Ukuqonda ukugcinwa kwemithetho kuyisisekelo sanoma imuphi umphakathi osebenzayo, futhi kubafundisi nabafundi bomlando nomphakathi, kunikeza isisekelo sokuthi ukubusa, ubulungisa, nokuphepha komphakathi kusebenza kanjani. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuwohloka okunemininingwane, okunegunya kwezinhlangano, izinqubo, nezinselele zanamuhla ezichaza ukugcinwa komthetho e - United States, okwenza abafundi babe nesisekelo esiphelele sokufundisa nokufunda.

Ukubaluleka Kokuphoqelelwa Komthetho Emzabalazweni Obusa Ngentando Yeningi

Ukugcinwa komthetho kungaphezu nje kokuba khona kwamaphoyisa abonakalayo emgwaqweni; kuyindlela eqinisekisa ukumiswa komthetho. Ngaphandle kokugcinwa ngokulunga, ngisho nezimiso ezihlelwe ngokucophelela kakhulu azibalulekanga. Ikhono lokumisa imithetho livikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, ligcina ukuhleleka komphakathi, futhi linqanda ukuziphatha kobugebengu. Ngokomlando, umqondo wokugcinwa komthetho uye wasuka kuweqa amawashi omphakathi ngokwethukelayo ukuya emasikweni ahlelwe kahle kakhulu, amaningi ahlelwe kahle. U.S. Umthetho-Constitution, ngowesine, wesihlanu, wesithupha, wesi-6, noweshumi elinesine leSihlanu, umthetho omelwe usebenze, ukulinganisela ukuphepha komphakathi. Ukubukeka okujulile ezimisweni ze-Propublicstions, [FFUL] i-FURGeneral Sractures of Treversalders of:[1]

Ukugcinwa komthetho okuphumelelayo kuyasebenza futhi njengesithiyo. Uma abantu bazi ukuthi ukwephula umthetho kunemiphumela yangempela − ukuphenya, ukuboshwa, ukuquliswa, nokugwetshwa − kulula ukuba bahileleke emsebenzini ongekho emthethweni. Lokhu kuvimbela kubalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuhleleka komphakathi ngaphandle kokuphendukela ezindinganisweni ezicindezelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlangano eziqondisa umthetho zifeza indima ebucayi ekusabeleni okuphuthumayo, ekutholeni inhlekelele, nasekusekeleni umphakathi, zisebenza njengabaphenduli bokuqala ezimweni ezisukela ezimweni ezingokwemvelo kuya ezinsongweni ezisebenzayo. Ukuthembela kulezi zinkampani kuwuphawu oluqondile lwezinqubo zobuchwepheshe, ukulandisa, ukugcinwa kwemithetho engokomthetho.

Isihluthulelo Esihilelekile Ekwandiseni Umthetho

Lokhu kusho ukuthi umthwalo wemfanelo wabelwe wonke amazinga kahulumeni, ezwe, nawendawo, ngalinye linegunya lalo, i-odwa, futhi linemithetho ekhethekile. Ukuqonda izindima ezihlukile zalezi zikhungo kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi ukugcinwa komthetho kusebenza kanjani.

Izinhlangano Zomthetho Ohlangene

Izinhlangano eziphethe zisebenza ngaphansi kwegunya likahulumeni waseU.S. futhi ngokuvamile ziphoqelela imithetho kahulumeni, zihlola ubugebengu obudlula imingcele kahulumeni, noma zivikela izithakazelo zesizwe. Okuvelele kakhulu kuhlanganisa:

  • IFEderal Bureau of Investigation (FBI): I-FBI iyingalo eyinhloko yophenya yoMnyango wobulungisa. Ihlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zobugebengu obuseburhulumenteni, kuhlanganise nobuphekula, ubuphekula obuhleliwe, ubugebengu bomphakathi, nokuphulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi. Ukubusa kwayo kusebenza ezweni lonke, futhi ngokuvamile kusebenza eduze kwezwe nezinhlangano zendawo eziphethe imisebenzi.
  • I-Drug Ercement Administration (DEA): igxile ekuqinisekiseni imithetho nezimiso ezilawulwayo ze-octal nezimiso ze-United States, i-DEA ihola imizamo yokuphazamisa nokuchitha izinhlangano zokushushumbisa izidakamizwa. Ilawula futhi uhlelo lwesizwe lwezidakamizwa oluthatha isithiyo nobudlelwane nezizwe ezisebenza ndawonye.
  • I-Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, i-Firearms ne-Explopasies (ATF): Imithetho kahulumeni ehlangene nezibhamu, iziqhumane, i-arson, kanye notshwala obungemthetho kanye nokushushumbisa ugwayi. Ifeza indima eyinhloko ekunciphiseni ubugebengu obunobudlova ngemithetho, ngokuhlola, nangokukhipha umphakathi.
  • Inkonzo yoMbuso yase-U.S.: ekuqaleni yadalelwa ukulwa nokukhohlisa, Inkonzo Yemfihlo manje inemisebenzi emibili eyinhloko: ukuvikela abaholi bezwe (kuhlanganise umongameli, isekela likamongameli, nezikhulu ezihambela izikhulu) nokuvikela izimali zesizwe ngokuhlola ukukhwabanisa kweze-inthanethi, ubugebengu obungokwezimali, kanye nokukhohlisa.
  • Indawo ye Homeland Security (DHS): i-DHS eyinhlangano enkulu yesambulela ehlanganisa i-Cmmos kanye ne-Bord Protection (CBP), i-Immigration and Customment Enforcement (ICO), i-Forxial Security Administration (TSA), kanye ne-U.S. umnyango wayo uhlanganisa ukuvikelwa komngcele, ukugcinwa kwezokufuduka, i-inthaneti, nokusabela kwenhlekelele.
  • U.S. Marshals Service: Inhlangano endala kakhulu yokuqapha umthetho kahulumeni, i-Marshals Service inomthwalo wokuvikela inkantolo kahulumeni, ukuvikela kofakazi, ukuhlola kwababaleki, kanye nokuthutha kweziboshwa zikahulumeni.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe mayelana nokwakheka kwenhlangano ngayinye nezinto eziza kuqala, U.S. uMnyango woMahluleli[ unikeza imibiko engokomthetho nemithombo yemali.

Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho Wendawo Nomthetho Wasendaweni

Izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezindawo zilapho izakhamuzi eziningi zithola khona ukugcinwa komthetho.

  • I-State Police okanye i-Highway Patrol:[ Izinhlangano ezisesilinganisweni sikaHulumeni ngokuyinhloko zimisa imithetho yomgwaqo emigwaqweni emikhulu yasesifundazweni, kodwa eziningi futhi zinegunya lokugcinwa komthetho jikelele kulo lonke izwe. Zivame ukusekela iminyango emincane yendawo futhi zisingatha ubugebengu obenzeke ngaphesheya kwemingcele yesifunda.
  • Izikhulu ze-sheff: izikhulu ezikhethiwe ngokuvamile ziyizikhulu ezikhethayo ezongamela ukugcinwa komthetho phakathi kwesifundazwe. Imithwalo yazo yemfanelo ihlanganisa ukugada izindawo ezingahlanganisiwe, ukugada amajele esifunda, ukunikeza iziyalezo zenkantolo, nokunikeza ukulondeka enkantolo.
  • UMonipal Departments: iminyango yamaphoyisa yasemadolobheni iwuhlobo olubonakalayo kakhulu lokugcinwa komthetho. Bagada imigwaqo, basabela ezingcingo ezingu-911, bahlole ubugebengu bendawo, futhi bahileleke ezinyatheloni zomphakathi zobupolisa. Amazinga asukela ezikhulwini ezimbalwa emadolobheni amancane kuya ezinkulungwane emadolobheni amakhulu njenge New York, Chicago, neLos Angeles.

Ukuhlangana kwala mazinga kwakha ukubambisana − kodwa ngezinye izikhathi kuyinkimbinkimbi kwesimiso sokusebenza kwezimiso zezinto eziphilayo .Imisebenzi, izivumelwano zokusizana, nophenyo oluhlangene kuvamile, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezihilela ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa, ubudlova bamaqembu, noma ubuphekula.

Inqubo Yokwenziwa Komthetho

Ukugcinwa komthetho akusona isenzo esisodwa kodwa ukulandelana kwezinyathelo ezingokomthetho eziklanyelwe ukuvikela amalungelo, ukuqoqa ubufakazi, nokukhipha ubulungisa. Isinyathelo ngasinye sinezimfuneko ezingokomthetho nezimiso zokwengamela.

UKUFUNDWA

Isigaba sokuhlola siqala lapho kubikwa noma kuqashelwa. Amaphoyisa nabaseshi baqoqa ubufakazi ngezingxoxo, ukuhlola, ukuhlola, nokuhlola. Uphenyo lwanamuhla luncike kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe . Ama-digigital forisensics, CCTV espanegage, amarekhodi ocingo, ne-DNA. Abangenisi-Pintegiontigator kumelwe basebenze phakathi kwemigoqo yeSichibiyelo sesine, evikela ekuphenyeni okungakholekiyo nokuquleka. Imfanelo yokuphenya ngokuvamile inquma imiphumela yecala, njengoba ubufakazi obuqinile bungaholela ekulahleni izikhala noma i-ahlwithwa.

Ukuboshwa

Ukuboshwa kwenzeka lapho isikhulu sezemthetho sibopha umuntu ngenxa yesizathu okungenzeka ukuthi wenza ubugebengu. Imbangela efanelekile idinga amaqiniso aqondile noma izimo ezingenza umuntu onengqondo akholelwe ukuthi ubugebengu bukhona, kuwukuthi, noma sekuzokwenziwa. Ukuboshwa kungafakwa noma kungakhishwa, kuye ngokuthi isimo siyini (umk., isikhulu esibona ubugebengu singabopha umuntu ngaphandle kwesizathu). Ngemva kokuboshwa, ukusolwa kufundwa amalungelo abo e-Miranda, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuthula kanye nelungelo lokuhlala engommelini.

Ukuphakamisa

Lapho isisolwane sesiboshiwe, abashushisi bahlola ubufakazi obungakhokhwa futhi banqume ukuthi kufanele bafake amafayili emacaleni angokomthetho yini. Lona umsebenzi onzima wokulawula. Ezindabeni zikahulumeni, ijaji elikhulu lingase libikwe ukuba linikeze icala. Ezimisweni zikahulumeni, ukwaziswa noma isikhalo siyagcinwa. Isinqumo sokumangalela kumelwe sisekelwe ebufakazini obanele obungakholekiyo futhi sihambisane nomthetho osemthethweni. Ngezinye izikhathi umcatshalelwa angase abekwe icala ngecala elincane ngenxa yokubambisana, noma abekwe icala lingasehlawulwe uma kungenabufakazi obuphelele.

Ukuqhubeka Kwangaphambili

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, kunezenzakalo eziningana eziyinhloko: ukubonakala kokuqala (lapho kufundwa khona amacala), ukuqulwa kwebeyili (ukunquma ukuthi umsoli angakhululwa yini uma kuseza kuqulwa icala), ukuqulwa kwecala kokwandulela (lapho umahluleli ehlola imbangela okungenzeka ukuba), kanye nokuqulwa (lapho ummangalelwa engena khona isicelo). Ukuphenya kulandela, lapho kufakwa khona ubufakazi. Icala lezelele livame ukuvezana kulesigaba; iningi lecala lobugebengu lase-U.S. lixazululwa ngezenzo zokunxusa kunokuba kuqulwe.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Uma icala liqhubeka liqulwa, ukuquliswa kwecala nokuzivikela kunikeza ubufakazi phambi komahluleli noma abahluleli. Ubufakazi bukhona enkantolo, okumelwe kufakazelwe ukuthi unecala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala ngokushesha nomphakathi, lokubhekana nofakazi, nokumelelwa ngokomthetho. Ukuqulwa kungathatha isikhathi eside futhi kuyinkimbinkimbi, kuhilela ubufakazi obuyingcacayo, ukwakhiwa kabusha kwezemthetho, nokuncitshiswa ngokuqinile. Isinqumo sinquma ukuthi ummangalelwa utholakele icala noma akabi necala.

Ukugwetshwa

Kulandela isinqumo esinecala noma isicelo, kuqulwa icala. Umahluleli ucabangela izici ezinjengobukhulu bobugebengu, umlando wobugebengu wommangalelwa, iziphakamiso zezisulu, neziqondiso zokugweba (ezihluka ngokwemithetho). Izigwebo zingahlanganisa ukuboshwa, ukukhokhwa, ukuqulwa, inkonzo yomphakathi, noma inhlanganisela. Kwezinye izimo, ezinye izinhlelo zokugweba, njengezinkantolo zezidakamizwa noma izinkantolo zempilo yengqondo, zihlose ukusingatha izindaba eziyisisekelo kunokuba zixazululwe ngezindlela eziphelele.

Ukudlulisa Amacala Nokukhipha I - post

Abalweli banelungelo lokudlulisa isiqinisekiso esisekelwe emaphutheni angokomthetho, ekuziphatheni okubi, noma ebufakazini obusha. Izikhalo zizwakala ezinkantolo eziphakeme, ezingase zisekele, ziphendule, noma zilungise icala. Usizo lwangemva kokuthola isigwebo lungahlanganisa nezicelo ze-habeas, ezibekela inselele ukuvalelwa ngokomthetho. Inqubo yokudlulisa imvume iqinisekisa ukuthi izinkolelo zilungile nokuthi ubulungisa abusoze baphela kuze kube yilapho wonke amagumbi angokomthetho ephela.

Indima Yamaphoyisa Omphakathi

Amaphoyisa omphakathi ayifilosofi ekhuthaza amasu enhlangano okusekela ukusetshenziswa kwezimiso ezihleliwe zobungane kanye namasu axazulula izinkinga. Alungisa izimo ezisheshayo ezibangela ukuphepha komphakathi njengezindaba zobugebengu, ukungahleleki kwezenhlalo nokwesaba ubugebengu.

Izimiso Zomkhomo

  • Imithetho egunyaza umthetho isebenza kumalungu omphakathi, uhulumeni wendawo, izikole, amabhizinisi, nezinzuzo ezingakhiphi ukuvikela.
  • Iproblem-Sonsole: Kunokuba imane iphendule izingcingo, izikhulu zisebenzisa isifanekiso se-SARA (Ukuhlola, ukuhlaziywa, ukuphenduliwa, ukuhlolwa) ukuze zibone izimbangela eziyinhloko zobugebengu futhi zithuthukise ukungenela okuvumelanayo.
  • Ukuguqula okuzenzekelayo: Izici eziphuthumayo zisuka kuhlelo lomyalo olungokwesiko, oluphezulu ukuya phezulu ziya kulelo elinika izikhulu amandla, likhuthaza ukufakwa komphakathi, futhi ligcizelela ukuba sobala.

Ngokwesibonelo, isinyathelo samaphoyisa emphakathini singahlanganisa imihlangano yasikhathi sonke yomphakathi, ukuqapha izinyawo, izinhlelo zentsha ezifundisa ukuphatha izinyawo, kanye nokubambisana nezinkonzo zomphakathi zokulungisa ukungabi namakhaya noma ukusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa. Ukucwaninga kulokhu kubonisa ukuthi amaphoyisa omphakathi andisa ukwethenjwa komphakathi, anciphisa ukwesaba ubugebengu, futhi athuthukisa isikhulu somthetho. Ihhovisi le-COPS le- Justice [ inikeza imithombo nezifundo zezehlakalo eziphumelelayo ezimisweni zezokusebenza emphakathini kulo lonke izwe.

Izinselele Nokugxeka

Naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo, amaphoyisa omphakathi abhekene nezinselele. Kudinga ushintsho oluphawulekayo lwezempucuko ezinhlanganweni, ukusekela ngokwezimali, nokuzibophezela okuqotho ekuholeni. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi kungabekwa njengethuluzi lomphakathi elikha phezulu ngaphandle kokulungisa izakhiwo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaphoyisa omphakathi awazixazululi izindaba ezihlelekile ezinjengobandlululo lobuhlanga, ukusebenzisa amandla, noma ukulandisa ngaphandle kokuba kuhambisane nezinguquko ezinkulu zenqubo.

Izinselele Ekuphoqelelweni Komthetho

Ukugcinwa komthetho kwanamuhla kusebenza endaweni eyinkimbinkimbi nenokuhlolwa okwandayo.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwemithombo Yezinto

Izinhlangano eziningi, ikakhulukazi ezisendaweni, zibhekene nokungathathi mandla. Ukunqandwa kohlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali kuholela ekuncipheni kwemisebenzi, imishini ephelelwe isikhathi, izakhiwo zokuqeqeshela ezinganele, nasemaholo aphansi. Lokhu kungabangela ukutubeka kwesikhulu, ukuphakama kwe-patroli, nokuncishiswa kwemali esebenzayo. Imali kahulumeni nezimali zikahulumeni kungasiza, kodwa ngokuvamile ziyancintisana futhi azinele ukugcwalisa izidingo zesikhathi eside.

Ukuzicabangela Nokwethemba Umphakathi

Izenzakalo ezivelele zokuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa, amandla adlulele, nokucwasana kwezinhlanga ziye zaqeda ukwethembana phakathi kokugcinwa komthetho nezindawo ezinemibala. Imibono ephambene ingaphazamisa ukubambisana, inciphise ukuzimisela kokufakaza ukuqhubekela phambili, futhi ikhubaze izingxabano phakathi kobudlelwane. Ukwakha kabusha ukuthemba kudinga ukuba kube nokubonana okungaguquguquki, ukuqondisa komphakathi, ukubopheka komphakathi, nokulandisa. Amakhamera okuhlola izibalo zomphakathi, nokuqeqesha kokukhucunula okusemgqeni.

Intuthuko Engokobuchwepheshe

Izigebengu zisebenzisa kakhulu ubuchwepheshe obuyinkimbinkimbi − ukuxhumana okufihlekile, ukuqashelwa, ukuhlasela kweze-inthanethi. Izinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho zizama ukuhambisana nejubane ngenxa yokusebenzisa izimali ezintengantengayo nokuntula izisebenzi ezikhethekile zezobuchwepheshe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinhlangano kumelwe ziphendule imibuzo engokomthetho nengokokuziphatha ngokuqapha, ngokuhlola imininingwane, nangokusebenzisa imithetho eyimfihlo. Ukulinganisela ubuchwepheshe nenkululeko yomphakathi kuyinselele eqhubekayo.

Ukuqeqesha Nemfundo

Indima yesikhulu samaphoyisa iye yakhula kakhulu ngaphezu “kokulwa okungalawuleki” ukuhlanganisa ukungenela kwezempilo empilweni ebucayi, ukuxazululwa kwempi, ukuncintisana kwempucuko, nokusabela kokukhubazeka. Nokho amakilasi amaningi asagxila kakhulu emandleleni nasemithethweni engokomthetho. Ukuhamba, ukuqeqeshwa okuphakeme okulinganayo ezindaweni ezinjengokungalawuleki, ukucwaswa okusobala, nokubophana komphakathi kubalulekile kumaphoyisa anamuhla. Izinhlangano zisebenza namayunivesithi nezinhlangano ezingochwepheshe ukuze zithuthukise izinhlelo zobufakazi.

Impilo Yengqondo Nokuhlala Uphilile

Amaphoyisa ngokwawo abhekene nezinga eliphakeme lokucindezeleka, ukulimala, nengozi yokuzibulala. Amaphoyisa avame ukudina ukucela usizo, okuholela ezinkingeni zempilo yengqondo ezingalapheki. Imithombo yezenhlalakahle iqala ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zokusekela ontanga, izinsuku zempilo yengqondo nezinkonzo zokweluleka ngasese. Ukukhuluma kahle kwesikhulu akuyona nje into ekhathaza umphakathi kuphela kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa ukusebenza futhi kunciphisa ingozi yokusebenzelana kabi nomphakathi.

Ukulandisa Nokuphatha

Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu eziqapha umthetho zinecala lokuziphatha okubi kubaluleke kakhulu. Izinqubo zokulawula zihlanganisa ukuphenya kwangaphakathi, amabhodi okukhononda okungekho emthethweni, ukusebenzisa iziphakamiso zokuhlola ukuphoqelelwa kwezisebenzi, kanye nabashushisi abazimele ekudubuleni kwezikhulu ezijovwayo. Ukungaqondisi okungaguquguquki, okunzima kuye kwaba imbangela enkulu yokukhungatheka komphakathi. Izinguquko ezinjengezinqubo zedecratex, ukubika okuphoqelelweyo kokuziphatha okubi, nokuvinjelwa kwemikhuba ethile (njengemigoqo) ziyamukelwa ezikhundlelweni eziningi.

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda ukugcinwa kwemithetho kubalulekile ezakhamuzini, abafundisi, nabaholi besikhathi esizayo. Akusona isimiso somthetho esihlanganisa izinhlangano, izinqubo, nobudlelwane bomphakathi okumelwe ngaso sonke isikhathi kuvumelane nezinselele ezintsha. Kusukela kumthetho sisekelo owabekwa yizimiso zamuva zenqubo yekhamera yamuva, zonke izici zomthetho zihlela ukugcinwa kobulungisa. Ngokuhlola izinqubo ze-(accelonian), ukuboshwa, nokugwetshwa kwezindawo zezinhlangano ezihlukene ezisuka e-FBI kuya eminyangweni yamaphoyisa yendawo, sithola umbono ocacile wendlela yokuhleleka okugcinwa ngayo nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo omphakathi. Izinselele zokugcinwa komsebenzi, ukwethenjwa, ukukhokhwanywa kwemali, nokuhlelwa kobuchwepheshe zisikhumbuza ukuthi umthetho uyaqhubeka umsebenzi. Njengoba abafundi nalezi zingane, zifaka izihloko ezithenwayo futhi zisebenza ngezikhulu zezentengo yomphakathi.