Ukuqonda Ukucabanga Kwakuqala

Ukucabanga kokuqala kuyindlela yokuchaza incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ne-stateory efuna ukuthola incazelo yombhalo ongokomthetho osekelwe ekuqondeni kwawo kwasekuqaleni ngesikhathi sokumiswa. Kuwo wonke umongo womthetho wokufuduka, lendlela ihilela ukuhlola injongo yokuqala yama-flamers of the Constitution noma incazelo yasobala yemithetho engokomthetho. Abaxhasi, njengalokho uMahluleli wemuva u-Anton Scalia, baphikisa ukuthi i-alkhomism inqanda ukwahlulela nokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho isebenza njalo ngentando yabantu ababahlelayo. Kukhona izinjongo ezimbili eziyinhloko: [[FLT:] izinhloso zasekuqaleni , ezibheka lokho abathululi bebo abathunga, kanye ne-[FLT] eziqonde kakhulu ukuthi incazelo yomphakathi, ukuthi umuntu ungabaqonda kanjani ukuthi ihlelwe kanjani.

Isimiso esiyisisekelo sokucabanga kokuqala kwezokufuduka sisekelwe embonweni wokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo unika uKhongolo amandla aqinile ezindabeni zokufuduka. Lombuso waqashelwa ekuqaleni komlando wase-U.S. futhi uye waqinisekiswa njalo yiNkantolo Ephakeme. Abaqondisi bemvelo bakhomba umbhalo woMthetho-sisekelo, onikeza iKhomishane igunya elinamandla lokumisa umthetho ofanayo wokumisa umthetho wemvelo nokulawula ezohwebo namazwe angaphandle. Kusukela enkathini yokuqala, la mandla asikisela ukuzikhethela okukhulu, ukuvala ngaphandle, noma ukuguqula abantu abangewona ama-ctizen. Lokhu kuchaza indlela izinhlalo zembo ezibheka ngayo izinselele zemithetho yokufuduka, ngokuvamile kuholela ekubekeni imingcele ekwahlulelweni kwemithetho eyayenziwa esikhathini sokusungulwa kwenkathi noma esikhathini sokusungulwa kwemithetho ethile.

Ngokwenqubo, ukucabanga kokuqala kudinga amajaji ukuba azifake emithonjeni engokomlando: izimpikiswano ezivela eMhlanganweni woMthetho-sisekelo, imibhalo yakudala ye-constitution, izichazamazwi zamanje, kanye nezincazelo ezingokomthetho zenkathi efanelekile. Lokhu kuhlola okungokomlando kuhloselwe ukuthola incazelo yokuthi umbhalo wawungadlulisela kuzilaleli ezifundile ngesikhathi sokuzinza noma ukumiswa. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho kuchazwa inkulumo "inqubo yokuqala yomthetho" eSiphendulweni sesihlanu njengoba isetshenziswa kwezezezezeze-intengiselwano, isazi sokuqala singahlola ukuthi leyo nkulumo yayiqondwa kanjani ngo1791 futhi ukuthi yayihlanganisa yini nabafokazi abahlala phakathi kwezwe lase-US.. Lokhu kuhlola ngokuvamile kuveza imiphumela esekela igunya likahulumeni ukuba ivinjelwe ekufudukeni lapho kuvikelwe isivikelo seminyo enhlabathini kakade.

Umlando Womthetho Ohlanganisayo Nomlando

Ukusetshenziswa komthetho wokuqala wokususa abantu kusekelwe kakhulu ekwakheni i-julrusprince. Esinye sezehlakalo zokuqala ezibaluleke kakhulu yiye Chae Chan Ping v. United States, eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi i-Conflurecion Case . Kulesosinqumo, iNkantolo Ephakeme isekela amandla kahulumeni ombuso wokususa izisebenzi zaseChina ngisho nangemva kokuba zithole isitifiketi sokunganikwa isitifiketi. INkantolo ithembele ebukhosini obungokwemvelo besizwe ukulawula imikhawulo yayo, umqondo osusiwe ekuqondeni umthetho wezwe lonke njengasekuqaleni. Ukuhlola kwalendabuko yale yalendanda incazelo yamandla ekwakhelweni kwesivumelwano nakubekwa kwesivumelwano. Inkantolo isekela igunya lokulawula ukulawula inkantolo.

