Isingeniso

Izinkantolo eziphethe zinikeza indlela ekhethekile yokuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwabantu nezinhlangano zikahulumeni, zisebenza njengendlela efanayo nesimiso sokwahlulela esingokwesiko. Lezinkantolo zibalulekile ukuze zigcine amasheke asemandleni okulawula futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi izenzo zokuphatha zivumelana nezindinganiso ezingokomthetho. Ngokunikeza i-fourm enikezelwe ezindabeni zomthetho womphakathi, zisiza izakhamuzi ukuba zincintisane nezinqumo ezindabeni ezinjengokuhlinza, izinzuzo zezenhlalo, nokulawula ngaphandle kokukhungaza izikhungo zenkantolo ezivamile. Lesihloko sihlola umsebenzi, izinhlelo, inqubo, nokushintsha kwembulunga yonke yezinkantolo zokuphatha, kuqokomisa indima yazo ekusekeleni umthetho namalungelo abantu ngabanye.

Ziyini Izinkantolo Eziphathayo?

Izinkantolo zezomthetho noma zezezomthetho ziyizinkantolo zokwahlulela noma zezezomthetho ezidalelwe ngokukhethekile ukuhlanganisa izimpikiswano ezibangelwa yizinqumo nezenzo zezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Ngokungafani nezinkantolo zezembubhiso noma zomthetho, zigxila kuphela ezindabeni zomphakathi, zihlola ukuthi izenzo zokuphatha zingokomthetho yini, zisemthethweni, futhi ngaphakathi kwegunya elinikezwa inxusa. Lezi zinkantolo zingaba ingxenye yegatsha eliphethe (njengasezingeni eliphezulu laseYurophu) noma zihlanganiswe ezinkantolo zejaji (njengakwezinye izimiso zomthetho ezivamile). Izikhulu zazo zihlanganisa izindawo ezinjengentela, ukufuduka, ukulondeka, ukulondeka komphakathi, izimvume zokuphatha indawo ezungezile, nokuthola imvume yomphakathi.

Umqondo wokulawula usukela emuva enkathini kaNapoleon eFrance, lapho i-Coneil d'État yasungulwa ukuxazulula izimpikiswano ngokuphathelene nokuphatha kukahulumeni. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amazwe amaningi athatha izinguquko zalesibonelo, adala izindikimba ezikhethekile ukuze abhekane yinkimbinkimbi eyandayo yemithetho kahulumeni.

Injongo Nokubaluleka Kwezinkantolo Zokuphatha

Umsebenzi oyinhloko wezinkantolo zokuphatha ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni zihlala zingokomthetho, zinengqondo, futhi zihlonipha amalungelo ezakhamuzi. Zifeza izinjongo eziningi:

  • [ Ukubukeza okungokwesiko kwesenzo sokuphatha: Bavumela abantu ukuba baphikise izinqumo ezinjengokuphikwa kwezinzuzo, ukuncishwa kwelayisense, noma izenzo zokuphoqelela.
  • ukukhokha ne-ucace: Ngokunikeza izinqumo zokuphatha ngokuzihlola, lezi zinkantolo zithuthukisa ukubusa okuhle futhi zinqande imikhuba ewubushiqela.
  • amakhono ahlukene: Abahluleli kulazi zinkantolo banolwazi olujulile lomthetho wokuphatha, obenza bakwazi ukusingatha izindaba zokuqondisa eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokuphumelelayo.
  • [ Ukwenzeka nokutholakala: Izinhlelo ngokuvamile azikho ngokomthetho njengezinkantolo ezingokwesiko, zinciphisa izindleko futhi zisheshisa isinqumo sezakhamuzi ezivamile.
  • [[QUT:0] Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye:[ Basebenza njengesivikelo ekuphathweni uhulumeni, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho izinhlangano zisebenzisa khona ukuqonda okukhulu.

Izinkantolo eziphethe zinendima ebalulekile futhi ekulondolozeni ukwahlukana kwemibuso ngokunikeza i - acket on the transmittee, ngaleyondlela ziqinisa ukubusa komthetho.

