezimweni ezintsha, ziqinisekisa ukuthi lezisivikelo zasendulo zihlala zinenjongo ezweni elisebenzisa amanani nezindawo ezihlangene.

Indlela Yokufunda Okwengeziwe Nokusebenzisa Amalungelo Akho

Izakhamuzi ezikhuthele ziqala ngolwazi. Imithombo elandelayo inikeza ukwaziswa okujulile ngeBhili Lamalungelo nendlela yokuvikela inkululeko yakho yomphakathi:

Uma ubhekene nesimo lapho ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho aphulwa khona, ungathintana nommeli wamalungelo abantu noma inhlangano yosizo lwezomthetho yendawo. Izenzakalo zokubhala nokufuna iseluleko esingokomthetho ngokushesha kungawenza umehluko phakathi kokwephula nokwelapha okuphumelelayo.

Isiphetho

IBill of Rights ayiyona insalela yekhulu le-18=inguquko enikeza amandla ezakhamuzi ukuba zigcine uhulumeni unecala futhi uvikele inkululeko yazo. Ukusuka elungelweni lokukhuluma ngengqondo yakho kuya elungelweni lokuthula, kusukela ekhonweni lokukhulekela (noma hhayi) njengoba uthanda ukuqinisekisa ukuqulwa ngokulunga, lezi zinguquko eziyishumi zinika izakhamuzi amandla okugcina uhulumeni unecala. Ngokuqonda nokusebenzisa amalungelo akho, uqinisa umzamo wentando yeningi owaqala ngokumiswa komthetho-Constitution. Isivikelo esiyinhloko se-Bill of Rights siyisazi esiqondisiwe futhi sithembisa isakhamuzi. Zithathele isikhathi sokufunda amalungelo akho, zisebenzise ngokuhlakanipha, futhi uwavikele ngesizukulwane esilandelayo.