Ukuqonda Inqubo Efanele: Isimiso Esiyisisekelo Sobulungisa

Inqubo elindelekile yomthetho iyisisekelo sezimiso zomthetho zanamuhla, ihlanganisa isimiso sokuthi ohulumeni kumelwe bahloniphe wonke amalungelo angokomthetho akweletwa umuntu ngaphambi kokuwancisha ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Nakuba lomqondo uqashelwa yonke indawo, incazelo yawo, ubukhulu, nokuqiniswa kwawo kuyahlukahluka kakhulu phakathi kwezimiso zomthetho. Kudokotela, izazi, nabasekeli, ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kubalulekile ekuhambiseni umthetho wezizwe zonke, amalungelo abantu, ukuhlahlela, nokunqamule umsebenzi ongokomthetho. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela amalungelo afanele achazwa futhi asetshenziswa ngayo emthethweni omphakathi, umthetho wombango, inqubo yomphakathi, inkolo, nezimiso ezingokomthetho, ukuhluka okuyinhloko nokuhlala njalo.

Inqubo elindelekile ihlukaniswa ngokwengxenye ezimbili: inqubo yokulungisa, ethinta izinqubo uhulumeni okumelwe alandele (njengesaziso esilungile, ukuzwa, nenqubo efanelekile yokungakhethi), evikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekungeneni kukahulumeni ngisho nalapho kusetshenziswa izinqubo ezifanelekile. Ukulingana phakathi kwalezi zici kuyahluka ngokuphawulekayo emhlabeni wonke.

Izimiso Zomthetho Ezivamile

Isekelwe esikweni lomthetho lesiNgisi, izimiso zomthetho ezivamile zincike kakhulu ekwakhelweni kokwahlulela nasezivikelweni zomthetho-sisekelo. Amalungelo enqubo abekwayo ngokuvamile ahlelwa ngokucacile emithethweni ebhaliwe noma imithetho emiswe isikhathi eside.

United States

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States unikeza inqubo ecacile edinga isivikelo somthetho ovamile. ISichibiyelo sesihlanu, esagunyazwa ngo-1791, sinqabela uhulumeni ukuba anciphe noma yimuphi umuntu "ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho." ISichibiyelo seMinyaka Engamashumi Amane nesine, esamukelwa ngo-1868, sidlulisela lomthetho kuhulumeni. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. ichaze lezizigaba ezihlanganisa kokubili izakhi ezilandelanayo nezingadi ezithiwe.

Isihluthulelo samalungelo enqubo emisha eUnited States zihlanganisa:

  • Qaphela amacala nethuba lokuzwakala
  • Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo nelinomphakathi linikezwa inxusa elingakhethi
  • Ilungelo leseluleko somthetho (esihlotshiswe Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335]
  • Ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi be-examine
  • Isivikelo ekuzibopheni ucansi (ilungelo lokungafakazeli ngokumelene nawe)
  • Isivikelo engozini ephindwe kabili
  • Ilungelo lokudlulisela izinkolelo zobugebengu

Inqubo eyisici esifanelekile, nakuba kuphikiswana kakhulu, ivikela amalungelo ayisisekelo anjengelungelo lokushada, ukukhulisa izingane, ukusebenzisa ukuvimbela inzalo, nokukhetha ukukhipha isisu (ngokwezinga lokuphumelela ngaphansi kwenqubo yamanje). Lamalungelo achazwa njengabaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba angenakususwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kusetshenziswa izinqubo.

Amacala aphawula indawo engaphambili anjenge Mira v.Arizona (384 U.S. 436, 1966) yamisa imfuneko yokuba ukugcinwa komthetho kwamalungelo asolwayo ukuba ahlale athule nakummeli ngaphambi kokuphenywa kwemvume, ufake lezisivikelo ezingokwemisebe emsebenzini wamaphoyisa wansuku zonke. Isimiso se-U.S. saziwa ngezindinganiso zaso ezicacile, izimpawu ezisobala, kanye nezivikelo eziqinile zomthetho-mthetho.

