Isingeniso: Indlela Imithetho Yomdlalo Ethonya Ngayo Ezombangazwe

Imithetho elawula indlela amavoti aguqukela ngayo ezihlalweni iphakathi kwezindlela zokukhetha ezilandelana kakhulu ezikhona ezinqunyweni zentando yeningi ezingase zenziwe. Phakathi kwalemithetho, izimiso zezikhulu ze-votor, `lapho umvoti noma iqembu elinamavoti amaningi lizuza khona isihlalo noma uhulumeni] usuka ngaphandle ngenxa yethonya lalo eliqondile emncintiswaneni weqembu, ukuziphatha kovoti, futhi ekugcineni izinga lokulinganisela kwezombangazwe noma ukugadla komphakathi. Nakuba lezizimiso zidunyiswa kakhulu ngokuveza, ukukhipha ohulumeni abaqinile nokukhuthaza ukunxusa, zingeza futhi ngezakhiqiniswa kwezakhiwo ezingathuthukisa indawo ebanzi nokunciphisa izingxenye eziphawulekayo zokhetho. Ukuqonda lesimo esicici esicini esisemqoko kubaluleke kunoma ubani othintekayo nempilo nokuqina kokubusa kwentando yentando yeningi.

Lokhu kuhlola kuhlola izindlela izimiso ezilawulayo ezithonya ngazo imingcele yezombangazwe, zidweba ubufakazi obuqhathanisayo nesisekelo esicatshangelwayo. Kuhlola indlela lezi zimiso ezivame ukuvuza ngayo ukulinganisela, izimo ezikhuthaza kuzo ukuthatheka, kanye nokuhweba okuzuzwe ngokukhetha isimiso esinjalo esikhethiwe. Umgomo ukunikeza umbono ocacile, osekelwe ebufakazini bobuhlobo phakathi kwemithetho ekhethiwe nemiphumela yezombangazwe, ngaphandle kokukhubaza kakhulu inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yezenhlalo, yezomnotho, nezezinhlangano.

Ukuchaza Izimiso Zomkhuhlane

Yilezo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhetheni i-FFP Past (FPP), esetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhetheni i-United Kingdom, Canada, iNdiya, ne-United States (ngezihlalo ezinqobile). EFPTP, isifunda ngasinye esikhethwe ngokhetho olulodwa, futhi ingqikithi yevoti ephakeme kakhulu isetshenziswa kukhetho lwe-Fost Post (impela) uma ingqikithi yayo ingaphansi kwenani elikhulu. Ezinye izimiso ezinkulu zihlanganisa isimiso esihlanganisa (njengoba kusetshenziswa kukhetho lomongameli waseFrance) kanye nokuvota okunga (noma isigaba esikhethwe)

Lezi zimiso ziklanyelwe ukuveza abanqobi abacacile nohulumeni abaqinile, ngokuvamile ngezindleko zokuveza isilinganiso. Ku-FPTP, iqembu lingawina izihlalo eziningi ezinezingaphazana kakhulu kuneziningi zevoti ethandwayo (laha kwenzeka e-UK ngo-2019, lapho i-Conservative Party yawina khona 56% yezihlalo kuma-3,6% evoti. Lokhu kugwenywa akuyona iphutha kodwa isici: ilunguza amaqembu amancane futhi ikhuthaza ukwakhiwa kwemifelandawo ephakeme ephakathi kwezombangazwe.

Ngokungathi kunjalo, izimiso eziphethe imishini zidala amandla anamandla: ziguqula amavoti abe izihlalo ngendlela ehlelekile emelela amaqembu amakhulu nangaphansi kwalawo amancane. Lokhu kuveza ithonya elingokwengqondo kubavoti nasemaqenjini, kuthonya indlela abadweba futhi baziphathe ngayo. Amandla abangelwa yilokho awenzayo aqonde kokubili amandla okulungisa nokuthuthukisa amandla ezimiso ezinjalo.