Izinhlobo Zamacala Asingathwa Izinkantolo Eziphethe

Icala lenkantolo yokuphatha libanzi, lihlanganisa cishe zonke izici lapho uhulumeni esebenzelana khona nezakhamuzi. Izigaba ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Ukulondeka kobungane nezinzuzo zenhlalakahle: Ukuxabana ngokulinganayo, ukubala izinzuzo, noma ukuqeda usizo.
  • [[[Umthetho:0] Izinqumo nezijeziso: izinselele zentela, amakhandi, nemali yentela ebekwe iziphathimandla zemali.
  • Izwe elisetshenziswayo nezindawo: Izicelo ezimelene nezinqumo zokuhlela zendawo, imvume yokwakha, kanye nokuvinjelwa kwendawo ezungezile.
  • Ukuhlanganisa nokuqondisa okungochwepheshe: Ukuphikisana mayelana nokwehla, ukususa, noma ukuchithwa kwelayisense yamabhizinisi, abashayeli, noma ochwepheshe.
  • Ukufuduka nesikhoselo: Izinqumo zezinhlelo zevisa, iziyalezo zokuxoshwa, kanye nezinqumo zesimo sababaleki.
  • [ Izimiso zezempilo zomphakathi nezomphakathi: iziyalezo ze-Picence, ukungcola kuvumela, futhi kuqikelelwa izenzo zezinhlangano zendawo ezungezile.
  • [ Ukuthola i-Public nezivumelwano: izinselele zokulawula izinqubo, imiklomelo, noma ukunqanyulwa kwezivumelwano zikahulumeni.
  • Ukufundiswa nezindlu: Kunezinsiza-mthola-lwazi, izikole, noma indawo yomphakathi.

Lokhu kulawula okubanzi kubonisa ukuthi imibuso yanamuhla ifinyelela kakhulu futhi kunesidingo sokuzinqumela okukhethekile.

Izakhiwo Zezinkantolo Eziphethe

Isimiso sokuhlela sezinkantolo zokuphatha siyahlukahluka kakhulu ezimisweni zomthetho.

Isimiso Sokwakha Izinyawo (IYurophu Engasaziwa)

Emazweni anjengeFrance, iJalimane, ne-Italy, izinkantolo zokuphatha zakha isimiso sobucukubhede obuhlukile ezinkantolo ezivamile zomphakathi nezezigebengu. Ezingeni eliphansi kakhulu, izinkantolo zokuphatha zendawo zizwa amacala okuqala. izinkantolo zesifunda [[FLT] zihlola izinqumo, futhi [FLT:] inkantolo yezombuso [[FLT]] ephethe [ (njenge-Conseil dÉtat''' e-Exettes to i-German Bangesrich) zisebenza njengendlela yokugcina yokuhlola umthetho. Lesimiso sivumela ukuvalwa okukhethekile komthetho nokunikeza ukuchazwa okujikelezayo.

Isimiso Esisodwa (Amazwe Omthetho Omshoshane)

E-United States, eUnited Kingdom, namazwe amaningi avamile, ukufushaniswa kwemithetho kuvame ukusingathwa phakathi kwejaji elivamile ngezinkantolo ezikhethekile noma ngokuhlola kokwahlulela. Izindikimba ezizinikezele njenge-UK’s First-tier Tribunal (ingxenye yeHCourts & Tribunals Service) zisingatha inqwaba yamacala, kuyilapho izinkantolo eziphakeme zihlola izinqumo zenkantolo. E-US, amajaji ezomthetho wokuphatha (ALJ) aqashwe yizinhlangano zikahulumeni ekuqaleni anquma izimpikiswano, kodwa izinqumo zazo zingadluliswa endulweni yezenhlangano futhi ekugcineni ezinkantolo zikahulumeni.

Amazwe amaningi futhi anezinkantolo ze- ezingase zizwe amacala ahilela amalungelo ayisisekelo, agcwele ukuphatha.