United Kingdom

I-United Kingdom ayinawo umthetho-mthetho omiswe ndawonye; kunalokho, izimiso ezifanele zenqubo zithathwe emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka enqubo yomthetho ovamile, izimiso ezinjengeMagna Carta (1215), kanye noMthetho Wamalungelo Abantu, ohlanganisa i-European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) emthethweni wasekhaya. ISiphakamiso 6 se-ECHR siqinisekisa ukuqulwa ngokulunga, kuyilapho iSiphakamiso 5 sivikela ekuboshweni okungenamthetho. i-Human Rights Act

Izivikelo zenqubo ezifanele kuyi-UK zihlanganisa:

  • Ukucabanga ukuthi umsulwa kuze kube yilapho uthola ukuthi unecala
  • Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala ngokufanele nangecala lomphakathi ngesikhathi esifanele
  • Ilungelo lokumelelwa ngokomthetho (usizo olungokomthetho olutholakalayo ezindabeni ezingathi sína)
  • Ilungelo lokutshelwa ngokushesha ngamacala obugebengu
  • Isivikelo ekufuneni nokuquleka (nakuba kungesiwo owande njengeSichibiyelo Sesine saseU.S.)
  • Ilungelo lokudlulisa izinkolelo nemisho

Ngokungafani neU.S., i-UK ayinayo imfundiso eyisisekelo yenqubo. Amalungelo ngokuvamile avikelwa ngokungakhethi okungokwesiko nangencazelo yemithetho. INkantolo ePhakeme ye-UK iye yagcizelela ukuthi inqubo efanelekile yomthetho kazwelonke idinga ukuba izinqumo ezithinta amalungelo abantu zenziwe ngaphandle kobandlululo nangokuphenya okufanele.

Canada

Indlela yokuhlela iCanada ihlanganisa isiko lomthetho ovamile nemithetho-sisekelo. I-Canadian Chart of Rights and Freedoms (ingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo, 1982) ihlanganisa ingxenye 7: "Wonke umuntu unelungelo lokuphila, inkululeko nokulondeka komuntu nelungelo lokungaphucwa lona ngaphandle kokuvumelana nezimiso zobulungisa obuyisisekelo." Lelungiselelo liye lachazwa ukuhlanganisa i-procded ne-sethitive, isivikelo esifana nenqubo efanelekile kodwa nezimpawu ezihlukile.

  • Unelungelo lokuphepha lapho uhlolwa noma uquleka
  • Ilungelo lokugcina nokufundisa iseluleko ngaphandle kokulibala
  • Ilungelo lokutshelwa ngamacala athile
  • Ukubhekana nokulingwa ngesikhathi esifanele
  • Isivikelo ekuphathweni ngonya noma ekujezisweni okungavamile

Izinkantolo zaseCanada ziye zaqaphela amalungelo angaphansi kwengxenye 7, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokunakekela impilo (ezimweni ezithile) nelungelo lokuphepha lomuntu, okuye kwaholela ekulawuleni ukusiza ukufa ( Carter v. Canada (Attneral), 2015 SC 5). "Izici zemithetho eyisisekelo" zihlanganisa imiqondo ye-artratriethrosy, imvunuke, ne-operation.

Izimiso Zomthetho Wangaphakathi

Imibuso yomthetho wombango, evelele ezwekazini laseYurophu, eLatin America, nasengxenyeni enkulu ye-Asia, incike emithethweni eminingi ukuze ichaze kokubili amalungelo angaphansi nawabantu. Abahluleli banendima yokuqulwa kwecala, futhi ukugcizelelwa kwemithetho ebhaliwe kunokuba kugcizelelwe inqubo yokwahlulela.

i-France

UMthetho-sisekelo waseFrance ka-1958, iSimemezelo Samalungelo Abantu nowabantu (ngonyaka ka - 1789), kanye ne-European Convention on Human Rights zihlangene zinikeza uhlelo lwenqubo efanele eFrance. Isimiso se i-contradictitoire[ [isimiso se-Preglated system] [isimiso se-Procture]) sidinga ukuba bobabili babe nethuba elifanayo lokuveza icala labo. Isimiso se-Pécurecure produce pédéume [[FLT] [FLT] Imininingwane eqondileyo ye-Crimediture Code [F]

Inkinombho elidingekayo lamalungelo enqubo eFrance:

  • Ukucabanga ukuthi umuntu akanacala (okushiwo ngokucindezelayo eSimemezelweni Samalungelo Abantu)
  • Ilungelo lokutshelwa ngokushesha nangokuningiliziwe ngamacala
  • Ukuqulwa kwamacala phambi kwenkantolo ezimele nengakhethi
  • Ilungelo losizo lwasemthethweni (kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuwinwa kwamaphoyisa – garde à vue))
  • Ilungelo lokuthula (nakuba lingaphoqelelwa kakhulu njengaseU.S.; iMithetho manje idinga ukusolwa ngalelilungelo)
  • Ilungelo lokudlulisa (amazinga ahlukene: i-Cour d'appel ne-Cour de cassation)

Inqubo efanelekile yaseFrance ihlanganisa nelungelo lokuphikisana ngobufakazi, okusho ukuthi zombili izinhlangothi zingabuza ofakazi nochwepheshe. Umahluleli ohlolayo ( juge d'information) ufeza indima eyinhloko ezimweni ezingathi sína, uphenya ngecala. Lesimiso siye sagxekwa ngenxa yokucwaswa okungase kwenzeke, kodwa i-ECHR i-jurispradence iye yaphoqa iFrance ukuba ivikeleke kakhulu.