Elinye icala lingu-S v. Chadha [193], owabhala umthetho-mthetho we-veto ezindabeni zokufuduka. Nakuba icala laziwa ngokuyinhloko ngokuhlukanisa kwayo amandla, izimpikiswano zokuqala zadlala indima ekuhlaseleni i-pane yendlu eyodwa yemithetho-mthetho edendeto. Inkantolo yabheka ehlelweni lomthetho-sisekelo wokuqala, ithola ukuthi iveto iphula umthetho we-bidaristism nemfuneko yeSishayamthetho I. Umthetho wokufuduka, [FLT]] u-Chahadah ukucabanga kokuqala kungenza kanjani ukuhlelwa kwe-practive nokuhlelwa kwezimiso okusuka esinqumweni sokuqala. I-'inguquko i-'inquitton kumele ukumiswa kwemithetho yezenziwayo. I-'inguquko yemithetho ye-1787, ingamiswangagunyaziwe, inqubo yeze yanamuhla.

Phakathi nekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, ukucabanga kokuqala kwakuvelele kakhulu ezinkantolo zokufuduka, ngokuvamile ezazithobela amagatsha ezombangazwe ngaphansi kwemfundiso yamandla. Nokho, emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, ukuvuselelwa kwezindlela zokuqala kuye kwathonya indlela izinkantolo eziphansi ezichaza ngayo i-Immigation and Nationality Act (INA). Lendlela iye yaveza imiphumela exubile, ngezinye izikhathi izivikelo ezingokomlando, izinguqulo zakuqala zemithetho yokufuduka, nekomiti yengqungquthela yokuthola incazelo yokuqala yamagama anjenge "persecurity," "iqed fraction sy" ne" "agravityfelity fery. Lokhu kuye kwaveza imiphumela ehlukeneyo, ngezinye izikhathi ezandayo zesivikelo sabafuni bezindawo zokukhoselelwa kanye nezinye izikhathi eziviswayo ezisekelwe ekuchazeni komlando.

Ukuxhumana kwangaphandle ezinhlabeni ezinkulu zeNkantolo Ephakeme kanye nomongo womlando kunganikeza abafundi ukuqonda okujule kakhulu kule sisekelo sesibonelo. Ngokwesibonelo, umbhalo ogcwele wewebhusayithi kaChan Plan kanye ne[FLT]S v. Chanha ikhona kuwebh [[FLT:] [[FLT]]] Oyz[, futhi i-Cornell Information Institute inikeza [[FLT:]] eqinile umthetho wokufuduka [[FLT]]].

Isicelo Ecalani Lenkantolo Elishintshayo Lanamuhla

Ezinkantolo zanamuhla ezikhuluma ngezokufuduka, ukucabanga kokuqala kuvame ukucelwa ezinhlotsheni ezimbili zezindaba: izinselele ekuchazeni izimpawu ezingokomthetho nezinselele zomthetho-mthetho ezisemthethweni ezithatha izivumelwano zokugcinwa kwabantu abafudukayo. Abahluleli abasebenzisa izindlela zokuqala bayoqala ngokubhalwa kwe-INA bese behlola umlando wemithetho ukuze baqinisekise incazelo evamile yamagama ngesikhathi sokumiswa kwesivumelwano. Lokhu kungaholela ekutheni imiphumela ehluka kakhulu kuleyo efinyelelwa abahluleli abachaza injongo yomthetho noma imiphumela yencazelo enikezwayo.

Ukubonakala Nencazelo Yokuqala

Cabangela incazelo "umntana" yezinjongo zevisa ngaphansi kwe-INA. Umthetho wamanje uchaza "umntwana" njengomuntu ongashadile ongaphansi kweminyaka engu-20 ubudala. Nokho, amajaji okuqala angabheka ezinguqulweni zangaphambili ze-INA noma kumthetho ovamile we-"mntwaneni" ngesikhathi sokulungisa okukhulu kwemithetho yemvume ngo-1959 noma ngo-1990. Uma ukuqonda okungokomlando kususa izigaba ezithile, njengabantwana abangemuva noma abatholwayo, umahluleli wokuqala bangabheka ukungenwa yi-ekho nakancane kwezimiso zanamuhla. Isibonelo, [[FLT:] Filialg] v [FLT]. [FLT1] [12] [7], iNkakhulu yeNkanto ehlukanisa phakathi kwezingane ezingokomthetho nemithetho esemthethweni yokufuduka, incike incike isilinganiso sesilinganiso esisekelwe ekuqondeni kwezimiso ezingoko zakuqala zemithetho yakuqala.

