Umklamo Womthetho - sisekelo Ne - Raje Sabhaday

I-Raje Sabra, njengoMkhandlu wase-States, imelela impatho kahulumeni yePhalamende laseNdiya. Indima yayo ekuhlelweni kokwahlulela nezinguquko zomthetho isekelwe ekulinganiseni kwemibuso ebonwa uMthetho-sisekelo. Ngokungafani ne-Lok Sabhaha, eveza ngokuqondile intando ethandwayo, iRajiya Sabba inikeza i-forum ngenxa yamazwi esifunda, ochwepheshe, ochwepheshe, nabaqondisi bephalamende abanolwazi lokuthonya uhlelo lwezigebengu zokwahlulela nomthetho. Lokhu kuhlola okumbaxazulu kuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho nezimiso zezombangazwe akuqhutshwa kuphela ngokuthatha isikhathi eside kodwa kuhlolwa nge-partment, i-rediserve.

Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo ngamabomu banikeza iRaje Sabha i-alpha Sabha isilinganiso esilingana ne-Lok Sabha ezindabeni eziningi zomthetho, ngaphandle kwezindleko zemali. Lokhu kuhlanganisa imithetho ethinta ijaji – kusukela ekumisweni nasekubusweni kwemithetho yenkantolo ephakeme ukuya ekubhaleni iziqondiso zomthetho kanye nezinguquko ezingokomthetho. Ngokufuna ukuba kuvunyelwe zombili izakhiwo, uMthetho-sisekelo wakhe isheke ngokumelene nezinguquko ezisheshayo noma ezilandelanayo esimisweni somthetho.

Indima Ekukhetheni Ukwahlulela

Umlando: Ukuhlolwa Kwesimiso Secollegium NePhalamende

Ukumiswa kokwahlulela kwaseNdiya kuye kwavela ngezahlulelo eziphawulekayo nangezinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo. Kuze kube ekuqaleni ko-1990, umphathi wafeza indima enkulu ekumiseni iNkantolo Ephakeme neNkantolo Ephakeme. ISibili, iSithathu neSine saBahluleli (1998, 1993, 1998) samisa isimiso sekholselegiya, lapho uMahluleli oMkhulu waseNdiya neqembu labahluleli abakhulu begunyaza khona. Lesi simiso sasusa indima eqondile yephalamende – kodwa iRajiya Sabra sagcina ithonya elingaqondile ngezingxoxo, amahora, imibuzo, nokubukezwa kwekomiti.

Phakathi nenkathi ye-collegium, uRaje Sabha amalungu amaqembu ahlukahlukene ayevame ukuveza ukukhathazeka ngokubona ngokukhululekile, ukumelelwa kwesifunda, nokungagxenyeli ukugcwalisa izikhala. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Palamente Staime Committee on Serviences, Public Grievances, Law no Justice – umzimba ohlanganisa i Rajiya Sabhaha MPs – ukhiphe imibiko eminingana ehlola inqubo yecollegium. Lemibiko ivame ukutusa izinguquko ekwenzeni ukumiswa kwezisebenzi ezizohlolwayo nokufaneleka okwengeziwe.

ISichibiyelo Se - 99 NeSivumelwano Sesizwe Sokumisa Izokwahlulela (NJAC)

Ukungenela okuqondile kwephalamende kwaqala ngo-2014 ngeSichibiyelo soMthetho-sisekelo se-99, esadala iNational Judicial Judicial Stunications Commission ( PRS Legistification Research[). Ngaphansi kwe-NJAC, iJamagent Justice enkulu yaseNdiya, amajaji amabili aphakeme eNkakhulu, uMphathi weNkathi, uMphathi weSizwe woMthetho noMahluleli, nabantu ababili abavelele babezakha izinqumo. Indima ka-Rajaya Sabba yayizingela: imvume eyayidingeka kuzo zombili izindlu neningi. i-Rajya Sabba yadlulisa uMthetho-mthetho (121) u-Empemperemental, uBill, 2014, kanye no-NJC Bill ngemva kwenkulumo yokwahlulela. Amalungu ayeyisekela kakhulu imvume yesivumelwano.