Izindlela Ezingokomthetho Ezinkantolo Eziphethe

Izinqubo zenkantolo eziphethe ziklanyelwe ukulinganisela impumelelo nokulunga. Izici eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Izindaba ezibanzi: Izindaba eziningi ziqala ngokuzithoba okubhaliwe, lapho amaqembu enikeza khona izimpikiswano zawo nobufakazi ngaphandle kokuzwa ngomlomo, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni ezingagwegwesi.
  • Igunya lemithetho engokomthetho yobufakazi: Izinkantolo eziphethe ngokuvamile zamukela uchungechunge olubanzi lobufakazi kunezinkantolo ezingokwesiko, kuhlanganise nemibiko, ama-affidavit, nemibono engochwepheshe.
  • Empshasis emabhukwini:[ Irekhodi lokuphatha] amabhukwana inxusa eliwacabangelayo lapho lenza isinqumo salo"siphakathi ukubukeza. Izinkantolo zicabangela kuphela ubufakazi obusha ezimweni ezingavamile.
  • [[[Umthetho:0] Imithetho ephawuliwe: ivame ukumisa imikhawulo eqinile yemikhawulo yokufaka izikhalo nokufaka inkantolo imvume yokukhipha isinqumo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isinqumo sifike ngesikhathi.
  • [ Impikiswano nesinqumo sempikiswano esihlukile: izinkantolo eziningi zokuphatha zikhuthaza amaqembu ukuba ahlale ngemihlangano noma ngemidanti phambi kwecala elingokomthetho.
  • I-birden yobufakazi: kuye ngokwezwe, umthwalo ungashintsha phakathi komphathi nenxusa. Ngokuvamile i-sethi kumelwe ithethelele isinqumo sayo ngokusekelwe erekhodini.

Naphezu kwalezi zinqubo ezilandelanayo, ngokuvamile amaqembu anelungelo lokudlulisela izinqumo ezimbi ezinkantolo eziphakeme zokuqondisa noma enkantolo evamile ephethe amaphuzu omthetho.

Izinzuzo Nezinzuzo Zezinkantolo Eziphethe

Izinkantolo zezombuso zinikeza izinzuzo eziningana ezihlukile kunezindaba ezingokwesiko:

  • [ Exppect:[ Abahluleli namalungu enkantolo asebenzelana kakhulu nezindawo ezithile ezinjengentela, inhlalakahle yezenhlalo, noma ukufuduka, okuholela ezinqumweni ezithe xaxa.
  • Imiphumela:[ Izindleko eziphansi zokufaka ifashoni, izinqubo ezilula, kanye nokuzwa okufushane kunganciphisa kakhulu umthwalo wezimali kumali ezikhangiswayo uma kuqhathaniswa nezenzo zenkantolo yomphakathi.
  • Ijubane :[ Izinkantolo eziningi zokuphatha zixazulula amacala phakathi nezinyanga kuneminyaka, zinikeza usizo olusheshayo ezakhamuzini ezithintelwe izinqumo zikahulumeni.
  • Unikezelo: Izikhombisi ezizimeleyo ngokuvamile zikuthola kulula ukusebenzisa izinkantolo zokuqondisa ngenxa yokuvumelana komthetho kanye nokutholakala kwezinhlobo ezilula.
  • [ Ukuguquka: Indawo esabekayo ekhuthaza abantu ukuba banikeze amacala abo ngaphandle kwesidingo seseluleko esingokomthetho.
  • [[[NT:0] Ukukwazi ukumelana namakhambi: Izinkantolo eziphethe zingaqeda izinqumo kuphela kodwa futhi zingenza ukuba izinhlangano zikhiphe izinqumo ezithile, zikhokhe umonakalo, noma zithathe isinyathelo sokulungisa.

Izinselele Nokugxeka

Naphezu kwezinzuzo zazo, izinkantolo zokuqondisa zibhekene nezinselele eziphawulekayo:

  • [ Imithombo eqinile: Imithwalo ephezulu nokungathandeki kungaholela ekubambezeleni, kunciphiseni isithembiso sobulungisa obusheshayo.
  • Ukubonakala kobandlululo:[ Kwezinye izimiso lapho abahluleli bemiswa khona umqondisi, ukukhathazeka ngokuzimela kungase kuvele, ikakhulukazi ezicabeni ezibucayi kwezombangazwe.
  • Ukulingana komfanekiso: Izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezithola imithombo yazo zivame ukuba namaqembu angokomthetho, kuyilapho abantu abaningi bengenakho ukufinyelela iseluleko esingabizi, okubangela ukungalingani.
  • [ Ukulandela umthetho: Umthamo omkhulu wemithetho kanye nobuchwepheshe bezingxabano eziningi kungenza kube nzima ngezakhamuzi ezivamile ukuba zibe nezindaba eziphumelelayo.
  • Izinga elimisiwe lokubukeza: Ezinye izinkantolo zokuphatha zihlehlisa kakhulu ulwazi lwezinhlangano, kuphela ukugumbuqela izinqumo eziyi "ezingenangqondo" ezingawavikela njalo amalungelo omuntu ngamunye.
  • Impikiswano:[ emaphandleni noma ezindaweni ezikude kungase kungabi nezinkantolo zokuphatha zendawo, kuphoqelelwe amaqembu ukuba ahambe amabanga amade ukuze athole amacala.

