Umncintiswano oqhubekayo phakathi kweWhite House, uCapitol Hill, neNkantolo ePhakamileyo ngokuvamile uvezwa njengokwehluleka kukahulumeni. Ukusongela, ukugada kwemithetho, nokulawula kubhekwa njengezithiyo zokubusa ngokuphumelelayo. Nokho lokhu kushayisana akuwona umfantu owempumelelo esimisweni saseMelika; kodwa ukulwela kwayo. Abasunguli be-United States, abangenele ekuqondeni okuqondisizayo futhi abaqasheki ngamandla aphezulu, bakha uhulumeni wezinhlangano ezihlukene ezihlangene. Ukuzimela kwemithetho yezomthetho, isikhulu, namagatsha okwahlulela akuklanyelelwanga ukuphumelela, kodwa ukulwa kwenkululeko. Ngokuphoqasha, iMithelisela umthetho womthetho yenza isilinganiso esinamandla esivikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye nokufuna ukuvumelana nomthetho omkhulu ngaphambi kokuba umbuso wezwe uthathe isinyathelo. Ukuqaphela impilo yesimiso sombuso, kumelwe kuqonde ukulingana kobukhulu obunye obunye obukhulu nobuswayo bamagatsha amathathu.

Izincwadi Eziluhlaza Kancane Zenkululeko: Umsuka Nezakhiwo

Isakhiwo sikahulumeni wase-U.S. siyisikhumbuzo sefilosofi yezombangazwe yokukhanyiselwa. I-Baron de Montesquieu, emsebenzini wakhe ka-1748 Umoya woMthetho [, yaphikisa ukuthi inkululeko yezombangazwe idinga ukwahlukana kwemithetho, ukubusa, nemibuso yokwahlulela. UJames Madison nabanye abalawuli bahumushe lezimiso ezithathekayo zaba isimiso esiqinile eMhlanganweni woMthetho-sisekelo ka-1787. I-Virginia Plan, eyabunjwa nguMadison, yakha umgogodla wale wale, wakha inselele ngokuqondile isibonelo esilula sesimiso sepalamende esihlangene.

Ukufuna Ifa Kumelwe Kwenziwe Ukuze Kuphikiswe Ukufuna Isifiso Esingekho

Incazelo ecacile yenhloso yabafaki-fomflist No. 51, lapho uMadison abhala khona ngokudume ukuthi, "Uma abantu babeyizingelosi, bekungeke kudingeke uhulumeni. Uma izingelosi zazingabusa abantu, kungaba ukulawula kwangaphandle noma ngaphakathi kuhulumeni, bekungadingeka." Ngenxa yokuthi abantu abazona izingelosi, uhulumeni kumelwe uhlukaniswe. Ukuzibusa kwegatsha ngalinye kugcinwe ngokulinika "indlela yomthetho-sisekelo nezizathu zomuntu siqu zokumelana nokungenela kwemiyaluza abanye, i-veto ngokomthetho, i-Congress of the paracer, ikhonsay, futhi i-judiary solicare. Le mpikiswano iklanywe ukuba ibangele ukuba kube nzima nganoma yisiphi iphuzu noma igatsha elilodwa noma igatsha libusehulumeni.

Imisebenzi Egqashukile, Ihlanganisa Amandla

Kuyinto evamile ukuhlanganisa ukuthi isishaya-mthetho siveza imithetho. Nakuba iyiqiniso emqondweni obanzi kakhulu, i- iveza izimpawu [, futhi i-judiary [ ichaza [[[FLT:]]. Nakuba iyiqiniso ngomqondo obanzi kakhulu, iqiniso libonakala kakhulu. UMongameli uhlanganyela ekubekeni umthetho nge-veto. ISigebe sihlanganyela ekuqinisekisweni ngegunyazo zezikhulu nabahluleli. I-jaji livimbela ukumiswa kwemithetho ngezindlela zomthetho nangabahluleli. I-jaji "yenze" ngokuchaza imithetho nangemithetho, ukumisa inqubo ehlanganisa wonke amagatsha. Le zimiso zezombangazwe zihlanganisa izinhlangano zezombangazwe, njengoba uRichardens Netad azibiza kanjalo izifunda, futhi zivimbela amagatsha ahlukene.

Funda umbhalo ophelele kaFederalist No. 51 ngokudlula eMtatsheni Wohlanganiso .