EJalimane

I- Umthetho osisiseko (Grundesetz) ka-1949 wabuthelwa ekusabeleni ekuxhashazweni kabi kwamaNazi futhi uqukethe izivikelo ezifanele zenqubo. ISiphakamiso 103(1) sithi: "Ezinkantolo, wonke umuntu unelungelo lokuqulwa ngokuvumelana nomthetho. ISiphakamiso 104 sinqabela ukuvalelwa okungalawulekiyo futhi sifuna umahluleli ukuba ahlele noma ikuphi ukuncishwa kwenkululeko ngaphandle kosuku lokuqala. INkathi ye-Federal Constigationalal Councial ( Boundsesculangstemsricht[FLT]) ithuthukise indikimba ebanzi yecala lomthetho engokomthetho we-procculture.

  • Icala elifanele neliwumphakathi (I - ECHR 6 yafakwa emthethweni waseJalimane)
  • Ilungelo elulekweni esingokomthetho (Pflichverheiger – iseluleko sokuzivikela esibophekile ezimweni ezingathi sína)
  • Isivikelo ekuboshweni ngobugovu (ukubukeza ngecala phakathi namahora angu - 24)
  • Ilungelo lokuzwakala phambi kwesinqumo senkantolo
  • Isivikelo engozini ephindwe kabili ( amabine kusisebenzi, ubuciko. 103(3) Umthetho oyisisekelo)
  • Ilungelo lokubhekana nesinqumo sokwahlulela esicatshangelwe kahle

Inqubo efanele yesiJalimane ithonywe kakhulu yisimiso se Rechstaat [isimo esisekelwe ekubuseni komthetho]. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukulinganiswa kanye nokuvikelwa kodumo lomuntu (Art. 1 GG). Isimiso sibucala ezicabeni zobugebengu: umahluleli uhlola amaqiniso ngenkuthalo, kodwa ummangalelwa unamalungelo okuthatha igalelo futhi aphikise ubufakazi. Article 103 yoMthetho Oqinile[ futhi uqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elingokomthetho, okuyindawo eyisisekelo yokuhlola.

EJapane

Isimiso somthetho saseJapane sihlanganisa amasiko omthetho wangaphakathi (amathonya aseJalimane naseFrance) nezinguquko zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wangemva kweMpi Yezwe II. UMthetho-sisekelo waseJapane (1947) uqinisekisa amalungelo afaneleke kakhulu eSahlukweni III, "Amalunga Nezibopho Zabantu" Isigqebhezana 31: "Akekho umuntu oyophucwa ukuphila noma inkululeko, futhi ngeke kubekwe esinye isigwebo sobugebengu, ngaphandle kwenqubo emiswe umthetho." Izihloko 32/39 zinikeza isivikelo esiningiliziwe.

  • I - “Arch 37 ” isebenza ngokushesha futhi iqashelwa umphakathi (i - Art 37)
  • Ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko ngeseluleko esimiswe uhulumeni kubamangalelwa abanecala ezimweni ezingathi sína
  • Isivikelo ekuzivikeleni ekuzichayekeni (Ingcweti. 38)
  • Isivikelo engozini ephindwe kabili (Ingxenyana 39)
  • Ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi futhi uhlole bona (INgxenye 37)
  • Ukuvikelwa ekuboshweni nokuboshwa ngokungenangqondo (imfuneko eqinile, ubuciko 33)

Inqubo efanele yaseJapane iphawuleka ngezimfuneko zayo eziqinile ezigunyaza ukumiswa kanye namalungiselelo amelene nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho yobugebengu ngokunyenya. Nokho, izinga lokukholisa liphakeme kakhulu (ngaphezu kuka-99% ekuqulweni kwecala lobugebengu), okuphakamisa imibuzo ngokuphumelela kwalezi sivikelo ezingokwesiko ezisebenzayo. Ilungelo lommangalelwa lokuthula liyaqashelwa, kodwa ukuphenywa kwamaphoyisa kungaba kude futhi kwenzeke ngaphandle kommeli okhona kuze kube yilapho kubekwa amacala angokomthetho.