Nokho, iNQURUSTA yalahla iNJAC ngo-2015 ( inqubo yeNkantolo yase-Supreme Abameli-on-Record Association vs. Umanyano lwaseNdiya), isho ukuthi ayivumelani nemithetho yokuphula isimiso esiyisisekelo sokuzibusa kokwahlulela. Naphezu kwalokho, inqubo yephalamende yabonisa ukuthi uRaja Sabba unamandla ezindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi ngamabomu. Impikiswano yembula imibono ehlukene ngesilinganiso sobuphathi becala nesigaba sokwahlulela - ukuphakama kwephalamende okusahlulelwayo.

Isimo Samanje: Ukuhlolwa Kwephalamende Ngaphandle Kwe - Veto Eqondile

Namuhla, iRaje Sabha ayiwaqinisekisi ngokuqondile amajaji - ngokungafani neSigele sase - United States.

  • Ikomiti ehlangene nePhalamende emisa umthetho noMahlulelo: Lekomiti, ehlanganisa ama-MP avela kuzo zombili izindlu, ihlola ukusebenza koMnyango woMthetho nolwejaji. Ingabiza izikhokhiso zoMthetho, ihlole izinqubo zokumisa, futhi itusa intuthuko. Ngokwesibonelo, umbiko wayo ka-2017 nge-“ Judician Studians” wabiza ukuba kubonakale ngokwengeziwe iziqondiso zokukhetha zecollegium nokunyathelisa izilinganiso ezicaci ezificayo.
  • iveza ukuhanjwa kokubonga ekhelini likaMongameli: Phakathi nokuvulwa kwePhalamende, ikheli likaMongameli livame ukuqokomisa izinguquko zokwahlulela. Amalungu eRaje Sabra ayaphendula, aphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuthatha izikhala, ukulibala kokwahlulela, nobungako bokumiswa. Le mpikiswano yokulungisa impatho yesikhulu ingabhekiswa ngqo, njengoba uhulumeni kumelwe aphendule ekugxekeni okuqondile.
  • [[[NT:0] Amalungu anezigqizo: Ilungu ngalinye Rajiya Sabha liye lasungula izikweleti ukuze lakhe i-Recouncial Maclacts Commission noma ukulungisa isimiso secollegium. Nakuba lihluleka kakhulu, ligcina lendaba iphila futhi liveza inkulumo yeningi.
  • Ihora lokulungisa nehora le qanda: amaMP abuza njalo ngemibuzo ngenani lezindawo ezilindelwe, inqubo yokunyuswa, nokumelelwa kwabesifazane nemiphakathi ebekwe ngokwezingangemuva ephezulu. Izimpendulo zoMthetho ziba yingxenye yerekhodi lephalamende futhi zifaka ukucindezela kuyikholsegium.

Ngenxa yokuthi iNdlu ihlanganisa abahluleli, ababengabaholi bezombangazwe, abahlala isikhathi eside, izingxoxo zabo zivame ukucatshangelwa kakhulu kunalezo eziseLok Sabha.

Indima Engokomthetho Ezinguquko Ezingokomthetho

Imithetho Ephoqelelayo Neyidlulisayo Ethonya Ijudisi

I-Raje Sabra ingumthetho oyinhloko ekuguquleni izinguquko ezingokomthetho. Noma imuphi umthetho oguqula izingxabano zezentengiselwano noma ukufakwa kwemithetho kumelwe udlule zombili izakhiwo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa imithetho emikhulu njenge-Code of Criminal Procediture (CrPC), i-Penal Code yaseNdiya (IPC), i-Evidence Act, nemithetho elawula izimpikiswano zezentengiselwano, ukuhlanganisa, nokuguqula. Indima ye House ayiyona nje indlela engokomthetho - qholo - [[FLT:]] ifaka izimpawu zecala ze-octal ngokuhlola ne-mandsmentina.