Amazwi Okuthi Ukhona Nokucabanga Kwabantu Besaqala

Umthetho we-asylum uveza indawo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu yokucabanga kwe-odayst. Isimiso sesiphephelo sanamuhla sisuka kumthetho we-Rofudence Act ka-1980, owamukela incazelo ye-"potocol Relating to the Status of Refugees" kusukela ku-1967 Protocol Relating ukuya ku-Status of Rebagees. Incazelo yokuqala yegama elithi "ukushushiswa" ingabheka ekuqondeni kwasekuqaleni kwalelogama elisemthethweni wezizwe zonke nasekhaya ngesikhathi sokuvinjelwa. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ukushushiswa kumelwe kuhlanganise isenzo sombuso noma ukulimala okukhulu okungokomlando. Abanye baphikisa ukuthi incazelo ehleliwe yezentengo yezentengo yezentengo yezentengiselwano noma ukuhlukunyezwa kwabadlali bomphakathi uhulumeni ayinakuthinta ngokuqondile imiphumela yezibalo ezimweni ezikhona, benza indlela ebanzi yokuzihambelana kuqala.

Ngokwesibonelo, i-ACOSTA (1985), i-Board of Immigration Appress yachaza "iqembu lezenhlalo elihlukene" njengeqembu elihlanganyela incazelo efanayo. Abagxeki baleyoncazelo baphikisa ukuthi isuka enhloso yokuqala ye-Congress, eyayizofaka i-United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Ukuhlaziya kokuqala komlando we-1980 we-Republic Act kungasekela indlela elinganiselwe noma ebanzi yokuchaza umlando we-inqumo, kuye ngokuthi imithombo injani. Ezinye izazi zisikisela ukuthi i-Congress ihlose ukuhlanganisa u-U.S. umthetho wezizwe zonke ohloselwe izivumelwano zezizwe zonke, ozodinga ukuhlangana kwezivumelwano nemithetho yezizwe zonke. Lokhu kuveza ukuphikisana phakathi kwendlela yokuqala ye-intellist.

Ukuhoxiswa Nokuthathelwa Phansi

Imiyalelo yokukhipha imingcele ivame ukubangela izinselele zomthetho-sisekelo ezisekelwe enqubweni efanele noma ekuvikelweni okufanayo. Abahluleli abaqalayo bathambekele ekulinganiseleni lezi zivikelo kulokho okwaqondwa ngo-1791 noma ngesikhathi somthetho ofanele. Ngokwesibonelo, ilungelo lokululeka ekuthunjweni amacala aliqiniseki ngomthetho-sisekelo kodwa linikezwa ngomthetho. Umqalisi angase aphikise ukuthi iSigqizo seSimiso seSimiso sesihlanu uClaus asifuni iseluleko esimiswe noma ubani osemcini womphakathi, kuhlanganise nezingamele ukususwa. Lokhu kungenza isinqumo siholele ekusekeleni ilungelo elilinganiselwe elulekweni, kodwa futhi singasetshenziswa ekubekeni inseleleni izinhlelo ezingokomthetho zokumele. [[FLD:0] [flme] .[FFF:] [200] [200], i-SCkialial, i-scence, i-Scculture, i-ognomes ye-ognethi yezomotive, i-ogne yezo lingust, i-oglement, i-o

Izixhumaniso zangaphandle ku [[QULT:0][[FLT]] v. Kim kanye ne-Cornell LII isikhoselo [ kungasiza abafundi ukuba bahlole lomagazini ngokujule kakhulu.