Izinguquko eziqhubekayo zihloselwe ukusingatha lokhu kushiyeka ngokusebenzisa imishini, ukusekela okwengeziwe ama - litudian azimele, nokuqeqeshelwa kangcono abafiki.

Indlela Izinkantolo Zokuphatha Ezihluke Ngayo Ezinkantolo Ezingokwesiko

Nakuba zombili lezi zikhungo zixazulula izingxabano, ukungezwani okuningana okuyinhloko kwenza izinkantolo zombuso zahluka:

  • Indaba yesihloko: Izinkantolo eziphethe zisingatha kuphela izimpikiswano zomthetho womphakathi, kanti izinkantolo zamasiko zihlanganisa umthetho womuntu siqu (izintambo zomthetho, amatoyi) nomthetho wobugebengu.
  • Isigaba esisodwa:[ Iqembu elilodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi liyinxusa likahulumeni noma indikimba yomphakathi ezicaleni zokuphatha.
  • Izilinganiso zokubukeza:[ Izinkantolo eziphethe ngokuvamile zihlola ukufaneleka nokuqonda kwesinqumo senhlangano, hhayi izinzuzo zamaqiniso ayisisekelo, nakuba ezinye izimiso zivumela ukubukezwa okugcwele.
  • Imithetho:[[FLT:] Izinkantolo eziphethe zingasusa izinqumo, ziyale inxusa ukuba liphinde lithathe isinyathelo, kanti izinkantolo zomphakathi zijezisa umonakalo noma imiyalo.
  • [ Umthetho ongokomthetho:[ Imicimbi yokuphatha ayivamile futhi ayiyona eyobukhankasi obungokomthetho, futhi abahluleli benza indima esebenzayo ekuqoqeni ubufakazi.
  • [[[Umthetho:0] Izehluleli: Abaqondisi ngokuvamile banokuqeqeshwa okukhethekile emthethweni nasemithethweni yomphakathi, ngokungafani namajaji aphethe.

Lokhu kuhlukanisa kubonisa imigomo yesimiso ehlukile: ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inhlangano ilandisa kuyilapho ilondoloza ukuphumelela kokuqondisa.

Indima YabaHluleli Abaphethe

Abahluleli abaphethe (noma amalungu enkantolo) badinga ukuhlanganiswa okuyingqayizivele kwamakhono. Kumelwe baqonde umthetho ongaphansi we-athonsi wendawo ye-athom, babe nekhono lokuhlola amarekhodi okuphatha, futhi ngokuvamile baphathe amacala avela ekumaleni okuzisebenzela, ukuqulisa. Ezimisweni eziningi, abahluleli bayizisebenzi ezisebenzayo ezisebenza iminyaka eminingi embusweni womphakathi, kuyilapho kwabanye benamakhono amisiwe ukuba abameli abamisiwe. Ukuzimela kwabo kuvikelwa ngemithetho egciniwe, kodwa basebenza phakathi kwesimiso se-hearchistracylestellaste sy. isigaba sokuphatha ngokwezikhundla kwabantu sikhulu; kumelwe balinganisele isithakazelo esiphezulu mayelana nelungelo lomphakathi ngaphandle kokuzinkhetha.

Izimiso Eziphawulekayo Zenkantolo Ephathayo Emhlabeni Wonke

IFrance: IConseil d'État

I-France’s i-Conseil d'État iyinkantolo ephethe kakhulu, isebenza njengendikimba yokugcina ye-applate ne-dvisor kuhulumeni. Yaqala ngo-1799 futhi yathonya izikhundla zemithetho yesizwe eziningi. Isimiso siphawulwe kakhulu, nezinkantolo eziphansi zokuphatha (i-administratif) nezinkantolo ze-appel (izikhulu ze-dmouse d'appel) nokuphatha izinkantolo ezinkulu. I-Conseil dÉtat's umsebenzi ombaxambili njengenkantolo ne-mthetho uqobo iyingqayizivele; ibuke umthetho ongokomthetho ngaphambi kokumiswa. [FOLT] [2]

IJalimane: INkantolo Ephethe Ngezikhundla Ezizimele

[[NTL:0] I-Bundesferwaltswedget [Inkantolo ye-Federal Administrative Court] iyinkantolo ephakeme kakhulu yomthetho wokuphatha eJalimane. Izwa izikhalo zomthetho ezivela ezinkantolo eziphakeme zokuphatha (Orverwaltsidgerichte) futhi iqinisekisa ukufana kwencazelo yomthetho we-othority. Isimiso saseJalimane siphawulwa ngokugcizelela okunamandla ekuvikeleni amalungelo angokomthetho, ngemfundiso ethuthukisiwe kakhulu yezimiso zokulinganisa.