Amandla Angokomthetho: Imishini Yomthetho

ISiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo simisa igatsha lomthetho, futhi ikakhulukazi yisihloko sokuqala nesinde. Lokhu kubekwa kwesakhiwo kwakuhlosiwe, kubonakalisa inkolelo yabafaki-mthetho ukuthi amandla okubhala imithetho yesizwe ayeyisisekelo kakhulu futhi ayebaluleke kakhulu futhi eyisidingo esikhulu sokunqanda izakhiwo. UKhongolo luyinhlangano ye-bidameral, ehlukaniselwe iNdlu yabameleli (i-propocation, ikhethe njalo eminyakeni emibili) neSigeqe (ukumelelwa kwezwe, ukusebenza imibandela yeminyaka eyisithupha). Le ngxenye yangaphakathi kwakuyi-inkulu yokuyekethisa, kodwa futhi isebenza nasekudaleni ukuhlola ngaphakathi phakathi kwendlu yomthetho ngokwayo.

Ingqungquthela Yenkululeko Yomthetho

Inkululeko yeSishaya-mthetho isekelwe kumalungiselelo amaningana angokomthetho-mthetho. I-Specular noma i-Prequency Claus (Ingxenye I, i-6) ivikela amalungu eSishaya-mthetho ekuboshweni noma ekumangalelweni komphakathi okuhlobene nomsebenzi wawo womthetho, iqinisekisa ukuthi ayinakwesatshiswa isikhulu esiphethe noma i-judiary. Amandla ePurse (I, isigaba 9) amemezela ukuthi "Ayikho Imali eyothathwa kuMnyango wezimali, kodwa eConnséria of Approprias enziwa umthetho." Lokhu kwenza lonke igatsha lezentekotho exhomeke eMkhandlwini yezenzweni nasezingeni eliphezulu. Ngaphandle kwalezi zindawo, izinga lamandla omthetho womthetho likhulu, kuhlanganise namandla okukhokha intela, ukuboleka kwentela, ukuhlanganisa intela, ukuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa iziteshishinezentengi, ukuhlanganisa kwezentengo, nokuphakamisa amabutho.

Ibhizinisi LikaClaus Negunya Eliphakeme

Incazelo yeCommerce Claus ([FLT: 1]), iSiqendu 8 Claus 3) siye saba umshayeli omkhulu wezwe ophethe uhulumeni phezu kokuphila kwezwe ngokwezomnotho. Ezimweni ezinjenge Mcloch v. Maryland [1819], iNkantolo Ephakeme yamisa imfundiso yamandla aqondekayo, ebusa ukuthi uMkhandlu ungakha ibhange lesizwe ngisho nakuba ingabalwanga ngokucacile eMthethwe ngoMthetho-sisekelo, uma nje isebenza isiphetho esingokomthetho esingokomthetho phakathi kwesilinganiso samandla kahulumeni. Lesimiso, sihlangene nokufundwa okukhulu kwe-Claus Claus [[FLD:2] [FLD] [FLD] [FFOLD] [12] [19], sivumele ukuphatha i-Greverseshobon, ukuphatha i-ondreverst, ukuhlanganisa ukukhiqiza i-ondmkhasime, i-ond ye-ond provisiontived produrtivess.

[ Funda ukufingqa okuphelele kuka McCulloch v. Maryland e-Oyez.

Usongo Lwanamuhla Lokuzibusa Ngokwemithetho

Nakuba i-Congress ingu "Lokuqala," ukuzimela kwayo okuqinile kubhekene nezinselele ezingaguquguquki. Ukudlondlobala kwesifundazwe sokuphatha kuye kwahlanganisa ukuphathisa iziphathi-hulumeni igunya elibalulekile lokubusa, ukuthambekela abagxeki abaphikisayo ngokumelene nemfundiso engagunyazi ngokomthetho kanye namandla okulawula. Izinqubo zedemocratic Congress zikhahlanyiswe ukuhlahlela okudlulele kwe-democratic , ithonya lemali ehleliwe kwezombangazwe, kanye nomkhuba wokulawula kwemithetho yemithetho ehleliwe, ngokuvamile owehlula ama-ccunbbbreants emncintings emncintiswaneni weqiniso wokhetho. Ukususa inqubo yokuzimela i-Round Congressss insent njengegatsha elizimele nelinganayo encikekayo liyinseleleka kakhulu kwe-Melika namuhla.