Ukuqamba Amanga Nokuphikisa Ukucabanga Kwabantu Benkolo Yokuqala Emthetho Ongavumelani Nezimo

Abagxeki bendlela yokuqala yokucabanga kwezezimo zomphakathi baphakamisa izimpikiswano eziningi eziphoqelelayo. Okokuqala, baphikisa ngokuthi ubuShona bungaveza imiphumela engekho-mthethweni lapho busetshenziswa emkhakheni oye washintsha ngokuphawulekayo kusukela ekusungulweni. Ngesikhathi sokumiswa koMthetho-sisekelo, inqubo yokufuduka yayincane, futhi imiqondo eminingi eyisisekelo kumthetho wanamuhla wokufuduka ("okufana nesiphephelo, ukungakholisi, nendawo yokuhlala ehlala njalo). Ukusebenzisa ukucabanga kokuqala kula mandla anamuhla ukuba ahlulele incazelo engokomlando ngaphandle kokuqashelwa noma ukuphika ukuthi iSishaya - mthetho sizimisele ukunikeza.

Okwesibili, ukucabanga kokuqala kungawushaya indiva umthetho wezizwe zonke wababaleki nabafuduki kusukela phakathi kwekhulu lama-20, futhi amazwe amaningi aye athatha izincazelo ezimisa kuqala isivikelo sabantu abasengozini. Ngokuphikelela encazelweni eyiqhwa kusukela ngo1791 noma ngisho nango 1952, abahluleli bokuqala bangazifaka engozini yokululaza izibopho ze-United States ngaphansi kwezivumelwano ezifana ne-1967 Protocol. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi indlela ephilayo yomthetho-sisekelo, evumela ukuchazwa kokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintsha izimo, kufanelekile esimisweni okumelwe sisabele ezinkingeni ezinkulu, njengezinguquko ezinkulu zembulunga yonke, ezihambisana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu noma ukushushiswa kweqembu elisha.

Okwesithathu, indlela yokusebenza yakuqala ihlanganisa ukukhetha imithombo engokomlando evumelana nemibono yomchazi. IRepublic yokuqala yayinezimiso zokufuduka zobuhlanga obungavumelani nemithetho yokufuduka yohlanga, njengomthetho wonyaka ka-1790 olinganisela ubuzwe ku-"bakhululekileyo". Umfundi wokuqala ofuna ukusebenzisa leyo nkathi angaphetha ngokuthi uMkhandlu unamandla okubeka imingcele yobuhlanga noma yobuzwe, ephikisana nezimiso zanamuhla ezivikelayo. Lokhu kuveza kuqala ukubekwa kwecala lokungalungisi okungokomlando. Abanye abakholelwa ekudalweni kokuqala bazama ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwencazelo yokuqala neyo ebilindelekile, kodwa umugqa ungaphetha ngokuthi uyakwazi ukuthatha i-mgcu.

Okwesine, imiphumela engokoqobo yokucabanga kokuqala ezinkantolo zokufuduka ingaba mibi. Ngokuveza ukuqonda okungokomlando ngamaqiniso amanje, ukuqamba izinto kungaholela ekuxoshweni kwezakhamuzi ezihlala isikhathi eside ezinezibopho zomkhaya eziqinile, ukunqaba kwesivikelo kulabo ababalekela abadlali abangekho hulumeni, nokugcinwa kwenani eliphelelwe yisikhathi elingabonisi izindlela zokufuduka zanamuhla. Enkathini yezinkantolo zezenguquko ezivalekile kanye nezisho eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukushisekela ukugcinwa kokuqala kungaveza ukungabi nabulungisa kunokuba kukhuthaze ukuguquguquka.

Okokugcina, abagxeki baphawula ukuthi ukuguqulwa kobukho bakuqala akuyona indlela engaguquki ekuhlaseleni abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe. Abahluleli abathi bangaba ochwepheshe ngezinye izikhathi bayahlukana nencazelo yokuqala lapho beveza imiphumela engekho kwezombangazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqonda okungokomlando "ukuhamba phambili" kungenzeka kwasusa okungasekelwe ngokuphelele ezivikelini zayo, kodwa abahluleli bakuqala banamuhla basekela njalo ukuthi amalungelo athile afanelekile asebenza kubantu abavela e-United States. Lokhu kusebenza okukhethayo kululaza ukuzisho ukuthi ukuthatha kuqala inqubo yokungathathi hlangothi nezimiso zezimiso.