Isibonelo: Umthetho Wesigebengu, 2022

Lo Mthetho, owathatha indawo yomthetho onqanda ukuboshwa kwamacala eziboshwa ngo-1920, wabhekiselwa eKhomithini emisha yasePalamente eMandla ezindaba. Amalungu ekomiti uRaje Sabha aqhubela phambili ukuze kuvikelwe iziqondiso eziqinile zokuvikela ukwaziswa nokulinganisela ukusetshenziswa kokwaziswa okuphathelene nesayensi yesayensi yezinto eziphilayo kubantu ababoshwe kuphela, hhayi ngaphansi kwezenkantolo. I-Act yokugcina yahlanganisa okunye kwalokhu kusikisela, ibonisa ikhono leNdlu.

Isibonelo: I - family Courts Act (Isivumelwano) 2018

Ukuze kuqedwe impikiswano yezentengiselwano, iPhalamende lalungisa lesi senzo sokwehlisa isilinganiso sezinkantolo zezentengiselwano. I-Raje Sabha waphikisana ngethonya lenguquko ekungeneni kobulungisa ezindaweni zasemaphandleni. Ekugcineni, ukuhlehla kwalondoloza umnyango olinganiselayo wokuphumelela ngokutholakala. Ukungenela kukaRajiya Sabba kwavimbela ukuthatha isilinganiso esiphezulu somsebenzi wonke ongase unciphise i-litha encincane.

AmaKomiti Okukhetha Nemibiko Yomthetho

Izinguquko ezinkulu ezingokomthetho ziqala ngemibiko ye-Law Commission. I-Raje Sabra ivame ukuxoxa ngalemibiko ezimisweni zamakomiti. Ngokwesibonelo, i-267th Law Commission on “Ubuhlobo Obusemishani Nasemahlukaneni” ne-285th Report nge-“Izinguquko ku-Reformation Production Act" yahlolwa nguRapya Sabba MPs. Ukuvuma kwabo kwaguqula izikweleti ekugcineni.

IRaje Sabra isebenzisa futhi Ikomiti emisiwe egunyaza ukuhlolwa kochwepheshe bamakomiti e-Oct. Lamakomiti amema amajaji, abameli, izifundiswa, nabameleli bomphakathi. Imibiko ewumphumela inemininingwane, ende, futhi ngokuvamile ineziphakamiso eziqondile zokuhlela. Ngokwesibonelo, iKomiti yoMthetho noMahluleli 2021 ngombiko “Impicabadala nemithetho yeBankrupt (Izifundiswa) uBill watusa izinguquko zesikhathi sesinqumo senkampani ye-compline, esamukelwa nguhulumeni.

Iziphendu Zomthetho - sisekelo Zithinta Umfundisi

Izinqumo kuMthetho - sisekelo zidinga iningi elikhethekile eMzini ngamunye – isithiyo esikhuthaza ukuvumelana. iRaje Sabha ibilokhu iyindawo yempi yezinguquko eziningi ezinjalo:

  • ISichibiyelo se 97 (2011) esihlobene nezinhlangano ezibambisanayo saxoxwa kakhulu eNdlu Ephezulu ngaphambi kokuba ihambe.
  • Isichibiyeli se-10st (2016) engenisa intengo yeMali neNkonzo (GST) – ethinta ngokungaqondile izinkantolo zentela ne-aultlaste forums – yabona amalungu e-Rajiya Sabha ecindezela izivikelo zokwahlulela.
  • ISichibiyelo se 103 (2029) sinikeza indawo yezindawo ezibuthakathaka ngokwezomnotho eziyishumi% ezibhekene nokuhlolwa eRajiya Sabra ngomthetho-sisekelo wayo kanye nethonya ekuthatheni kwayo isinyathelo sovuma. Indlu yakuvumela ngemva kwengxenye.

Izinselele Ezivimbela Ukubusa Okuphumelelayo Kwephalamende

Ukuhlanekezelwa Nokungahleleki Kwezombangazwe

IRaje Sabra, njengomsizi wayo ongezansi, iye yabona ukuphazamiseka okukhulayo. Phakathi kuka-2014 no-2024, iNdlu yalahlekelwa isilinganiso sesikhathi esingu-25% sokuzabalaza nokuzimela. Lokhu kuvimbela ukucubungula okuningilisisa izikweleti zokwahlulela nezingxoxo ezihlobene. Ngokwesibonelo, uBill ozothatha indawo yemithetho yezephulamthetho ezintathu zamakoloni (Bariya Nyaya Sanhita, njl.) wadluliswa eRajiya Sabata ephikisana ngokulinganiselwe ngenxa yokuphikisa ukuhamba komthetho. Abagxeki abanjalo baphikisa ukuthi ukucunula okunjalo kululaza izinga lenguquko engokomthetho.

