Isingeniso: I - quator of Independent Candidages ekukhethweni Yi - US

Abavoti baye baqala ukuncika kwezombangazwe zaseMelika isikhathi eside, kodwa indima yabo ekuthatheni iziqu zomthetho kanye nokhetho oluvamile iye yakhula ngokuyinkimbinkimbi futhi yaba nemiphumela. Njengoba ukunganeliseki ngamavoti amabili amakhulu kufinyelela izenzakalo ezingokomlando ezingaphezulu − Gallup ngokungaguquki kubonisa ukuthi ama-40% amaMelika achaza ukuthi ithonya lalabo abafuna ukuzimela ngaphandle kwe-partime lidinga ukuhlolwa okuseduze. Laba abavotayo bathinta yonke into kusukela emazingeni ayinhloko kuya emiphumeleni yokukhetha, ngokuvamile abaphanga, ngokuvamile abaphangi, noma abathathela amasuba angempela emikhankampani yokususa i-mali, noma amasubangeno eqiniso ezinto ezisebenza ngaphakathi kwesimiso sokhetho. Ukuqonda indlela okusebenza ngaphandle kweqembu elikhethiwe elivamile elisebenza ngayo kudinga uthisha, abafundi, noma yimuphi umni omphakathi wentando yentando yentando yeningi.

Abafuna ukuzimela ababona iqembu elizimele. Basukela kubantu abashisekela ukuphila kwabo konke abanezintambo zotshani ezijulile kuya kubantu abacebile abangazinaki izakhiwo zeqembu lesizwe. Izisusa zabo ziyahlukahluka kakhulu: abanye bafuna ukukhuthaza impikiswano eyodwa, abanye bazimisele ukuphazamisa ama-palice diothi, futhi abambalwa banamathemba angokoqobo okuzuza isikhundla. Lesihloko sinweba ukucupha kokuqala ngokucwila ezinhlolweni zangempela zamazwe, imiphumela yezibalo, isithiyo, isithiyo sokulawula, nokuvela kwemicimbiso eveza izibalo ezithinta umuntu ofunda ngenkululeko kuzo zombili izakhiwo zomgebengo nokhetho.

Ukuqonda Izinkulumo Zokuzimela: Incazelo Nezici Ezihlukile

Umvotelwa ozimele uchazwa ngokungabikho kwenhlangano engokomthetho neqembu elikhulu lezombangazwe. Nokho, leyoncazelo elula ishiya izifihlakaliso eziningi. Abanye abazimeleyo abanamakhaya − abathola i-Didemocratic Party ixcentrist noma isigaba esihlukaniswe ne-GOP. Abanye bangama-pragmatic akholelwa ukuthi izakhiwo zeqembu ziphazamisa ukubusa okuphumelelayo. I-partime ehlukile ihlanganisa abathathiwe ababhishobhi abambalwa (njengababhishobhi abaphakathi noma amaqembu aluhlaza) abangavela eqenjini ngaphandle kwelegigi, kodwa abasaxhunyiwe ngokwenhlangano. Ukucacisa, lesi sihloko sigxila [[FLT:] ngempela ukubusa kombuso [FLT:] [4][4]

Izimfanelo Ezivamile Nezisusa

Nakuba ngamunye ozongenela isibhakela ehlukile, kunezici eziningana ezikhona phakathi kwabancintisanayo abazimele:

  • Non-partishashi njengephuzu lokuthengisa: Bavame ukuzithengela bona ngokwabo njengekhululekile ekuyalweni kweqembu, bakwazi ukuvota ngokusekelwe kunembeza noma ngezidingo zohlelo kunokuba kube nophawu lwesiswebhu. Lokhu kuncenga ukuvota bekhathele i-grid lock.
  • Amaqonga aphakathi: amaningi agxile kakhulu ezihlokoni eyodwa noma ezimbili", iCampaign ngokwezimali inguquko, isenzo sendawo ezungezile, noma umthwalo wemfanelo we-pal-meters meters.
  • Izindawo ezinamandla okusekela nokuxhasa izimali zomphakathi: ngaphandle kwesisekelo seqembu, abantu abazimele bathembele kakhulu eminikelweni emincane ye-dillar, izinhlangano zokuzithandela, kanye nesivumelwano sezokuxhumana. Impumelelo ye-Bernie Sanders (owasebenza njenge-Democrat kodwa walondoloza isici esizimele) ibonisa indlela amandla otshani angaguqula ngayo amandla entengo entengo.
  • Izithiyo zokuqashelwa kwamagama eziphakeme kakhulu: Izikhulu zikagesi azivamile ukujabulela ukusakaza okuzenzekelayo okutholwa yiqembu lezokuxhumana, zibaphoqelela ukuba bancintisane ukuze kunakwe ngezikhathi zobuthi, izimpikiswano, noma imikhankaso yokuziqhatha.