E - United States: AbaHluleli BoMthetho Abaphethe NeSiphakamiso III

I-United States isebenzisa i-product eyimifantu. Izinhlangano ze-Federal zisebenzisa amajaji alawulayo (ALJ) ukuze ziphathe izindaba ezinjengamagalelo okhuseleko lwe-Social Security, ukuphulwa kwezabelo, nokufuduka. Izinqumo zazo zingadluliswa ngaphakathi kwe-authoration futhi zidluliselwe ezinkantolo zikahulumeni ngaphansi kwe-Administrative Proceduture Act. I-US futhi inezinkantolo ezikhethekile ezinjengeNkantolo yeSikhundla sezente kanye neNkanto ye-Federal Aincents. Nakuba i-ALJs izimele ngemithetho, ikhathalela ithonya lezikhulu enkampanezelo yezinhlangano ziyaqhubeka. Ukufunda nge-Administratence of the United States [FLC]

Izinguquko Nemikhuba Yamuva Ekulungeni Kwezomthetho

Izimiso zenkantolo eziphethe zizama ukubhekana nezinselele zanamuhla. Isihluthulelo sihlanganisa:

  • Ushintsho lwezigebengu: Izinkantolo eziningi manje zithatha i-pastlectal, zigcine amacala, futhi zisebenzise izimiso zokuphatha amacala ukuze zinciphise izilinganiso ezingemva. i-Online Regate consol abashayeli be-gamentimes baya benziwa kakhulu ekufuneni isilinganiso esiphansi.
  • Impikiswano e-avertive coption (ADR): ukuhlolwa kokuqala nokungathathi hlangothi kuyasetshenziswa kakhulu ukuxazulula izindaba ngaphandle kokuzwa ngokugcwele, ukugcina isikhathi nezindleko.
  • Ukubekwa ngokomthetho: Amagumbi amasha akhethekile asungulelwa izindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi njengokulawula ukunakekelwa kwempilo, ukuvikela kokwaziswa, nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
  • [ Ukufinyelela ekwahluleleni: Uhlelo lokunikeza iseluleko somthetho ngokukhululekile, isiqondiso solimi olucacile, kanye "nomfanekiso ocacile" amasu ahlose ukuhlobisa inkundla yokudlala izithakathi ezingadlulisiwe.
  • Izinguquko ezingokwesisho: Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zadambisa izimfuneko eziqinile zokuma futhi zamisa izenzo zabameleli (izenzo zekilasi) ukuze kuvunyelwe amaqembu ukuba abeke inselele yezinqumo zokuphatha.
  • Izilinganiso zokukhokha izimali:[ Izindawo zomsebenzi, imibiko yokubala, kanye nezindikimba zangaphandle zongamele zisiza ukulondoloza ukuthembela komphakathi ezinkantolo zokuphatha.

Lezi zinguquko zilwela ukulinganisela isidingo sokuvumelana okuphumelelayo nezimiso eziyisisekelo zokungakhethi nokuzihlola okuzimele.

Isiphetho

Izinkantolo eziphethe zinezimo ezibucayi ezindaweni ezingokomthetho zanamuhla, zinikeza indlela ekhethekile yokuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwezakhamuzi nombuso. Ngokunikeza uchwepheshe, ukufinyelelwa, nobulungisa ngesikhathi, zisekela umthetho futhi zivikela abantu ekuthatheni isinyathelo sikahulumeni ngokungenazimiso. Nakuba izinselele ezinjengokuvinjelwa kwemicebo nokungaqondisi, izinguquko eziqhubekayo nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ziyaqhubeka ziqinisa indima yazo. Njengoba imithetho kahulumeni ikhula ngobunkimbinkimbinkimbi, umsebenzi wezinkantolo zokuphatha njengabagcini besimiso somthetho ubaluleke kakhulu. Ukuqonda izinhlelo zabo, izinqubo, nokubeka phakathi kwezimiso ezingokomthetho ezihlukene kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohamba obala noma ofuna ukubheka uhulumeni njengonecala.