Imbangela Yokulinganisela: Umthetho Womuntu Owumdunyana Nokuncintisana Nge - Centripetal

Inkolelo-lwazi ethandwa kakhulu exhumanisa izimiso ze-elevotal eziphethe phakathi i-Duverger’s, ewumthetho oveza ukuthi ukhetho olulula lwe-majojorit luyedwa (njenge FPTP) luvame ukuveza isimiso esinezigaba ezimbili. Umqondo ucacile: abavoti esifundeni bazoqaphela ngokushesha ukuthi ivoti yeqembu lesithathu “yafakwa" ngaphandle kokuba leloqembu liyilungu elizimisele, ngakho bathambekele kakhulu kukhetho lwababekhona kakhulu. Ngokufanayo, amaqembu nabezombangazwe bayaqonda ukuthi ukuwina ngaphansi kwalemithetho, kumelwe banxuse i-eastrapper-se, hhayi nje isisekelo esincane. Lomklamo u-mceda owenzile esikhungo, lapho inani elikhulu kakhulu levoti ekhona.

Ngokwesibonelo, e-United States, isimiso se-FPTP siye sakhuthaza ngokomlando womabili amaqembu e-Damocratic and Republican ukuba ancintisane nomphathi wezindaba phakathi nokhetho oluvamile (-accompated) okuthi okungenani ekucabangeni, ukweqisa okulinganiselwe. Lokhu kudonsa kwepesenti elibonakele emazweni anjengeCanada ne-United Kingdom, lapho amaqembu amakhulu ehlala njalo eshiya izikhundla ngemva kokulahlekelwa okhetho futhi athathe izinqubo ezilinganiselwe. Ukucwaninga okubonisa ukuthi ezimisweni zeFPTP, ibusa amaqembu aqhelene ephakathi kwezindawo ezisekhohlo ezikhanyayo kunezimiso ezilinganayo, acabanga ukuthi amaqembu amakhulu ngokwawo awakhishelwanga kakhulu.

Ukuhlakanipha kudlulela ekukhetheni okumelwe kuthathwe: ngaphansi kwemithetho ebanzi, abavoti abathatha izikhundla abangawina izigodi, ngokuvamile okusho ukukhetha amanani ngemibono yendawo ekhangayo nengaqinisiyo. Iqembu elihambisa phambili ngakwesokudla noma ngesobunxele esikude esihlalweni sokuncintisana lingase lisuse abavoti abadinga ngokulinganisela ukuze balondoloze ubuningi. Ngenxa yalokho, ukukhetha kweqembu ngokwalo kuba inqubo yokukhetha okungalinganiyo ngokwako encishintshwayo emelene ne-STRALIE.

Ukusebenzisa Imishini Ewusizo Njengamandla Alinganiselayo

Abaqondisi ezimisweni ze-literal Democrat nabo bangenela ukuvota okukhethekile (noma okungagunyazi) − ukubeka ibhola lomthetho hhayi kulowo othandwa kakhulu, kodwa ongcono ukuvimbela ukukhetha okungathandwayo. Lo kuziphatha kuvamile e-UK, lapho i-Labour and Liberal Democrat idla ngoludala ukuthi iphi abaxhasi abasekela imithetho abakhetha ukuthi yiliphi ithuba elingcono kakhulu lokunqoba i-Conservativection. Ukuvota okungokweqiniseka kuqinisa ukuncintisana ngesigaba sesithathu ngokufaka isigaba esiphakathi futhi kuphoqelele ukuba amaqembu amakhulu ukuba anciphe imingcele efanayo ephakathi. Nakuba lokhu kunganciphisa inqubo yokuzilawula, futhi kucindezela ukusekela amaqembu adlayo amaqembu adlayo angena amandla okuhlela ukunqamula phakathi kwenhlangano.

Izinzuzo Zokulinganisela: Ukuqina, Ukubambisana, Nokubusa Okuphumelelayo

Imiphumela ehlanganisayo yezimiso ezinkulu iveza izinzuzo eziningana zikakhonkolo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi. Okokuqala, bakhuthaza ukwakhiwa kwesivumelwano phakathi kwamaqembu amakhulu, okumelwe kuhlanganise izibopho ezibanzi zabasekeli ukuze banqobe. Ngokungafani nezishaya-mthetho ezihlukene ezimisweni ezihlelekile, lapho amaqembu amancane engalawula khona ukuthunjwa, ohulumeni abakhulu ngokuvamile bayala izikhundla ezinkulu ezisebenzayo ezingadlula ngoku ngokuphumelelayo umthetho. Lokhu kunciphisa i-glockbock futhi kuvumela isinyathelo esiwujuqu, ikakhulukazi phakathi nezinkinga.