Amandla Alawulayo: Amandla Nesenzo

ISiphakamiso II soMthetho-sisekelo siqala ngesiqubulo esilula: "Umbuso ophethe uzakubekwa kuMongameli wase-United States of America." Lomusho owodwa uwumthombo wamandla amakhulu kakhulu okuhlela. Ngokungafani ne-Congress ye-communst, umphathi uyisikhundla esingujuqu, okwaziyo ukwenza isinqumo esisheshayo nesenzo esiwujuqu. Njengoba uAlexander Hamilton aphikisa kuFederalist No. 70, "Ukwenqamuka kumphathi kungubuntu obuphambili encazelweni kahulumeni omuhle." uMongameli ubekwe ngokukhethekile ukuba athathe isinyathelo ngenxa yesizwe ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe futhi aqinisekise ukukhishwa komthetho ngokwethembeka.

Iqembu Eliphethe Ngobunye Nemingcele Yalo

Inkolelo-mbono yomphathi omkhulu wenhlangano ikholelwa ukuthi uMongameli unegunya eliphelele phezu kwegatsha eliphethe, kuhlanganise namandla okususa izikhulu ezingaphansi. Lenkolelo-lwazi iye yaqhubezela ukwanda kwamandla kamongameli kulenkathi yanamuhla. UMongameli usebenzisa i-veto njengethuluzi elinamandla lokuhlela izigwebo, uyala amabutho ahlomile njengeNkulumbuso weChief, ukuxoxa ngezivumelwano (ngemvume yeSigebethi), futhi unika imvume yokukhokha kanye nokuthethelela. Nokho, lamandla awaphelele. UMongameli u-Carence Claus ubophela uMongameli ngokucacile imithetho edluliswa yi-Hulumeni, ulinganisela ikhono lesikhulu sokungazinaki noma ukwenqaba ukugcinwa kwemithetho.

Inkinga Yokuzifihla: Imingcele Ephawulekayo

Imingcele yamandla okuqondisa yaboniswa ngokunamandla intsha eshaye u-Stown Sheep & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952). Phakathi neMpi yaseKorea, uMongameli Truman wakhipha umyalo wokuthatha izinsimbi ezizimele ukuze avimbele ukushaya kwempi aphikisa ukuthi wayezobeka engozini ukulondeka kwesizwe. INkantolo Ephakeme yawisa umthetho. Umbono kaHugo Black kaMongameli uProbaclack washo ukuthi amandla kaMongameli "amelwe ngesenzo soMkhandlu noma eMthethweni we-sisekelo ngokwawo." Njengoba uHugosakhele ezinye izindlela zokubhekana nempikiswano yezisebenzi, uMongameli uRobert Jackson wayengeke enze i-ssociomkhakha wesi elidumile le-9. Umongameli u-Helson u-Annnernerner.

Funda ukufingqa okugcwele kwentsha makhasi & Tube Co. v. Sawyer ku-Oyez.

Ukwanda Kwamandla Aphethe

Omongameli banamuhla baye babusa kakhulu ngeziqondiso zezikhulu, izimemo, nezimemo. Nakuba lezi zingamathuluzi asebenzayo okuqondisa igatsha eliphethe, ngezinye izikhathi baye basetshenziselwa ukubeka imigomo ebanzi yezimiso eziphazamisa ngokuqhubekayo ezingeni lomthetho. Ukukhula kwe-pacticalmental .Actrotutions njenge-Epacemental Protection (EPA) kanye ne-Department of Homeland Security , i-projectivess, i-procionation, i-mossion, nemisebenzi yokwahlulela. Lenhlanganisela yamagunya ngaphakathi kwezinhlangano iphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo ngokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kanye nokugcinwa kwesibopho esinenzuzo sokulawula i-votatorotator and congressress.

Amandla Okwahlulela: Ukuchaza Nokuphela

ISiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo simisa igatsha lokwahlulela. Siyisihloko esifushane kakhulu kwezithathu ezidala amagatsha, siholela uHamilton ukubiza ijaji ngokuthi igatsha "eliyingozi" kuFederalist No. 78. Alilawuli inkemba noma isikhwama. Nokho amandla aso ajulile. Ukuzibusa kwejaji kuyisici salo esibaluleke kakhulu, ngoba inkantolo engasatshiswa noma ilawulwe amanye amagatsha ayinakuvimbela izimpikiswano noma ivikele amalungelo alo ngalinye kuhulumeni ohlulwayo.

Isivikelo Sokuphila Nesidayiswayo: ISine Qua

Izinsika ezimbili zokuzimela kokwahlulela ziwukuphila phakathi "nokuziphatha okuhle" nokwenqabela ukunciphisa imiholo yabahluleli. Lokhu kubekwa ukucindezela kwezombangazwe kuvumela abahluleli bahulumeni ukuba balawule ngokusekelwe ekuchazeni kwabo umthetho noMthetho-sisekelo, ngisho noma izinqumo zabo zingathandwa iningi, uMongameli, noma uKhongolosha. Lokhu kuvikela kubalulekile emsebenzini wokuhlola. Umahluleli ebhekene nokuthola iholo kungabi nokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba akhiphe isinqumo esiphazamisa izithakazelo zezombangazwe ezinamandla.

Marbury v. Madison and Judicial Review

Ithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu engomeni yokwahlulela amandla okumemezela izenzo zeSishaya-mthetho noMongameli ongekho emthethweni. Lombuso awushiwonga ngokucacile eMthethweni. Wamiswa nguMahluleli Omkhulu uJohn Marshall ecaleni lengqopha - mlando Marbury v. Lokhu kwenza iNkantolo engu-Magdale [1803] [1803]). Umqondo kaMarshall ube nengqondo ewubukhali: "Isifundazwe esiqinile nesibopho somnyango wokwahlulela ukusho ukuthi umthetho uyini" Uma umthetho uphikisana noMthetho-Mpayini, abahluleli, kumelwe balandele uMthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kwenza iNkanto ephakeme ibe ngumsizi ophethe wenjongo yenjongo yomthetho, indima ebekwa phakathi kwenkabazwe lezombangazwe.

[ Funda ukufingqa okuphelele kukaMarbury v. Madison ku-Oyez.

Impicabadala Ephikisayo

Ukuzimela kokwahlulela kudala ukungezwani nezimiso zentando yeningi. "igama eliqanjwe yisazi somthetho u-Alexander Bickel, libhekisela eqinisweni lokuthi abahluleli abangahleli bangayigumbuqela imithetho emiswe ama-paclate akhethiwe ngedemocracy. Lokhu akuwona iphutha kodwa isici sesimiso somthetho-sisekelo esiklanyelwe ukuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo ekucindezeleni abantu abaningi. Inselele yamajaji ingeyokusebenzisa amandla amakhulu ngokuzithiya, ngokuqondene nendima yamagatsha akhethiwe kuyilapho eqinile evikela izibopho eziyisisekelo zomthetho-mthetho. Inqubo yokugunyazahlulelwa yabahluleli iye yaba yimpi enzima kakhulu ngenxa yokuziphaka kwezentengo yomthetho womthetho-Calism.

Isimiso Sokungenela: Ukuhlola Nokulinganisela Kuyasebenza

Ikhono langempela lokuhlukanisa imibuso yaseMelika lisezinhlolweni ezihlanganisa amagatsha. Igatsha ngalinye linezindlela zokuzivikela nokumelana nokuphambana kwezinye. Lokhu kuhlanganisa kwakha isimiso sokubusa esinamandla nesivame ukuba nombango esifuna ukuxoxisana nokuhlehla.

Inqubo Yokunqunyelwa: Isifundo Secala Ngokuvumelana Nezimo

Inqubo yokumisa amajaji kahulumeni nezikhulu eziphakeme eziphethe iwumfanekiso ophelele wemibuso ehlangene. UMongameli umisa izikhangiso, asebenzise umsebenzi wokuqondisa kuphela. ISishaya-mthetho sinikeza "Isikole neSivumelwano" futhi kumelwe siqinisekise umongameli, esebenza njengenhlolo yemithetho eqinile. Lomcimbi uqinisekisa ukuthi uMongameli akafuni abazocela ukubhapathizwa ngokufaka isikhalo esikhulu futhi avimbele ukupakishwa kwezinkantolo noma igatsha lesikhulu. Uma nje iSiphakamiso III siqinisekisa ukuthi ukuphila kwabo kusebenza, siqinisekisa ukuzimela kwabo kokubili uMongameli owabamisayo neSigebengu esibaqinisekisayo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho gatsha elilodwa elilawula ngokugcwele ukuhlelwa kwenkantolo noma igatsha.

Ukuzikhohlisa: Ikhambi Elikhulu

UKhomishane uphethe amandla okuphelela phezu kukaMongameli namajaji angohulumeni: ukuphoqelela. Indlu yabameleli iphethe okuwukuphela kwamandla okukhipha (icala), futhi iSigele sinegunya lokuzama ukugunyaza nokususa izikhulu esikhundleni. Lomandla aqinisekisa ukuthi akukho sikhulu esikhethiwe esingaphezu komthetho. Kunzima ngamabomu ukusebenzisa, ukufuna ivoti eningi eMzini kanye nesithathu esiphezulu esiSigebengwini ukuze sivume ukuthi sisebenza kuphela ngenxa yecala elingathi sína: "Isikhulu, iSifumbathiso, noma ezinye izigebengu eziphakeme." Lomnyango ophakeme uvikela umlawuli ekususweni ngenxa yezingxabano zezombangazwe ezilula.

Ukulawula Uhlelo Lohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali Namandla Entengo

Amandla esikhwama semali ukuhlolwa kwemithetho eqinile kumphathi wesikhulu. Akukho mthetho, umthetho, iziqondiso, noma isenzo sokuphatha esingenziwa uma uMkhandlu wenqaba ukuwuxhasa. Lokhu kunikeza iziKhomishane amandla abalulekile ohlelweni lukaMongameli. Ngokuphambene, uMongameli angasebenzisa iveto ukuze alungise umthetho, akhe umjikelezo wokuxoxisana nokuhlehlisa okusemqoka enqubweni yokuvala umthetho. Usongo lokuvala imvume, uma uKhongolo luhluleka ukudlulisa izikwelezeluleko eziphezulu, kugcizelela ukudlala kwale mibuso ehlukene.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Njengemingcele Yomthetho - sisekelo

Amandla ejaji agunyaza imithetho nezenzo zokuphatha ezingekho emthethweni asebenza njengomngcele oyisisekelo kwamanye amagatsha. Nakuba uMkhandlu noMongameli bengacindezela imingcele yegunya labo, izinkantolo zinegama lokugcina ngencazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kuphoqelela amagatsha ezombangazwe ukuba enze ngokuvumelana nomthetho-sisekelo, noma okungenani abheke phambili ukuthi izinkantolo ziyozichaza kanjani izenzo zazo. Amandla awasebenzi ngaso sonke isikhathi ezindaweni ezibusayo; amagatsha ngokuvamile ayabambisana, kodwa amandla okubukeza umthetho ahlela ukuziphatha kwawo kusukela ekuqaleni, akhuthaza izinga lokuzilawula komthetho-mthetho-.

Isayensi Yenkululeko Kahulumeni

Ukuzimela kwamagatsha emithetho, aphethe, nahluleli kuyisici esiyisisekelo sokubusa komthetho-mthetho waseMelika. Iyisimiso esakhelwe hhayi ekuthembekeni, kodwa ekuhloleni okungokoqobo ukuthi amandla kumelwe ahlolwe ngamandla. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso akuwona umshini ozilawulayo; kuxhomeke ngokuphelele ekufuneni izifiso, ubuqotho, nokuqapha kwabantu egatsheni ngalinye, futhi ekugcineni, esabelweni sezakhamuzi esinolwazi nesithembisiwe.

Uma elinye igatsha ligunyaza igunya lalo kwelinye, kodwa uma uMkhandlu uthumela amandla awo okwenza umthetho ngaphandle kwezindinganiso ezanele, lapho uMongameli ethatha imvume engokomthetho, noma lapho ikomiti ithatha imingcele eqinile emagatsheni ezombangazwe ($_izihloko ezilula ezibonisa ukulingana. Isimiso sixhomeke ekukhubazekeni kokuzimela. Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqonda lokhu kwakhiwa kubalulekile. Ichaza izingxabano esizibona ezindabeni, isimo sezingxoxo zethu zezombangazwe, namandla ahlala njalo oMthetho-sisekelo oklanyelwe ukuvikela inkululeko ngokwenza ukubusa kube nzima ngamabomu. Impilo yeRiphabliki ixhomeke ekulondolozeni amandla azimele eKhomisha, ukuqondisa, ukuqondisa, neNkantonganiso.

Lolu hlelo, olwasungulwa emakhulwini amabili eminyaka adlule, luseyisiqondiso esibalulekile sokuhamba ngesivinini sanamuhla. Ngokufunda nokuvikela ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, sisekela ukuqonda okuyinhloko komsunguli: isivikelo esiqinisekile ekubuseni ukucindezela akuyena umholi oyedwa noma uhulumeni onobunye, kodwa isimiso sezinhlangano ezihlukene ezihlanganyela amagunya, ngayinye enenkululeko yokumelana, kanye nesifiso sokuhlola izifiso zabanye. Umqaphi oyinhloko walenkululeko uwukulawulwa komphakathi ofundele izimiso zoMthetho-sisekelo.