Ukusabela Okusheshayo: Ukwakha Umklamo Omusha Wokulondeka

Ukuhlasela kwango-September 11, 2001, kwawushintsha kakhulu umkhankaso wobuhlobo bomhlaba wonke kanye nokubusa kwemikhaya. Ngamasonto ambalwa, i-United States Congress yadlulisela iSigunyazo sokusebenzisa Ibutho Lamabutho Asempini (AMF), inikeza igunya elingokomthetho elibanzi lomkhankaso wokulwa no-Al-Qaeda kanye nezinhlangothi zayo. Lokhu kuhlola okungabhaliwe kwempi kwahambisana nezinguquko ezinkulu zasekhaya. Ukungena kwe-USA PATRIOTTT Act kwandisa ngokuphawulekayo amandla okuqapha umthetho nezinhlangano zobuhlakani, ukukhulula imingcele yokusebenzisa i-washibhi, iqoqo lemininingwane yemininingwane, nokulandelela izimali.

Uhlelo olukhulu kakhulu lokuhlelwa kabusha kukahulumeni kahulumeni wase-U.S. kusukela ngo-1947 lwenza ukuba uMnyango Wezokuphepha Wase Homeland (DHS), wahlanganisa amanxusa angu-22 ahlukene abe umnyango owodwa ogxile ekuvimbeleni ukuhlasela, ukunciphisa ukuvikeleka, nokusiza ekululameni. Loluhlelo lwesisekelo lwesisekelo lwezwe lonke, lwenziwa ngokokuqala ngqá emlandweni wayo, lwamisa uhlelo lokuphumelela nokuhluleka kwe-U.S. lwaba ukuhlasela kuzo zonke izifunda, okwaholela ekuhlaseleni kwe-Afghanistan kanye nokungaphunyuliswa kokuqala kwenkampane yokuqeqesha i-Al-Qaeda. Lolu hlelo lwesisekelo sesisekelo, olwakhiwe ngesivinini nangesiphakathi, lwasungula uhlelo lokuphumelela nokuhluleka kweminyaka emibili ezalandela.

Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlaziya okunamandla kokuhlola ukuthatha izinyathelo ezinkulu zokulwa nobuphekula kusukela ngo - 9/11, sihlola imiphumela yabo yokuhlakanipha ngemiphumela yabo emide engokwenqubo. Umgomo uwukukhipha izifundo ezithatha isinyathelo enkathini lapho isimo salolu songo siye savela emiphakathini yamaphekula asemaphekula asemaphikweni ukuze sisakaze imibono, abadlali bodwa, kanye nabantu abanonya.

Ukunqoba Okunekhono: Imisebenzi Ephakeme Yokuhlakanipha Nezenzo Eziqondile

Kusukela ngemva kwenkathi engu-9/11, kwaveza uchungechunge lokunqoba okungenakuphikwa. Ukwanda okukhulu kokuhlakanipha kwezimpawu (SIGINT), ukuhlakanipha kwabantu (i-HUMIT), kanye nobudlelwane bobuhlobo bomhlaba wonke kwaletha inzuzo esheshayo ekuphazamiseni ukuhlasela okuseduze nokuhlakaza izimiso zenhlangano.

Ukungawathandi Amaqhinga Amakhulu Asezweni Lonke

I-Transatlantic Aircraft Plot ka-2006 iphawuleka njengempumelelo ephawulekayo yokubambisana kwezizwe ngezizwe. Ukuhlakanipha kwaseBrithani ne-Pakistan, kusebenza eduze ne-FBI ne-CIA, yaveza icebo lokususa iziqhumane zoketshezi eziningi eziqhumayo emoyeni ukusuka eLondon ukuya eNyakatho Melika. Icebo labhuntsha ngaphambi kokuba kukhishwe, liholele ekuvuleni ushintsho ezikhungweni zezindiza zemfundo zemfundo yomhlaba wonke. Ngokufanayo, icebo lika-2009 le-Najibullah Zazi lokuqhumisa i-bhomba i-palensi yaseNew York City i-palective i-panentsssss arnacent ngenhlanganise i-RASINTY ne-PRIPFFU, ihlangene ngokuhlola kwemisebe yezenzwe zezokuhweba. Lezi zimo ezimboni ezigunyazweyo ezihlangene zezindawo eziphethe zezindawo ezibanzi ze-'ubudhumanise-'iactive" ezivumela ukuba izinhlangano zezindawo ze-'injini ze-'enyuka.

Ukukhohliswa Kwezikhungo Zokuba Umholi Nokukhula Kwemisebenzi Efunwa Abantu

Mhlawumbe uphawu olubonakalayo kakhulu lwempumelelo yamaqhinga kwakuwukubulawa kwe-Osama bin Laden nge-U.S. Navy SEANTLS ngoMay 2, 2011. I-Mics Neptune Spearre yaba isiphetho seminyaka yomsebenzi wokuhlakanipha, emelela ukuqinisekiswa kokugcina kobuholi be-"find, ikhankasi" icebo. Ukukhishwa kuka-Bitchen Laden kwanikeza igalelo elikhulu elingokwengqondo ku-Al-Qeda futhi kwaqinisekisa ukuncishwa okukhulu kwemisebenzi ekhethekile nempi ye-drone. Lokhu kwalandelwa ukuhlasela okuqhubekayo kwe-Al-Qaeda ezindaweni zesizwe zase-Pakistan nase-Yemen, okulula kakhulu ikhono lenhlangano lokuhlela nokubulala, ukuhlasela okukhulu ngokumelene neNtshonalanga.

Isu lokuqeda ubuholi laqhubeka ngokuphumelelayo ngokumelene noZwe lamaSulumane (ISIS). Ukubulawa komholi we-ISSIS u-Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi e-U.S. Ukuhlasela okukhethekile e-Siriya ngo-2019 kwabonisa ukufinyelela okuqhubekayo kokuhlakanipha nekhono lezempi. Ukulahlekelwa yi-al-Baghdadi, kuhlangene nokunqotshwa kwendawo ye-ISSIS Calistaate e-Iraq nase-Siriya, okwasusa isakhiwo esingokomthetho senhlangano. Okwesikhathi esithile, lokhu kubulala okuhloselwe ukuphumelela okusobala okungaboniswa ngenqubo yabenzi nabaholi abahlakaniphile njengobufakazi bokuphumelela kwe-i-icetic colitic transmotion.

Isakhiwo Sezimali Nemishini Yezimali Yomhlaba Wonke

Inkathi yangemva kwenkathi engu-99/11 futhi yaba nesilinganiso esingenakulinganiswa sokubambisana kwezizwe zonke. Ukwakhiwa kwe-Global Coalition to Defetat ISIS, enamalungu angaphezu kuka-80, kwabonisa ikhono lokuhlanganisa izizwe ezihlukahlukene ngosongo olufanayo. Ngalé kwempi, ukulandelelwa kwezimali zamaphekula kwaba yithuluzi elibucayi. UMnyango wezezimali we-U.S., ukusetshenziswa kweziphathimandla ezinikezwe ngaphansi kwe-PORTIOTT Act neziqondiso zezikhulu ezilandelayo, kwaholela imizamo yembulunga yonke ukushibiliza imfuno yempahla, ukugunyaza abafaki imishini ye-facilliator, nokuphazamisa izinhlangano zemali (hala) ezisetshenziswa amaphekula. Lezi zinyathelo zezimali, nakuba ziveza imiphumela esheshayo, zaphakamisa izindleko ezisebenzayo zezinhlangano zezinhlangano zezentengiselwa nazi yezentengo ezifaka izingozi eziphambili ezisemkhandleni ezisezingeni ezingaye zingalawulwa kalula kalula.

Izinkinga Eziwubuhlakani: Imiphumela Engahlosiwe Yamandla

Nakuba i-arhener ibonisa ukuphumelela, i-pacter yokulinganisela eqinile inzima kakhulu. Isifundo esiyinhloko senkathi yangemva kwe-99/11 siwukuthi ukunqoba kobuqili akuziguquleli empumelelweni eqenjini. Ezimweni eziningi, izindlela ezisetshenziswayo ukuze kunqotshwe isikhashana ziveza izindleko ezithatha isikhathi eside kakhulu.

Impi Yase - Iraq: Inhlekelele Ehlelekile Yokulwa Nezehlakalo Zobuphekula

Isinqumo sokuhlasela i-Iraq ngo-2003 siwukwehluleka okukhulu okungokomthetho ngemva kwenkathi engu-9/11. Ukuhlasela, okuthethelelwa yizikhali eziyiphutha ngokuphathelene nezikhali ezibhubhisa abantu abaningi kanye nokuxhumana okungabazekayo phakathi kweSaddam Hussein ne-Al-Qaeda, kwavula ibhokisi lokungantengi. Ukususwa kwe-Pandora emkhosini le-Iraq kanye ne-de-Batatiation kwadala inqubo enkulu yokuvikela kanye nechibi le-difranchit, izilwi eziqeqeshiwe. U-Al-Qeda e-Iraq e-Iraq (AQI), iqembu elalingekho phambi kokuhlasela, lavela kulokhu futhi laba yisiphithiphithi sezwe eSulumaneni. Njengoba i-FL: [FN.BN [5] i-Cent ye-Centred, i-Irve i-Aractive, i-ignome ezindaweni zempi ezinamandla, i-Ad, i-Ad, i-irvine, i-evision, i-

Impi Engenangozi Nokudala Izinhlobo Ezintsha Zokulwa

Ukuncika okukhulu ezimotweni zasemoyeni ezingalawulwa abantu (ama-dones) ekuhlaseleni izikhali, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwe-Obama, kukufanekisela kahle ukungezwani phakathi kwempumelelo yobuchule ne-actratic bushack. AmaDrones avumela ukuba ama-U.S. ashaye izisulu ezindaweni ezikude zase-Pakistan, eYemen, nase Somalia esengozini encane ezisebenzini zaseMelika. Nokho, uhlelo olusebenza ezindaweni ezimpungeni eqinile nenombala ompunga. Izingozi ze-gadayo, nakuba ziphikisana ngemithombo ehlukahlukene, zabangela ukucasuka okukhulu komzwelo nokwengamela kwempi. Isifundo seqembu lezezezempi [FLT] eSikhumuni saseBrown University[FLT] silinganisela ukuthi i-U. Premp 9/11) izikhali ezinamandla kakhulu zaseMelika eziye zalenze izikhali ezinamandla kakhulu, izikhali ezinamandla kakhulu.

Ukuthola Inkululeko Engaphezu Kwamandla Asekhaya Nokuncipha Kwenkululeko Yangaphakathi

Phambi kwekhaya, ukuchazwa okukhulu kwegunya eliphethe kanye namandla okuhlola kwaholela ekuncipheni kwenkululeko yomphakathi. Ukwembulwa kwemitapo yemitapo ebanzi eqoqwe yi-National Security Agency (NSA, eyavezwa ngu-Edward Snowden ngo-2013, kwabangela impikiswano yembulunga yonke ephathelene nezindaba zomuntu siqu nokulondeka. Izinhlelo ezinjenge-PRISM kanye nokuqoqwa kwemininingwane yemidatha kacingo kwagunyazwa izinkantolo eziyimfihlo ngaphansi kwe-Internetic Surveillance Act (FA), esebenza ngokunakekela okuncane noma ngokubona bhabha. Nakuba abaxhasi baphikisana nalezi zinhlelo zazibalulekile ekulwisaneni kwe-Rhavision, abagxeki abagxeki bakhomba imiphumela ehlasimuzayo yokukhuluma ngenkululeko, ukukhohlakala kwemiza yemiphakathi yezindawo eziyimfihlo kakhulu. I-FBIers amacala amacala ayinhloko okusetshenziswayo ngaphansi kwezembubhishoshosho yezelele ukuhlasela kobuphekulalaza nasemaphekula amaqhinga ezindaweni ezivamile.

Ukuwohloka Okushintshashintshayo Kosongo: Ukuzivumelanisa Nezitha Ezintsha

Ibhizinisi lobuphekula elimelene nezenzo zobuphekula elaklanywa yi-U.S. kanye nezitha zalo lakhiwa ukuze lilwe nesitha esithile: i-Al-Qaeda. Nokho, usongo lwavela ngokushesha kakhulu kunaleyo izikhulu ezazingavumelana nayo. Ukuvela koMbuso wamaSulumane ngo-2014 kwaveza ukwehluleka okukhulu ukubheka kusengaphambili imiphumela yeMpi ye-Iraq nokuntengantenga kwempi yombango eyabangelwa yimpi yombano ye-Siriya.

Ukusuka ECore Al-Qaeda Kuya E - ISIS Calip Nethave

ISIS sasebenzisa usongo e-Syria nase-Iraq, sathatha amasimu amakhulu, samemezela i-lidate. Ngokungafani ne-Al-Qaeda, eyagxila ekuhlaseleni "isitha esikhulu" (iNtshonalanga), i-ISIS yagxila ekwakheni isifundazwe nasekubuseni kwendawo. Lokhu kwazenza zaba lusongo oluhlukile, lwafuna ukuba kube nesigaba esihlukile esihilela amabutho empi avamile (Iraqi Security Forces, Kurdish Peshmerga) kanye nolwendawo ephakathi. Ukunqoba kwe-Isiscissate ngo-2019 kwakuyinkinga enkulu yezempi, kodwa ayizange ibhubhise ingqondo. I-SIS yaguqula imbulunga yonke i-istrugation, kanye ne-nkangala e-Afrika (Stalia, i-Spea) kanye ne-Astcist (istan) kudlula i-An-An.

Ukuguqukela Ekubeni Yilolo - Lolf Nasemakhaya Anobudlova

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okubaluleke kakhulu kuye kwaba ukushintshwa kwezinhlelo eziqondiswe ngaphandle ezihlasela abantu bodwa nezinonya ezinobudlova ekhaya. Ukuhlasela eSan Bernardo, e-Orlando, eNice, nase Berlin kwabonisa ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuba izinhlangano ezihlakaniphile zivimbele wonke umuntu oshukunyiswa yimibono ethile. I-intanethi yaba yisici esiyinhloko sokuhlasela okusheshayo, ukudlula kwezakhiwo ezingokwesiko ezingokwenhlangano. Lokhu kusongela okuhloniphekile kwenza ukuba imishini yokuhlola okukhulu yeposi ye-9/11 yenkathi ingasebenzi kahle, njengoba wonke umuntu engenakukwazi ukumelana nayo futhi engafiseleki emphakathini okhululekile.

Namuhla, usongo olubulala kakhulu lwamaphekula eUnited States luvela kubantu abanobudlova basekhaya. Ngokwe- FBI[FLT], ngokwezinhlanga noma ngokwezinhlanga, ubudlova obubangelwa ubudlova (REMVE), ukuphakama okukhethekile okumhlophe, kuhlanganisa ukusongela okukhulu kobuphekula basekhaya futhi kuye kwaba necala lokuhlasela okuyingozi kakhulu ku-U.S. inhlabathi eminyakeni yamuva. Ukudubula e-Walmart e-El Paso, Texas (209), ukuhlasela kwesihlahla sesinagoge lokuphila ePittsburgh (208), nokuhlasela kweGronada eDolobhethe City iFomast Builcel (19959), kanye neyasendle yesizwe) kugcizelela lonke leliqiniso. Ukuhlasela i-Albalmalmagn e-Alcondston eHluntraced ngomphakathi weze i-uth ezindaweni eziphakathi zezente lezindawo zezentengi.

Ukucabanga Ngomsebenzi Wokwakha: Izifundo Ezinzima Zenkathi Entsha

Ukuhlola okuqotho kwamashumi amabili eminyaka kwembula isidingo esibucayi sokucabanga kabusha ngesisekelo se-Global War on Terror. Isibonelo se-Global War on Terror siye safinyelela imingcele yaso enengqondo. Njengoba iCouncil on Foreign Relations[ izimpawu, i-U.S. iye yachitha izigidi zezigidi zamadola ekwakheni kusukela ngo-9/11, kodwa abashayeli abangaphansi kobudlova bezombangazwe abalokhu bengenandaba kakhulu. Ikusasa lidinga ukushintshwa ukusuka ekuthatheni i-ecovective Relationstions[, i-evition, i-gevet, ne-gement.

Imingcele Yamandla Empi

Isifundo esiyinhloko siwukuthi amandla anzima ancishisiwe ekusongweni kwemibono. Ukubulala iphekula kulula kunokubulala izimpawu. Indlela yokuzilawula imane nje ilapha izimpawu, hhayi izimbangela. Idala imijikelezo yobudlova nezikhalo eziqhubekisela phambili ukungahleleki. Isizukulwane esilandelayo sesu lokuhlela kumelwe siqaphele ukuthi amabutho ezempi adinga ukusetshenziswa ngokuncipha, hhayi isando sokusetshenziswa kakhulu. Kumelwe sihlanganiswe nezingxoxo eziqinile, usizo lwentuthuko, nokulawula ukubhekana nezimo lapho ubuphekula: izimo ezibuthakathaka, ukuswela amalungelo abantu, ukuntula ithuba elingokomnotho, nokungavumelani okuphikisa.

Isidingo Sembangela Eyinhloko Yemicikilisho

Izimiso eziphumelelayo ezibhekene nokumelana nezenzo zobuphekula zidinga "ukwengamela umphakathi wonke". Lokhu kusho ukutshala imali emfundweni, ekunakekeleni impilo, nasekuthuthukiseni kwezomnotho ezifundazweni ezintekenteke. Kusho ukusekela izinhlangano zomphakathi zendawo ezingalwisa ukulandisa kokuthathelana ngezithakazelo ngokuqiniseka ukuthi akukho mandla angaphandle angavumelana. Izinhlelo ezigxile ku ukuthembisana nokubhalisa isikole nokuzilungisa ngokuphikisana nokuzifaka empucutheni [[[FLT: 1] kudingekile. I-Danish Aarhus, ngokwesibonelo, inikeza uhlelo olubanzi lokulungisa ukubuya kwabalwa kwamanye amazwe, ukugxila ekunikezeni izilulekweni kwengqondo, ukunikeza umsebenzi kunokumane nje ukuqunga umlomo nokuthatha isigwebo. Lendlela yokulungisa isimo esiqinile njengenkinga edinga ukulungisa umphakathi, hhayi nje ukunikeza ukusabela kwenkinga embuthweni yamaphoyisa.

Ngokufanayo, i-United States kumelwe ifake izimali ekusebenziseni ukufunda nokuzimela kwemithombo yezindaba ukuze isize izakhamuzi zibone futhi zenqabe inkulumo - ze eyingozi eyingozi ku-inthanethi. Lokhu kudinga ukubambisana okuseduze nezinkampani zobuchwepheshe ukuze zilawule ukunqanda i-algorithism yenkulumo yenzondo kuyilapho ihlonipha izivikelo zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile. Yisenzo esiyinkimbinkimbi sokulinganisela, kodwa sinamandla kakhulu kunensuntswana engapheli yokuqapha nokuphazamisa.

Ukuqeda Ukulondeka Nenkululeko Yangaphakathi

Isu elivuthiwe lokumelana nengozi kumelwe livume isilinganiso esithile sobuphekula. Akwenzeki ukufinyelela isilinganiso esithile sokhuseleko ngaphandle kokulahla izindinganiso zentando yeningi ezichaza imiphakathi yaseNtshonalanga. I-palm encike kakhulu ekulondekeni ngemva kuka-9/11 kumelwe iphinde isetshenziswe ekutholeni inkululeko nasese. Izigijimi eziqondene ngokomthetho wamandla okuhlola, ukuqondisa okuqinile kwemisebenzi yokwahlulela (kuhlanganise nenkundla ye-FISA), nokubona okungaphezulu kudingekile ukuze kwakhiwe kabusha ukwethenjwa umphakathi. Uma uhulumeni ephatha izakhamuzi zakhe siqu njengezinsongo ezidinga ukuqashelwa okukhulu, uye wafaka ukunqoba okuyinhloko emaphekulakeni: ukukhukhuleka komphakathi obala. Inkathi elandelayo kumelwe ihlele [[FLD:] ukuvaleka, nokubonakala komthetho, kanye nomthetho womthetho owenziwe ngokuncithaka kwe-'FLCM. [FLD:]

Isiphetho: Ngasendleleni Ethobekile, Enengqondo Nenezimiso

Inkathi yangemva kwe-99/11 iyisifundo esinamandla somthetho wemiphumela engahlosiwe. Ukuthambekela kokuqala kokusabela ekuhlaseleni okubhubhisayo ngamandla amakhulu kwakuqondakala, kodwa ukusebenza kwesimiso sezempi esibanzi nesinonya enkingeni eyinkimbinkimbi yezombangazwe nemibono kwabangela izinkinga eziningi njengoba zixazululiwe. Safunda ukuthi amazwe ahlaselayo ngokuzenzisa okungamanga kuyiphutha eliyinhlekelele. Safunda ukuthi ukuhlasela kwempoqo, nakuba kuphumelela, kuveza izindleko ezinkulu. Sathola ukuthi ukuqapha okukhulu kakhulu kunemiphumela eyingozi ekwakheni okukhulu.

Ukuqhubekela phambili, icebo eliphumelelayo lokulwa nobuphekula kumelwe lichazwe ukunqanda ukungenela, ukunemba, nokuthobeka. Kumelwe kuhlukane phakathi kwezinsongo zamaphekula, ezidinga ukugxilisa ulwazi nomthetho, kanye nezinselele zezesayensi yezwe, ezidinga ukubhekana nezingxoxo zezobuphekula, ukuvimbela ukungenela kwempi, ukuqina kwesimiso sombuso somphakathi, nokulondolozwa kwezindinganiso zentando yeningi phezu kokuphishekela ukulondeka okuphelele. Imithombo emikhulu yamandla ebekelwe iMpi yembulunga yonke eMpini yezehlolo-gezhwebo emashumini amabili eminyaka adlule, kodwa ayidingi isikhathi, kodwa impumelelo yobuholi ekwakhela izikhali, kodwa izikhali ezisempini. Isizukulwane esilandelayo kumelwe sifake izimali ezizinziwa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke, kodwa abantu abafuna ukunqotshwa kwezempi.