Okwesibili, ukugxila okukodwa okunengxenye ezimbili kwe-FPP kunciphisa ukuhlaziywa kwezombangazwe phakathi kwesikhathi eside. Uma kubusa amaqembu amabili kuphela ezombangazwe, umkhakha ngamunye kumelwe unxuse isikhungo ukuze uwine. Ngokwalokho, uhlanganyela isisekelo esiningi esifanayo ngezisekelo eziyisisekelo. Lesikhungo esihlangeneyo singasebenza njengesivimbele ukunqanda ukuguquguquka kwemizwa yezombangazwe ephakathi kwezinye izimiso ze-athonolitiki, lapho amaqembu amancane ekwazi khona ukuhlukanisa ubuhlanga, inkolo, noma imigqa yezifunda ngaphandle kokudingeniswa. Umthetho we-United Kingdom wangemva kwempi, wakhiwa ngokushintshashintsha kwemithetho efanayo kanye nezibophonsi zezenteko nezomnotho, kungumbono evelele yalendlela esebenzayo.

Okwesithathu, izimiso eziyinhloko ziveza ukulandisa okucace kakhulu. Abavoti bazi kahle ukuthi yiliphi iqembu noma umbhalisa onecala ngemiphumela yenqubo, ngoba iqembu eliwina iningi lingasebenzisa uhlelo lwalo ngaphandle kokuhlehla kwezombangazwe ezihlangene. Lokhu kucacile kunganciphisa indawo yenkulumo eshintshwayo efuna ukusola “ukumiswa”. Uma abavoti bebopha iqembu elilodwa icala, leloqembu linesisusa esinamandla sokubusa ngokuhluzekile nokugwema izimiso ezihlukanisa umvoti wezindaba.

Ukuqina okufushane okufinyele---s. Impilo ende--Term

Nokho, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuzinza okukhiqizwa yizimiso eziyinhloko akunampilo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Iqembu eliwina iningi esisekelweni esincane sokusekela (umz., amaphesenti angu-40 evoti) lingabusa ngezindlela ezingazinaki izithakazelo zamashumi amathandathu% akhetha ukumelana nalo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kungaqeda ukuthemba ezikhungweni zentando yeningi futhi kubangele umuzwa omelene nokumiswa kwesimiso sombuso wezwe, qhawe ingozi esenza sifinyelele kwenye ingxenye yemali: izimo lapho izimiso ezinkulu zikhuthaza khona, kunokuba zicindezele, i-spressurentine.

Ohlangothini Olubi: Lapho Izimiso Zabefundisi Ziqeda Ukushisekela Imibuso

Izimiso ezibonisa ukuhluzeka kwezimiso eziyinhloko zithatha ukusakazwa okungakholekiyo okungalingani nokungakholekiyo kwevoti-(ukusho ukuthi, abavoti abaningi phakathi nendawo. Uma i-votorate ihlukaniswa nendawo, ubuzwe, noma amasiko, imishini efanayo ekhuthaza ukukhuliswa kwe-centrist emphakathini ofanayo ingaveza umphumela ohlukile. Kulezomomo, i-FTPPP ingakhulisa amandla amaqembu aphikisayo, ikakhulukazi uma egxile kakhulu endaweni ethile noma uma amaqembu amakhulu ehluleka ukuxoxa ngokungeneliseki komphakathi okwandayo.

Enye indlela eyinhloko “ivoti eyaziwayo” ngokwayo. Endaweni ehlukene, abasekeli beqembu elithile elinamandla bangase babheke amaqembu amakhulu njengafana kakhulu noma njengengxenye yesigaba esikhohlakele. Ukusekela iqembu elishisekayo kuba uhlobo lokubhikisha, futhi ngenxa yokuthi isimiso sijezisa iqembu lesithathu, iqembu elishisekayo lingase libe yilona elingcono kakhulu kumaqembu azimele esifundeni esithile. Esikhundleni sokusunduzela esiphakathini esithile, lesimiso singakha amandla lapho ingxubevange ngokuhlanganisa khona iqembu elincane elihluliwe. Lokhu kuye kwabonakala ikakhulukazi eminyakeni yamuva ekuphakameni kwamaqembu alungile eYurophu lapho i-FPP isetshenziswa khona, futhi empumeleni yesigaba sesifunda esingundayo.