Indima Elinganiselwe Ekuqinisekisiweni Kwesithembiso

Ngokungafani nezinye idemokrasi lapho indlu ephezulu iqinisekisa khona ukumiswa kokwahlulela (umz., iSigebe sase-US), iRaje Sabhaha yaseNdiya ayinawo amandla okulawula. Ngisho noma iningi leRajiya Sabba linganelisekile ngokumiswa okuthile, alinakukuvimbela. Lokhu kuncika ekukhetheni ikholthegium kubangela ukuncishwa kwentando yeningi. Imizamo yokubuyisela ukuhileleka kwephalamende ngeKhomisha ye-Recomputer Specions iyaqhubeka ibhekana nezithiyo zomthetho-mthetho.

Ukungawasebenzisi Kancane Amalungu

Nakuba iRajiya Sabra inesilinganiso esiphakeme sabameli nochwepheshe bezomthetho kune-Lok Sabha, amalungu amaningi angamalungu avamile. Izinguquko eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingokomthetho – njengokushintsha kwe-Inconpencycy Code noma i-Arbitration Act – zidinga ulwazi olukhethekile. Amakomiti ngokuvamile ancike kofakazi abangochwepheshe, kodwa izimpikiswano zaphansi zingancishintshwa zibe iziqu zezibalo zezombangazwe esikhundleni sokuhlaziya okusemthethweni okusemthethweni. Izinhlelo zokuqeqesha ama-MPs ngokuhlela umthetho we-conjulup kanye nomthetho wemithetho ye-gractial ziye zahlolwa kodwa azisungulwanga ngendlela ehleliwe.

Imithetho Egunyaziwe Nemithetho Engokomthetho

I-Raje Sabra ihlangana izinsuku ezicishe zibe ngu-100-20 ngonyaka. Ngokuhlelwa okukhulu kwemithetho yezimali, izivumelwano zakwamanye amazwe, kanye nezindaba zokuphatha, izinguquko zomthetho zivame ukuthatha indawo yemuva. Izikweleti eziningi ezihlobene nezinguquko zokwahlulela ziphelelwa amandla endlini iminyaka eminingi. Ngokwesibonelo, “Ukwenziwa Kwamajaji ku-Judiary Bill” kwamiswa kodwa akwenziwanga ukuba kuxoxwe. Lokhu kuvumelana kukhubaze abaguquki nezinguquko ezidingwa kakhulu.

Umbono Wesikhathi Esizayo: Ukuqinisa Indima YeRaje Sabha

Izinguquko Ezisikiselwa Ukubuswa KwePhalamende Elikhulu

Kuye kwavela ukusikisela okuningana ezinhlanganweni zezemfundo nezezombangazwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuthembisana kukaRaje Sabra nokumiswa kokwahlulela:

  • Ifaka iKomiti yokuqinisekisa yangaphambi: ifanekiswa ngemva kwe-UK’s Judications Commission, ikomiti yepalamende ingaxoxa nabahluleli beNkantolo Ephakeme futhi ikhiphe imibono engabopheki. Lokhu kungaveza ukukhanya kuyilapho ilondoloza isigaba sokwahlulela.
  • Imibiko yaminyaka yonke e-Vaca: iRajiya Sabha ingafuna ukuba iNkonzo yoMthetho ithumele umbiko waminyaka yonke ochaza zonke izikhala, izizathu zokulibala, kanye nesimo sokutusa. Imibiko enjalo ingaxoxwa futhi isetshenziswe ukucindezela ikhollesium.
  • Ivumela iKhomidi yePhalamende engoMthetho noMahlulelo: Lekomiti inganikezwa umyalo oqondile wokubukeza zonke izinqumo zokwahlulela (INkantolo Ephakeme neNkantolo Ephakeme)) ngokubheka emuva futhi inyathelise ukuhlaziywa komsebenzi nemiphumela yayo.

Izinguquko Ezingokomthetho Ezidinga URaje Sabha

Uma ibheka phambili, iRaje Sabha yayingahola izinguquko:

  • Izakhiwo ze-Judicial: Ukufaka izinkantolo ezanele, izimiso zobuchwepheshe, nezisebenzi ezisekelayo. Ukunikeza kukaRajiya Sabha imali yokuhlela okuthasiselwayo kungaboshelwa emaphepheni asebhentshini abonakalayo.
  • I-AlternIve Dispute Resolution (ADR): Imithetho edlulisayo eqinisa ukuxhumana nokunqanda, ukunciphisa umthwalo ezinkantolo.
  • [[NT.:0] Iprojekthi ye-Curties kanye nokumiswa: Indlu ephezulu ingaqhubela umthetho ukuhlanganisa i-Al kanye nezimiso zokuphatha amaphutha kuzo zonke amazinga ejaji.
  • Ukulandisa okungokobujukuhlu: Ukwakha indlela yokuphenya izinsolo zokungalungi kokwahlulela ngaphandle kokuhlehla ekuzimeleni. IRajiya Sabha yayingaphikisana futhi idlulise iMigangatho Yezehlulelo nobuMangalelwa ye-Bill elinganisela ukuzimela nokuziphendulela.

Indima Engenakuxazululwa Yomthetho - sisekelo

Naphezu kokulinganiselwa kwayo, iRaje Sabha ilokhu iyinsika ebalulekile emongweni wezokwahlulela waseNdiya. Ihlola ubuqili, inikeza indawo yesizwe yokuphikisana ngezimiso zomthetho, futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko aziqhutshwa nje kuphela ngokuzimela kwesikhashana kwezombangazwe. Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo babecabanga iNdlu Ephezulu njengeNdlu yokucubungula nokubonisa izimpawu ezibalulekile lapho besebenzelana nobuntu obuhlala njalo bejaji.

Eminyakeni yamuva, iRaje Sabha iye yabonisa ikhono layo lokuhlehlisa ihlehliselwe izinguquko ezisheshayo. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nezinkulumo - mpikiswano eziphathelene nobuTribunal Reformations Bill, 2021, amalungu afaka izigijimi ngokuphumelelayo eziqinisekisa ukuthi izinkantolo zaziyoqondiswa amalungu okwahlulela nokuthi amabhentshi ngeke angcoliswe ukumiswa kwezinkantolo.

Ngokufanayo, ukuma kweRaje Sabra kuyi-Mediation Bill, 2023 kwasungula amalungiselelo abucayi ezokuxhumana nokugcina imfihlo, athuthukiswa kakhulu ekwakhiweni kokuqala. Umsebenzi wekomiti yeNdlu ephezulu walungisa umthetho waba ithuluzi elilinganayo.

Indlela engaphambili idinga kokubili ukuvuthwa kwezombangazwe nokusungulwa kwezinhlangano. Uma iRaje Sabhata ikwazi ukuthatha indima yayo njengegumbi elilula – ukumelana nezilingo zokuma kobukhulu futhi kunalokho igxile ekubekeni imithetho esekelwe ebufakazini – ingaba umphathi ophumelela kakhulu wokwahlulela nezinguquko ezingokomthetho. Embusweni wentando yeningi, amandla ejajicariary awaxhomekile kuphela ekuhlakanipheni kwabahluleli kodwa nasemgangathweni wemithetho ebusayo. URajiya Sabbaha, njengendlu yabadala, unikezwe ngokuyingqayizivele ekunikezeni leyomfanelo.

Ekugcineni, ubuhlobo phakathi kweRaje Sabra nejaji buyi-symbiatic. Indlu inikeza ukuvumelana okungokomthetho nentando yeningi; ijaji linikeza ukumelana okuzimele. Ukuqinisa lokho kuyobazuzisa bonke isakhamuzi esifuna ubulungisa ngaphansi kokubusa komthetho.

[[[UMTH:0] Imithombo yemali ye-External yokufundwa okuqhubekayo:[[UMTL:1]