Ukulinganisela Ukuchazwa Komlando Nezidingo Zangesikhathi Esidlule

Ubunkimbinkimbi bokusebenzisa indlela yokucabanga eyisakhelo enkantolo yokufuduka buye baholela amajaji nezazi eziningi ukuba zisekele indlela evumelanayo evumelanisa ukwethembeka komlando nezinto ezingokoqobo. Enye indawo ephakathi ukusebenzisa ukucabanga kokuqala kodwa ukuhlanganisa amanye amathuluzi okuchaza, njengamazwi acacile, ahlu olucacile okwakha, nokungawafuni amasu emisebenzi ngaphansi kolwazi lwe- CHEVron U.S.A. ne-C.INC. i-Natural Resolution Defensence Council[ (19984). Lendlela exubeneyo yenza izinkantolo zihloniphe ukuqonda kokuqala umthetho ngesikhathi sokunikeza amandla ngaphansi komongokwakhomba kwanamuhla kanye nemibono yezombangazwe.

Ngokwesibonelo, lapho echaza igama elithi "i-preloned fellony" kwi-INA, umahluleli wokuqala angaqala ngokuhlola indlela lelogama elachazwa ngayo ngesikhathi senezelo lalo ngo-1998. Nokho, ngenxa yokuthi incazelo ikhuliswe kaningi, indlela yokusungula isuka phambili ingayishaya indiva injongo ye-converation. Indlela elinganiselwe ingacabangela incazelo yokuqala yomthetho wesisekelo kuyilapho usebenzisa incazelo yamanje ye-alctuthory evumela ukuthathelwa phambili ezimweni ezidingisweni. Lendlela ingadumisa incazelo yokuqala yombhalo ngaphandle kokushiswa yinguquko ezayo.

Enye intuthuko ethembisayo ukusetshenziswa kobudala kanye nomthetho wamalungelo abantu wezizwe zonke. Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi incazelo yokuqala ye-Protocol idinga ukuzwana nencazelo yomhlaba wonke ye-Refugee Convention, hhayi nje ukuqonda kwasekhaya lase-U.S. lokhu kungahlanganisa ukwenziwa kokuqala nombono ohlukene kakhulu, lapho injongo yokuqala yabahleli be-Protocol yayiwukwakha indinganiso yomhlaba wonke. Nakuba lombono ubonise ukuthi ukukholelwa kokuqala akudingenzeki ukuba kube yisidala noma kube yisiphazamiso.

Ekugcineni, indlela ephumelela kakhulu yokucabanga nge-istst ezinkantolo zokufuduka yileyo evuma imingcele yokuhlola okungokomlando nesidingo sokuthobeka kokwahlulela. Ukwaziswa kokuqala kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngombhalo nangendlela ehlelwe ngayo imithetho yokufuduka, kodwa akunakuphendula yonke imibuzo ebuzwa yizindaba zanamuhla eziyinkimbinkimbi. Abahluleli abasebenzisa ukucabanga kokuqala kufanele benze kanjalo ngokucace kakhulu, baqaphele ukuthi umlando awucacile noma awuphelele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kumelwe bahlale beqaphela izigxobo zomuntu ezihilelekile kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo wejajidiary ukuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, ikakhulukazi lawo angewona angenasisulu.

Impikiswano ngokucabanga kokuqala ngomthetho wokufuduka ayixazululwanga. Njengoba izinselele ezintsha zivela cishe ukuhlangana kokufuduka nokulondeka kwesizwe, ucingo, nokuthatheka kwesimo sezulu (indima yokuthatha indawo) izoqhubeka iguqula. Ochwepheshe, izazi, nabenzi bezimiso kumelwe bahileleke kulendlela yokusebenza ngokunemba, beqinisekisa ukuthi ifeza iziphelo zobulungisa kunokuba inamathele ngokuqinile esikhathini sangaphambili. Ngokwenza kanjalo, bangakha i-jurispradentium ehlobana nesisekelo sokuqala somthetho womthetho lapho behlangabezana nezidingo eziphuthumayo zezwe elinamandla.