Ukugxilisa Ingqondo Kwendawo Yonke Nokushintsha Ilanga Kwesifunda

Izimiso zamakhulu zivame ukuguqula ukubekwa kwezindawo zibe yizishaya-mthetho ezingaphezulu kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, eCanada, i-soparatist Bloc Québécois ithola izihlalo eziningi eQuebec naphezu kokuba kungekho sizwe esikhona."a ibangela ukuba kungabi nakwenzeka ngaphansi kwe-ontatheli yesizwe. Nakuba i-Bloc ayiyona ishintshwa ngobudlova, imelela ukuhlukana kwezombangazwe zesizwe emigqeni yesifunda, futhi ukuba khona kwayo kungabangela ukuxabana phakathi kwe-Quebec neCanada. Ngokufanayo, eNdiya, i-FPTPP ivumele izigaba eziphezulu zesizwe nenkolo ukuba zinqobe izihlalo nesimiso sezwe, ngezinye izikhathi ngezindleko zemali yezwe, zenani elivamile.

Uma imibono yezeqisa igcwele ezindaweni eziningi, i-FPP ingazinika i-propati ye-UK Independence Party enkulu kakhulu kunengxenye yazo yevoti yesizwe esikiselayo. Lokhu kungadala ithonya elinamandla lokunanela, lapho i-MPs ehlukanisayo yeqembu elinamandla i-FPTP egxilisa khona ukudlulisa umehluko ephalamende, isusa ifasitela lezombangazwe i-Overton ebhekisa phambili. E-UK, ukuphakama kwe-UK Independence Partion (UKIP) eMbalini we-ovement (UKIP) kuma-2010, kuyilapho ikhona isikhashana i-FPTP egxiliswe ukunaka kwe-Focertives ezindaweni ezijini e-Pt, ukucindezela i-Conservative Par kuvice 2016 e-Breavement i-Breentum ibhekisela ku-192016.

Ukwehluleka Kwemikhosi Ephambili Nesibhamu Sezimpompo

Enye indlela esuka ekulweni nombuso we-carpitalist ukuya ku-Stylement iyenzeka lapho amaqembu amabili ayinhloko ehlangana aqine kakhulu phakathi kangangokuthi ashiya ingxenye enkulu yomuzwa wokukhetha engamelelwanga. Lokhu “kuhlelwa kwezombangazwe” kuvulela indawo i-populist kanye nesimiso sokulwa nesimiso sezokulwa nesigaba se-FTP, okuthi ngokwengxenye kukhulumela “abantu bangempela” ngokumelene nomgangatho ophakeme owonakele. E-United States, i-Tea Party nenyuko lika-Donald Trump (okubili okuthi okukhulayo phakathi kweRiphabliki Party kunamandla esithathu achazwa ngokungenamfaza ngaphakathi kweqembu elikhulu. Ngokungazelele, i-FTPPPcan ingenza ukuba ihambele kakhulu ngaphandle kwe-partmentation.

Le nkinga [1] Iqembu elithathayo, lithatha futhi lifaka imiphumela eyingozi kakhulu ngaphansi kwemithetho emikhulu. Isiza ekuchazeni indlela isimiso esikhuthaza ukukhushulelwa kwemali esingaveza ngayo okuphambene: iqembu elikhulu elithatha amaqonga ayingozi ebelingasoze lawacabangela esimisweni esihlanganisayo, lapho bekungadingeka ukuba lixoxe nabantu abahlangene. Umphumela kungaba ukushintshwa okusheshayo nokuphazamisayo kwenqubo, njengoba kubonakala ngokuya kweRepublican Party iqala ukuya empumulweni yezomnotho nakukhuluma okumelene nokulwa nomthetho wokwehlaziywa ngemva kuka-2016.