Izimiso Ezingokwenkolo Ezingokomthetho

Kwamanye amazwe, umthetho wenkolo uyisisekelo sesimiso somthetho noma uhambisana nomthetho wezwe.

UMthetho WeSharia (Umthetho Ovuthayo)

Umthetho weSharia, osususelwa kwiQuan and the Sunna (izimo zomprofethi uMuhammad), ubusa izici eziningi zokuphila nobulungisa emazweni anjengeSaudi Arabia, Iran, nezingxenye zeNigeria. Nakuba i-sharia ingasebenzisi igama elithi "inqubo yangaphambili" ngomqondo waseNtshonalanga, iqukethe izimiso zobulungisa ([adl), okungasolekiyo (] u-infaf[FLT] ), kanye namalungelo e-produral asebenza imisebenzi efanayo.

Inqubo elindelekile ngaphansi kwesharia ihlanganisa:

  • Ukucabanga ukuthi akanacala — isimiso sokuthi ummangalelwa akanacala kuze kube yilapho ethola ubufakazi obucacile bubonisa ukuthi unecala
  • Kukwesokudla ekwahluleleni okulungile phambi kwejaji (qadi) okumelwe angakhethi
  • Ilungelo lommangalelwa lokunikeza isivikelo futhi abize ofakazi
  • Isivikelo ekuvumeni izono okuphoqelelwe kumelwe sibe sokuzithandela; ukuvuma izono ngempoqo akusebenzi
  • Ilungelo lokudlulisa ([[QUL:0] talzum) kugunya eliphezulu kwezinye izikole
  • Ngokwesibonelo, ukuboniswa kobufakazi bokuphinga kudinga ofakazi abane bofakazi bomlando besilisa, okwenza ukuqiniseka kube nzima kakhulu

Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwalezimiso kuyahlukahluka. Kwezinye izizwe zanamuhla ukusebenzisa isharia, abamangalelwa bangase bangabi nakho ukufinyelela iseluleko somthetho, ukuqulwa kwecala kungaqhutshwa ngasese, futhi izijeziso ezithile (njengokukhandwa ngamatshe noma ukunqunyulwa) zingasetshenziswa ngaphandle kokuqina okugcwele. Umqondo uhud[ (ukujeziswa okucacisiwe) ungasusa ukucabangela okungokwesiko kwezinye izincazelo. Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwe-cladic sharia jurisrudecius

UMthetho Wesigebengu (iSonto LamaKatolika)

Isimiso somthetho weSonto lamaKatolika, esaziwa njengomthetho wesonto, sibusa izindaba zesonto ezinjengokudilizwa komshado, ukuqondiswa kwabefundisi, nokubuswa ngaphakathi. iCodex Iuris Canonici[ [19983] iqukethe izivikelo eziningiliziwe zabamangalelwa ekulingweni komthetho wesonto. Inqubo elandelwayo ngokomthetho wesonto ihlanganisa:

  • Ilungelo lokutshelwa ngalokhu kumangalelwa nobufakazi
  • Ilungelo lokumelela (isikhulu noma umbusi)
  • Ilungelo lokuveza ubufakazi nofakazi be-astamine
  • Ilungelo lokudlulisela icala ezinkantolo eziteji ezihlukahlukene (kuhlanganise neRota yaseRoma)
  • Isimiso se [[QULT:0] izikhonkwane ezisezingeni eliqinile (ayikho ingozi ephindwe kabili)

Inqubo efanele engokomthetho ibaluleke kakhulu ezindabeni zokumangalelwa kwabefundisi ngokuxhashazwa ngokobulili. Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, iSonto liye lalungisa izinqubo zalo ukuze linikeze izisulu isivikelo esiqinile futhi libekwe icala ngokufanayo, nakuba abagxeki bephikisa ngokuthi ukufihla imfihlo nesiyalo sangaphakathi kusalulaza ukuba sobala.