Idumela eliqinile lendawo lingase livale ukungasekelwa abahlanganyeli, kodwa ezindaweni zonke noma ezinhlangani ezisezweni noma ezizweni zonke liletha izinselele ezinkulu.

Ithonya Lokuzibusa Eliba Nethonya Ekwenzweni Kobugebengu

Okhetho oluyinhloko luphathelene kakhulu namalungu eqembu akhetha umthwali wawo ovamile. Nokho ozimele bangayiguqula ngokunenzuzo lemincintiswano yangaphakathi, ikakhulukazi ezizweni ezineziqalo ezivulekile noma ezivulekile kancane lapho abavoti bengadingeki ukuba babhaliswe ngeqembu. Ezimisweni ezinjalo, abavoti abazimele bangawela phezulu futhi bavote kunoma yiliphi iqembu eliyinhloko, elikwazi ukunikeza isikhuthazo kubazodwa abafuna ukuphuma phambili.

Ukungakholelwa Eqenjini Kuyashintsha

Uma umuntu ozimele engena e-Chestera ngokuzibiza ngokuthi uDemocrat noma uRepublican ngesikhathi somjaho. Isibonelo esivamile singu- Doug Jones u-2017 ukhetho olukhethekile lweSigele e-Alabama, lapho ukuba khona komsizi othembekile (owenza umzamo we-Sen. Luther Strange? Empeleni, lowo kwakungu-GOP) ususa amandla. Kodwa indaba engcono kakhulu yi-20222 okhetho olukhethekile lwase-Alaska, lapho kuzimele khona [[FLT]] ASK [[FLD]]] [ish]'edeldrogn futhi wathinta khona i-voti ededede. Izikhulu zika-National Coverse i-cofficle.

Ukuhlukana kungusongo oluqondile. Kulowo ozimelayo ogcwele, oneziqu ezincumisayo onosizo lwesihlanu-10% angavimbela noma yimuphi umbhejeleli oyedwa ukuba afinyelele iningi, angase abangele ukuqhumuka noma avumele ukuba umnqobi wobuningi osekelwa kancane ukuba aqhubeke. Ama-202020 Ama-democratic adabulwe ngokuyisisekelo "ongenakuzimela" abafuna (njengo-Andrew Yang noTulsi Gabbard) owayegijima njengoDemocrates kodwa ephethe izikhundla ngaphandle kweqembu elikhulu, ehlukanisa ngokuphumelelayo ivoti elwa nohlobo lwe-Biden.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Zokuzibusa Kuyithonya Emishinini Yobugebengu

  • UBernie Sanders (206 & 2020): Nakuba uSanders ayehamba njengeDemocrat, umlando wakhe njengombhalo ozimele omile. Izimpawu zakhe eziqinile ezisezindaweni eziyinhloko ezivulekile zabonisa indlela abavoti abazimeleyo abangangena ngayo eDemocratic eyinhloko futhi basunduze idipotime ezindaweni ezinjengezempilo nezokukholeji.
  • Josse Ventura (1998 Minnesota Gubernatoral): [[FFLT:1] UVTURA wawina ukhetho njengozimele ngemva kokuhamba ngezinyawo kuqala? Eqinisweni, isimiso sikaMinnesota asiyona ipartisan kumbusi [1] Awukho umphandu ongokomthetho; ihele labafuni behele futhi khona ukhetho oluvamile lusebenzisa isiko eliphezulu-likhulu? Linda: uVentura wayengumlandeli weQembu Lenguquko kodwa futhi waphuma njengelungu elizimele. Wawina 37% wevoti emncintiswaneni wendlela emithathu. Indlela yakhe yayingavamile ngoba wayedlula ama-parsi amasiko.
  • Inkosi e-Angus (INT): [ iNkosi, ezimeleyo, ayibhekene neqembu eliyinhloko kodwa ingahamba kukhetho oluvamile. Nokho, esimisweni esivulekile sikaMaine, ukuba khona kwakhe kuthinta i-calculus yamaqoqo womabili amaqembu ngoba abavoti bazi ukuthi umninindlu ulindele umuntu ozimele.

Lezizibonelo zibonisa ukuthi abantu abazimele, ngisho noma bengekho emshinini oyinhloko wokuvota, baklame amasu okufuna ukuvota namathemba.

Indima Yezinkolo Ezizibusayo Ekukhetheni Okuvamile

Okhetho oluvamile luyisigaba esiyinhloko lapho ukuzimela kungathonya khona imiphumela, ngokuvamile ngokulingana nesabelo sabo. Imiphumela elimazayo iyisenzakalo okuxoxwa ngaso kakhulu, kodwa abazimeleyo baletha imibono emisha futhi baphoqelele abathatha isigaba esikhulu ukuba baxazulule izindaba ezinganakwa.

Imiphumela yokukhetha: I-Spoolers v. Amacatalyst

Owona owenembayo uyenzeka lapho ozivotela ngokuzimele kuGeorge W. Bush, ngokunokwenzeka eshintsha umnqobi. Izenzakalo eziningi ezikhonjiwe yiye Ralph Nader ngo-200, ngokunokwenzeka owathatha amavoti anele ku-Al Gore eFlorida ukuze anikeze ukhetho kuGeorge W. Bush, kanye [[FLT] no-[FLT] [[FLT]] [FLT] [i-RT] [ikhulu] ngo-192], abahlukanisa ivoti futhi basiza uBill Clinton ngo-3 ngokugov, bawina kuphela ngevoti yevoti ethandwayo.[4] Izibonelo zamuva nje zihlanganisa [FLT] futhi zingakhonjiswa ngokunyenya.[FFFFULT] futhi zingakhonjiswa kakhulu. Nokho, kodwa futhi zingamukelwa kakhulu.[ose-ka, futhi, kodwa futhi zikhona: [ngenye izikhulu, futhi zikanye nezingakhulu.[Fonke]

Ithonya Ekwakheni Imibuso Nemijaho Eseduze

Kukhetho lukamongameli, i-Electoral College ikhulisa ithonya labazozimelayo. Esifundeni sinqunywe ngu-1%, isigaba sesithathu esine-1-2% singanquma umphumela. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2016, umvoti we-Libertrian uGary Johnson wathola i-5% yevoti eNew Mexico futhi 4.3% e-Utah , iziteshi ezaya e-Clinton nase Trump ngokulandelana, kodwa ukuba khona kwakhe eFlorida (2.8%) ngokunokwenzeka kwatsheka isimo kuTrump. Ngokufanayo, ngo-202020, i-Liberter ne Green Kitreary yathinte ingqikithi ku-1% eGeorgia, e-Wisconsian, nase-Arison. [kusukela ku-FFNUlton], ku-Elton, ku-EXNUlton [ulton]] ku-E.[4], ku-Express:[4], ku-ulton:], ku-E.[3], ku-E.[10]

Imininingwane evela ku- Fairvote ibonisa ukuthi abazofuna ukuthatha ingxenye yesithathu nezimele baye baguqula umphumela wokhetho lukamongameli oluyisithupha kusukela ngo-1844. Nakuba kungezona zonke izinhlanga ezinqunywa yizizimele, amathuba ahlala ephezulu ezikhathini ezihlukene.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nazo Abazisebenzelayo

Izithiyo ezithinta abantu abafuna ukuzimela zinkulu futhi zivame ukwakhiwa. Lezi zinselele zivimbela abaningi abangase bathathe isigaba futhi ziqinisekisa ukuthi imikhankaso yokuncintisana ezimisele kakhulu, noma egcwele kakhulu, inganyuka.

Ukutholakala Kwebhola: Isithiyo Esikhulu

Imithetho yokungena yebhola iyahlukahluka ngokwesifundazwe futhi ngokuvamile iklanyelwe ukuvikela isimiso esinezigaba ezimbili. Ezizweni eziningi, umuntu ocela ukuvota kumelwe aqoqe inani elikhulu lezicelo ngefasitela elifushane, akhokhe izindleko zokukhokha, futhi ahlangabezane nezimfuneko zokuhlala. Ngokwesibonelo, eTexas, umbhalisa we-mongameli ozimele udinga i-spects (1% yevota ka 2016) futhi angazibekeli izinyanga phambi kokukhetha okuvamile. Ngo-20202020, i-Kanye West ihlulekile ukukhokha i-boloti ezifundeni eziningana ngenxa yalezi zithiyo. IBallottellia igcina umqondisi [[FLT:][FLT][FLT] [FLD:1] ekhombayo] ebonisa ukuthi ubunzima obusukela ezingenisweni ezilinganayo (izilinganiso eziyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa) ezicishe zinganele) ezisekwehlelani ezinhlane.

Ukusebenzisa Imali Engafani

Abanikazi bazuza emakomitini eqembu axhasa ukuqoqwa kwezimali, ukuhlelwa kwemali, kanye ne-PACs. Abancishi bendlela yokusebenza. Nakuba bengazisungula i-PAC, ngokuvamile babhekana nezindleko eziphakeme i-aunding ngenxa yokuthi abanayo isisekelo somphako osungulwe eminyakeni eminingi. Imithetho ye-FEC ivumela abantu ukuba banikele kuR3,300 ngenkokhelo yekomiti ye-accom, kodwa abazimeleyo abavamile ukuba nolwenze ulwembutho lokuzimela ngaphandle. Ngo-202020, abazokwenyuka (abadiponti) bakhuphule isilinganiso sezigidi ezingu-R1, uma kuqhathaniswa nezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-R1 [R3] ze-Biden ne-TRSMP zihlangene. Iminikelo ye-Smadlarve isetshenziswa ngo-Act Blueaccouc noma u-Wn Srop ayikho; basebenzisa iziteshi: noma izinhlu zabo ezinjengezi:

Ukuqashelwa Kwezindaba Negama

Imithombo yezindaba ithambekele ekuhlanganiseni imincintiswano yokuncintisana, futhi izizimele azivamile ukubhekwa njengezincintisana ekuqaleni. Lokhu kudala umjikelezo onzima: ukubhakathiswa okuphansi kusho ukuqashelwa kwegama eliphansi, okucindezelayo izinombolo zokuhlola, ezinciphisa i-odolate, ezithi zinciphise i-'fecture's'. Okuvelayo uma isimo sokuncintisana (umz.[FLT:], [[FLT]]]]] Ukuncintisana kwasiza'umncintiswano [[FLT]] [[FL:]]] ukumelana nomdlame owehlazo omkhulu. [202], ngokwenkululeko [FL:]] Av[FFFF]], kodwa [FLT], [5],[5]] kodwa [FT]][5]]

Ukunqoba Izithiyo: Iziphazamiso Ezisebenzayo

Naphezu kwalezi zithiyo, ezinye ziye zaphumelela:

  • Isakhiwo sokuthola izivumelwano: ukusebenzelana namaqembu angekho esifundazwe, izinyunyana (lapho kuvumelana ngokwemibono), noma izinhlanganisela zezindaba zinganikeza ukusekela nezisebenzi zokuzithandela.
  • Ikhono lobuxhaxha bezezindaba: i-Andrew Yang (owasebenza njengeDemocrat kodwa wakha ukulandela okuzimele) wasebenzisa amapulatifomu ku-inthanethi ukuze adlulise imisakazo engokwesiko. "Yang Gang" wamsiza ukuba afanelekele izimpikiswano futhi aphakamise izigidi.
  • Grasroots umkhankaso: umnyango kungena, izenzakalo zendawo, namahholo asemadolobheni asebenza kakhulu kodwa aphumelela ekwakheni ukwethembana, ikakhulukazi emijahweni yemithetho yendawo noma kahulumeni.
  • I-Lawsuit kanye nokuqamba ama-advoca: Abanye abafuna ukubhaceka babekela imithetho yokungena enkantolo. Ngokwesibonelo, amaqembu akwaGreen noLibertarian aye afaka icala ngokuphumelelayo ekudambiseni izimfuneko ezisezizweni eziningi.

Ithuluzi eliwusizo yi- Project ezimele ye-Voter, elandela imizamo yokuguqula futhi inikeze isiqondiso kubazozibusayo.

Ikusasa LeziNkathi Zokuzibusa: Imizwa Nezinto Ezingekho

Ukushintshashintsha kwezindlela zokwakha namasiko kungandisa ithonya lawo ekuhlaseleni nasekukhetheni okuvamile phakathi neminyaka eyishumi ezayo.

Ukwanda Kwezingoma Ezizimele

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, ingxenye yamaMelika aphawula ukuthi azimele iye yakhula kancane. Ezizweni eziningi, izikhulu zikahulumeni manje zingaphezu kwanoma yimuphi umvoti obhalisiwe. Lokhu kucindezela kwamanani abantu kokubili ukuba bakhange esikhungweni, futhi kwakha ukuthambekela okungokwemvelo kwabafuna ukuzimela. Nokho, abavoti abazimeleyo ngokuvamile bancika eqenjini elilodwa elisebenzayo; abavuleki ngempela kulowo ozisebenzelayo. Noma kunjalo, ukukhula kokubhalisa ngaphandle komthetho kusikisela ukuthi ihlazo lokushiya iqembu elizimele linciphayo liyancipha.

Izinguquko: Izincwadi Ezishiywe Ngezigebengu Nokuvula Izindawo Zokuxhumana

Izinguquko ezifana nokuvota okungalinganiswa. Lokhu kukwenza kuphephe kakhulu ukuba abavoti basekele impumelelo yokuzibusa futhi bangakhuthaza ukuzimela okwengeziwe ukuba basebenze. Kuhlelo lwe-RCV, abavoti bangabangeni-mali − uma kungekho muntu owina iningi, ogcinayo uqedwe, futhi uvoti babo abakhethekile basuswe. Lokhu kwenza kube nokuphepha okungcono kakhulu kwabavoti ukuba basekele ukukhetha okuzimele ngaphandle kokukhetha “kukokuqala. [FLT:] i-Maine ne-Alaska usebenzise i-RCV ngokhetho lwezwe, futhi amadolobha ambalwa aye athatha. Ubufakazi bakuqala ku-Alaskah’s 2022222 (osebenzisa ukhetho oluphezulu-lane-ne-ne-partistan olulandelwa yi-RCC][3][3][3][3][3]

Intuthuko Yobuchwepheshe

Ubuchwepheshe bungahlukanisa inkundla yokudlala ngezindlela eziningi. Ukuqoqwa kwesicelo so-Online (i-sects) kwenza ukuba ukufinyelela komsizi kulula ezizweni eziwamukelayo. Ukuqinisekisa kunganciphisa imicimbi yokukhwabanisa. Izentengiselwano zezokuxhumana zivumela ukuxhumana okuqondile novoti ngaphandle kokukhangisa okukhokhelwayo, futhi amapulatifomu agcwele njenge-Blustpac noma i-Cuckstarder asetshenziselwa ukuxhasa imali yomkhankaso. Nokho, ubuchwepheshe obufanayo buvumela amaqembu amakhulu ukuba athathe i-microput. I-net ngase ivunyelwe ukuvota abavoti abangeni abakhokhi abakhokhi abakhokhi ababo, kodwa abafuna ukukhokhiwe ngokwawodwa kodwa komthetho basebenzise izindleko eziningi kakhulu kunezemidiyali.

Okungenzeka Ngaphansi: Ukuya Ezindaweni Eziningi

Akubona bonke ukuthambekela okungcono. Uma ukuhlaziywa kwezombangazwe kuba kubi kakhulu, abavoti bangase bangazimisele ukushiya iqembu labo bafune ukuzimela. Abafuna ukuzimela bangase babhekane nokuhlaselwa okukhulu yimishini ye-partist. Kwezinye izizwe, amaqembu amakhulu aye acela ngokuphumelelayo ukususa iziqu zawo eziphikisayo noma aqhutshelwe imithetho yokungena eqinile. I-2022 "I-Disqualiation Commission" emazweni ahlukahlukene ehloselwe ukugcina abathathi-wodwa bengekho ezinqikilini.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kwama - candide Azimele

Abavoti abazimeleyo basendaweni ekhethekile futhi ngokuvamile engahlonipheki kukhetho lwaseMelika. Bangaphazamisa izinhlanga eziyinhloko, ukuhlelwa kokhetho oluvamile, futhi baphoqelele amaqembu ukuba abhekane nezinkinga ezinganakwa. Izinselele zabo /ukungena kwezemfundo, ukuxhasa ngemali, ukucwasa kwemithombo yezindaba, kodwa hhayi okungenakunqotshwa. Njengoba ukungathemba amaqembu kukhula futhi kushintshe izinguquko ezifana nokuvota okulinganiselwe, ifasitela labafuna ukuzimela lingase lande. Ukuqonda indima yabo akuyona nje inqubo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo; kubalulekile kunoma ubani okholelwa ukuthi idemokhrasi enempilo idinga amazwi amaningi nokuncintisana okuqotho. Uma ngabe abaphangi, ama-mahttles, noma amasuntrange aqotho, okuzimela okuzimela ama-ulttation ase-US liyaqhubeka lithonya ukuvota okhetho lwesikhathi esizayo.