Ukuqhathanisa Isimiso Sama - majortine Nesimiso Sezokuxhumana: Umbono Owenziwe Ngezikhali

Akukho simiso sokhetho esiphelele, futhi ubuhlobo phakathi kwe-patritarianism ne-spression buxhomeke kakhulu emongweni. Izimiso ze-PR, ezinika izihlalo ngokwesilinganiso esiqinile ukuze zivote, zivame ukukhushulelwa njengezindawo ezigcwele futhi ezimele. Zivumela amaqembu amancane ukuba athole indawo yokuhlala, zinciphise ingozi yokuba noma iliphi iqembu lizizwe lingahlangani. Nokho i-PR iphinde ithwale izingozi zayo siqu: ingehlula amaphalamende abe amaqembu amancane, yenza ukuba amaqembu alwane abe nzima futhi anikeze amaqembu aneziphakamiso ezinesithekubende ngo-5 /10% yevoti yetafula. Amazwe anjenge-Israel ne-Italy aye abhekana nokuntengantenga okuhlala kanye nokuphatha kwamaqembu aphethe izinhlangano ezihlangene.

Ngokuphambene, izimiso zezikhulu zihluza amaqembu amancane aphikisayo ngaphandle kokuba agcwele indawo. Lokhu kuhlungwa kungaba isibusiso sokuzinza, kodwa futhi kusho ukuthi lapho izinhlangano ezinamandla zigqashuka, ngokuvamile zikwenza lokhu ngezinyawo ezinkulu kakhulu ngoba ziye zathatha iqembu elikhulu. Ngakho isimo seFPTPP singadala “ukuqhuma okukhulu” kusuka ezindaweni eziyingozi, kanti iPR ivumela ukuba kube khona kancane kancane kancane kodwa okuphikelelayo kwemibono engapheliyo.

Ucwaningo lwanamuhla lusikisela ukuthi ubuhlobo phakathi kwezimiso zokukhetha nokuzitika kwezinhlanga bulawulwa inqubo yezenhlalo, izimo zezomnotho, kanye nomklamo weminye izinhlangano zezombangazwe (njenge-badamaralism, uhulumeni, kanye nokuhlola). Ngokwesibonelo, izimiso ezinkulu zibonakala zilinganisela kakhulu kwezombangazwe emphakathini onezigaba eziphansi noma ezilinganiselwe, kuyilapho zingabangela ukungezwani phakathi kwemiphakathi ehlukene kakhulu. I-Northern Ireland ibonelelwane ne-FTPPPPP phambi kwe- Good Wearver Division, lapho i-unist nomphakathi wamaKatolika wamazwe ahlukene wakhona evalelwe khona ngengxabano yezero-um-ill-ill.

Ukuklama Izinguquko: Ukufinyelela Imingcele Ngaphandle Kokuzidela Ngokulinganisela

Uma kucatshangelwa ukuhweba, amazwe asebenzisa izimiso ezinkulu angayinciphisa kanjani ingozi yokuxhashazwa kuyilapho elondoloza izinzuzo zikahulumeni onqumayo? Kuye kwahlongozwa futhi kwahlolwa izinguquko eziningana:

Okuhlukile kokushintshwayo

Ngokuvumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe izigaba, enye ivoti (AV) iqinisekisa ukuthi umnqobi kumelwe avikele okuningi kokuthandayo, hhayi nje ngobuningi. Lokhu kunganciphisa ingozi yokuwina ngokweqisa ngedlanzana elincane elithukuthele. Futhi u-AV ukhuthaza abavoti ukuba bafune okuthandwayo okwesibili nesesithathu kubasekeli baphikisayo, bakhuthaze ukubambisana okuphambanayo nokusebenzisa izinkulumo. Ukuhlangenwe nakho kwe-Australia nge-AV yeNd House of Advementes kubonisa ukuthi ayikalangazameli enkulu kodwa iye yanciphisa ingozi yokuwina ngokukhetha okuhlukene.

Izimiso ze - MEmber Proportigal (MMP) ezixubile

Isetshenziswa eJalimane, e-New Zealand, nakwezinye izindawo, i-MMP ihlanganisa izigodi ezinezingxenye eyodwa (ezinezingxenye) kanye nesilinganiso esiphezulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isihlalo seqembu ngalinye sihlanganyela ngokungathi sihambisana nesabelo salo. Lokhu kulondoloza ukulandisa kwendawo kwe-FPTP kusehlisa kakhulu ukuncishiswa kwemidanti. Ngokunikeza amaqembu amancane indawo eqinile, i-MMP ingavimbela amaqembu amakhulu ukuba angazinaki izingxenye ezithile ze-electortate, angase aphumele ngaphandle kwe-palflural evotay engenza uphethilo. Nokho, i-MMP idinga futhi ukufunda imithetho yokuvota okusha okusha futhi kungaholela kohulumeni ababumbene, abanye abakhetha ukuma kwabo ngaphandle kodwa abanye abakubheka njengokunquma okuncane.