Izimiso Zezomthetho Ezixubile Nezixubile

Amazwe amaningi asebenzisa izimiso eziyingxube ezihlanganisa umthetho ovamile, umthetho wezakhamuzi, nezinhlangano zenkolo noma ezingokwesiko.

i-Ningizimu Afrika

Ngemva kokuphela kobandlululo, i-South Africa yamukela i-Constitution eguqulayo yomthetho (1996) ehlanganisa ifa elivamile namathonya aqinile omthetho wezwe, ikakhulukazi ekufushanisweni komthetho-mthetho. Ingxenye 35 yeSigqi Samalungelo Abantu inikeza amalungelo amakhulu aboboshwe, aboshwe, nabamangalelwa. INkantolo yoMthetho-sisekelo isungule inqubo ecebile ye-jurisprudential engokomthetho, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokumela ngokulunga, ilungelo lokumelelwa okungokomthetho (kuhlanganise neseluleko esigunyazwe lapho kufunwa inzuzo yobulungisa), kanye nelungelo lokuthula. Inqubo efanelekile ye-Constitution ihlanganisa nezicial projectivestion, njengelungelo lokuphatha ngokulingana nokulingana.

eNdiya

Isimiso somthetho sase-Indiya sisekelwe emthetho wesiNgisi kodwa siye sashintshwa kakhulu yi-Constitution of India (1950). ISiphakamiso 21 sithi: "Akukho muntu oyophucwa ukuphila kwakhe noma inkululeko yakhe ngaphandle kwenqubo emiswe umthetho. Ngokungafani neU.S. "kusukela kukuqala" inqubo, amazwi aseNdiya "iprocedudadrective" achazwa ngokucubungula. Nokho, kusukela icala lesifunda Maneka Gandhi v. Union ye-Indiya[[FLT:][1288], iNkathi ePhakakhulu yeNkathi ikholelwa ukuthi inqubo kumelwe ibe "iphoirf, futhi ifanele, ngokuyisisekelo," ukungenisa inqubo efanelekile. Manje iNdiya iqaphela ububanzi benqubo edinga ukuvithwa kwelungelo, kuhlanganise nokuqulwa kwecala, ukuvindwa kwecala.[5][3][3]

Izindinganiso Zomhlaba Wonke Zenqubo Efanele

Amathuluzi alwela amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke anikeza inqubo eyisisekelo yezindinganiso ezithonya imithetho yesizwe futhi asize ekuvumelaniseni isivikelo embulungeni yonke.

  • [[QUT:0] Isimemezelo esingavumelaniyo samalungelo abantu (UDHR, 1948) - Izihloko 10 no 11 ziqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga kanye nokubonakala kobumsulwa. Funda iUDHR.
  • Isivumelwano sezizwe zonke somphakathi kuMalungelo Omphakathi Nawokulwela Izombangazwe (ICCPR, 1966) – ISiphakamiso 14 semininingwane elungile yamalungelo okwahlulela, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokunikeza iseluleko, ilungelo lokuhlola ofakazi, futhi okungafanele ukuba kuphoqelelwe ukunikeza ubufakazi. Amazwe amaningi aye agunyaza futhi ahlanganisa lezindinganiso.
  • Isivumelwano se-European on Human Rights (ECHR, 1950) - Izihloko 5 (ilungelo lenkululeko nokulondeka) kanye ne 6 (ilungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga) zinethonya elikhulu. INkantolo yaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu inikeza incazelo ebophekayo kumazwe angamalungu angu- 46. ukufunda okwengeziwe nge - ECHR.
  • [ ISivumelwano saseMelika samalungelo abantu (11994) - Ingxenye 8 iqinisekisa iziqinisekiso zokwahlulela nesivikelo sezemvelo eMelika.
  • Ishadi lase-Afrika eMalungeni Obuntu Nawabantu (19981) – ISiphakamiso 7 siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elilungile.

Lezi zinsimbi ngokuvamile zidinga amazwe ukuze anikeze usizo olungokomthetho, agweme ukuboshwa ngokungenangqondo, futhi aqinisekise ukuthi amacala agunyaziwe.

Ukuhlaziya Okuqhathanisayo: Izigebengu Nezinto Ezivamile

Naphezu kokwehlukahluka kwamasiko angokomthetho, kuvela izimiso eziningana zendawo yonke:

  • [ Ukwahlulela kobuFair [ - Zonke izimiso esazihlola ziyaqaphela isidingo senkantolo engakhethi, isaziso samacala, nethuba lokunikeza isivikelo. Ifomu (i-aversarial v.i-curiation) iyahlukahluka, kodwa umgomo uyafana.
  • Ukubona ukuthi umsulwa - Noma kushiwo ngokucacile (eFrance, eJalimane, e-U.S.) noma kuphelele (umthetho ovamile), lesisimiso sicishe sibe jikelele. Umthwalo wobufakazi ukhona kummangaleli.
  • I-Legal i- - Access to lulet iqashelwa kakhulu njengebalulekile. Ngaphandle kwezinqubo eziqinile kakhulu, ummangalelwa ongakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli kufanele anikezelwe enye. Ukufakwa kwemithetho kuyahlukahluka: iseluleko esimiselwe uhulumeni siqinisekisiwe kuzo zonke izenzakalo ezingokwembubhiso, kuyilapho eJalimane sibophekile kuphela emacaleni amakhulu.
  • Ukuvikelwa ekuboshweni okungenazimiso [ - Zonke izimiso zidinga uhlobo oluthile lokwahlulela ngaphambi noma ngemva nje kokuboshwa. Emazweni omthetho womphakathi, umahluleli ohlolayo uvame ukugunyaza ukuboshwa. Emazweni avamile, imajistanti ihlola ukubopha noma ukuvala izikhalazo.
  • Ukugwenywa kokuhlukumeza nokuphoqelela ukuvuma izono - - umthetho wezizwe zonke nezimiso eziningi zasekhaya akubutholi ubufakazi obutholakala ngokucindezelwa. "ilungelo lokuthula" liyingxenye yemithetho-sisekelo eminingi nemihlangano emikhulu.

Umehluko oyisihluthulelo uhlanganisa:

  • Umthetho womahluleli - Emthetho ovamile, umahluleli ungummeli ongenzi lutho kuyilapho abashushisi nabameli benikeza ubufakazi. Emthethweni wesizwe, abahluleli bahlola futhi babuze, okunganciphisa izinga lobungcono kodwa futhi kungathuthukisa ukunemba okuyiqiniso.
  • Inqubo efanele - Inamandla kakhulu e-U.S. futhi, ngokwezinga eliphansi, eCanada naseNdiya. Amazwe amaningi omthetho wesizwe ne-UK awawaqapheli amalungelo angaphansi enqubo efanelekile; kunalokho ancika emalungelweni omthetho-sisekelo ahlukene (umz., isivikelo soMthetho wesisekelo sesintu) sesiJalimane.
  • Appeal lungelo [ - Izindawo zomthetho ezivamile zivumela ukudluliswa ngemva kokuvunyelwa; izimiso zomthetho wesizwe zivame ukunikeza ukubukeza okuzenzekelayo kakhulu (umz., ukunxusa kwaseFrance ngokomthetho ezimweni ezingathi zinkulu).
  • ithonya lenkolo - Ezimisweni ezisekelwe esharia, izindinganiso ezisobala zingaba phezulu kakhulu (umzk., ofakazi abane bokuphinga) noma abaphansi kakhulu (umz., ukuvuma kuphela kunganele kwezinye izijeziso). Indima kahulumeni ekubekeni umthetho wenkolo idala ukungezwani nezindinganiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke.

Isiphetho: Ukushintsha Inqubo Elindelekile

Amalungelo okusebenza awekho phakathi nendawo. Ayashintsha ngencazelo yokwahlulela, izibopho zesivumelwano, nezinhlangano zomphakathi. Ekhulwini lama-21, izinselele ezinjengobuphekula, ukuqapha, ukuhlola imishini, nokwenqatshelwa kwemiba ehlobene nenqubo yokungaguquguquki. Izinkantolo emhlabeni wonke ziphikisana nendlela yokulinganisela ukulondeka nenqubo efanelekile yokuvalelwa okunganqunywanga, ukubulawa kwabantu, kanye nokulawulwa kwemithetho elawulayo.

Kuchwepheshe bezomthetho, ukuqonda ukuhluka kwenqubo yokuvikela akuyona nje indlela yokufunda. Kunemiphumela esebenzayo ekutholeni ukuhlanganiswa, ukuhlanganisa, ukuhlanganisa, namalungelo abantu. Ummeli omelela ikhasimende elisebusweni bangaphandle kumelwe azi ukuthi akhona amalungelo ani nokuthi angawaphoqelelwa kanjani. Ngokufanayo, abameleli bamalungelo abantu bangasebenzisa izindinganiso zezizwe zonke ukuze bathuthukise izimiso zabo zasekhaya.

Ekugcineni, nakuba ukujikeleza okuqondile kwenqubo efanele kuhlukile, isimiso esiyisisekelo sihlala singaguquki: isimo kumelwe siphathe abantu ngokungakhethi okuyisisekelo nangenhlonipho ngesithunzi sabo.