Ukushintsha Inguquko

Emazweni anjenge-United States, ukudwetshwa kwemingcele yesifunda ukuze kuthandwe abantu abaneziqu noma iqembu elithile kungabhebhethekisa inkinga enzima ngokudala “izihlalo ezilondekile” lapho kuphela okhetho oluncintisanayo bebuswa khona yizikhomishane zeqembu ezikhuthele kakhulu nezinemibono. Imishini yokuvota i-reddiligoling nemithetho efuna ukuba izifunda zibe nezinhlangothi ezihlangene nezincintisanayo inganciphisa lomphumela, iphoqelele abameleli ukuba banxuse ababhenqi abamele ezindaweni ezingcono kakhulu kunasekugcineni nje.

Ukudambisa Izithiyo Ekungeneni Ezindaweni Zesithathu

Ezinye izimiso eziyinhloko zinikeza izimfuneko eziqinile zokubhalisa kanye nezimfuno ze-collet-access cishe ezenza kube nzima ngamaqembu amasha ukuncintisana, kudlulisa konke ukunganeliseki phakathi kwe-Duopoly ekhona. Ukudambisa lezimfuneko ezikhona. (xa kusagcinwa umnyango wokugwema ukwanda okunesiphithiphithi-phithiphithi-phithi kwabafundi) kunikeza amaqembu esithathu ithuba lokuvela nokubekela inselele amaqembu amakhulu asuka phakathi endaweni kunawokweqisa. Okuhlangenwe nakho kweLiberal Demorats eUK (izihlalo zokuhlala kwezinye izindawo) kubonisa ukuthi amaqembu esithathu angasebenza njengezimo eziqinile ngaphansi kwe FPPPP uma ekwazi ukwakha isisekelo sendawo.

Isiphetho: Inkemba Eboshelwe Ezweni Elikhulu

Izimiso zokhetho ezinkulu azincikile ngokwemvelo noma zihlukaniswe; kunalokho, imiphumela yazo ixhomeke emphakathini ezisebenza kuwo. Ngokuqhathaniswa zincike ngokuvumelana okukhulu ngezisekelo eziyisisekelo, zikhuthaza abazocelwa ukuba badlulise izikhalo phakathi, baveze ohulumeni abaqinile nabanciphileyo. Emiphakathini ehlukene kakhulu noma eshintsha ngokushesha, nakuba, bangakweqisa ukuwohloka kwezindawo, bandise amandla amaqembu ahlukene, futhi bashiye izingxenye ezinkulu zomphakathi ezizizwa zihlukanisiwe.

Isifundo esiyinhloko siwukuthi isimiso sokhetho kumelwe siqondiswe emongweni wezenhlalo nowezombangazwe. Isimiso esisebenza kahle kwelinye izwe singase sibe yingozi kwelinye. Abashisekeli kufanele babheke hhayi nje kuphela ukuhunyushwa kwamavoti ezihlalweni kodwa futhi nokusabela okungokwengqondo nokukahle kwamaqembu, abavoti, nabavoti. Izimiso ezixutshiwe ezifana ne-MMP kumelwe zinikeze ukulinganisela okuthembisayo, ukuhlanganisa ukumelela kanye nezivikelo ezilinganayo. Ezinye izinyathelo ezihlanganisayo − njengemithetho yezezimali, ubuni bezindaba, kanye nokungamelelwa kwemingcele yeze-operator, − zibaluleke ngokufanayo ekuvikeleni idemodefase emagunyeni entengisweni enterfini, amasheya ezinto ezingaguqula ukulinganisela kube yimfanelo engcono nenhle.

Ekugcineni, umgomo awukona ukuklama isimiso sokhetho oluphelele kodwa ukudala izisusa ezakhayo, ezihlanganisa nezombangazwe kuyilapho kukhishwa uhlobo lwempi ye-zero-sum elulaza ukwethenjwa kwentando yeningi. Izimiso zobuMajoliyaritha zinendima enamandla yokufeza kulomzamo, kodwa kuphela uma sihlala siqaphela ukulinganiselwa kwazo futhi sizimisele ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo.