Iyini Isimiso Sobunyoninco?

Izimiso ze-Electoral ziyimithetho enquma indlela amavoti ezakhamuzi ahunyushelwa ngayo ezihlalweni esigqeni sombuso noma ehhovisi eliphethe. Zichaza yonke into kusukela endleleni amavoti aklanyelwe ngayo ukubala namavoti nendlela abanqobile abakhethwa ngayo. Nakuba abaqondisi bengase babonakale bengochwepheshe, ukukhetha kwesimiso sokhetho kunemiphumela enzima yokumelelwa kwezombangazwe, ukuqina kukahulumeni, ukuziphatha kovoti, nempilo yonke yentando yeningi.

Ekujuleni kwayo, isimiso sokhetho siphendula imibuzo emithathu eyisisekelo: ubani ongavota, amavoti ashintshwa kanjani, futhi amavoti ashintshwa kanjani ukuba abe amandla? Izimpendulo zihluka kakhulu emazweni, ziveza izimo ezingokomlando ezihlukene, izindinganiso zempucuko, nemigomo yezombangazwe. Ukuqonda lezizimiso akubalulekile kososayensi bezombangazwe kuphela kodwa futhi nakubafundisi nabafundi abafuna ukuqonda ukuthi kungani ezinye imibuso yentando yeningi iveza izimiso ezimbili ezihlukene kuyilapho ezinye zisungula imifelandawo ehlukene, kungani ezinye izikhungo zokhetho ziphumela ekunqobeni kwezwe nezinye iziphakamende, futhi kungani umvoti wevoti engahluka kakhulu kwesizwe ngasinye kwesinye.

Ukuthuthuka Okungokomlando Kwezimiso Zokwethaba

Umsuka wezimiso zokhetho zanamuhla ukhona ngekhulu le-18 nele-19, ngokwesibonelo, njengoba izinhloso zentando yeningi zasakazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu naseMelika. Izimiso zakuqala zazivame ukuba izindlela ezilula zobuningi, lapho umvoti ayewina khona. Isimiso sokuqala se-Past-The Pst (FPTP), ngokwesibonelo, saqala ukuvela ngohlobo olungokwemvelo kukhetho lwenkathi ephakathi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abashisekeli benguquko baqala ukungabaza ukuthi izimiso ezinjalo zazimelela kahle yini intando yabantu, ikakhulukazi njengoba i-United Kingdom’s Kingdom yandisa ihlanganisa nomphakathi omkhulu nonhlobo oluhlukahlukene.

Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 leminyaka, ongqondongqondo eYurophu nakwezinye izindawo baqala ukuveza izinhlelo ezilinganayo (PR). Isazi sezibalo sase-Belgium uVictor D’Hondt sasungula indlela yokuhlanganisa izihlalo ngokwesilinganiso, futhi amazwe anjengeBelgium, iFinland, neSwitzerland athola i-PR ekuqaleni konyaka ka-1900. Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, amazwe amaningi asanda kuzenzela ngokwahlukana namazwe aqala kabusha ekuxazululweni kwempi ezama izimiso ze-PRC, ahlanganisa izisekeli ze-public ne-parality. Namuhla, angaphezu kwengxenye ye-democracyism isebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lokulinganisa isilinganiso, kuyilapho amanye egcina izimiso ezinkulu noma ezixube. [AFLD]

Izingxenye eziyinhloko zezimiso ze-Electoral

Ngaphambi kokuba ungene ezinhlotsheni ezithile zesimiso, kubalulekile ukuqonda izitini zokwakha ezichaza noma isiphi isimiso sokhetho. Lezi zingxenye zithinta indlela amavoti ahlukaniswa ngayo nokuthi imiphumela injani.

Isilinganiso Sesigodi

Ubungako besifunda bubhekisela enanini labameleli abakhethwe esifundeni esisodwa esikhethiweyo. Izigodi (SMD) eziyisitho esisodwa zikhetha ummeleli oyedwa kuphela, kuyilapho izigodi (MD) ezinamalungu amaningi zikhetha ezimbili noma ngaphezulu. Ubukhulu besifunda sesigodi bunethonya elinamandla ekulinganiseni: izifunda ezinkulu zithambekele ekuvezeni imiphumela elinganayo ngoba zivumela amaqembu amancane ukuba azuze izihlalo ngengxenye encane yevoti.

Izikhala Ezingenayo

Izimiso eziningi ezilinganisayo zibeka isilinganiso esincane kakhulu sevoti okumelwe ifinyelelwe umkhakha ukuze uzuze noma yisiphi isikhundla. Lomnyango, ngokuvamile obekwe phakathi kwesithathu nesihlanu%, uklanyelwe ukuvimbela amaqembu amancane kakhulu noma anamandla ukungena ephalamende. Nokho, ungakhipha namazwi amancane angokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, umnyango waseJalimane ka-5% uye waphikiswana amashumi amaningi eminyaka. I-ACE Electoral Known's'te [ inikeza izincazelo eziningiliziwe zemikhawulo nemiphumezo yawo.

Isakhiwo sebhola

Indlela abavoti abazwakalisa ngayo ukukhetha kwabo ebhokisini lokuvota bangahlukahluka: amabhola angenaphutha avumela ukukhetha okukodwa (kuyombhalisa noma kweqembu), kuyilapho amavoti angenamthetho evumela abavoti ukuba bahlele abazokhetha ngokuthanda. Isakhiwo sebhola lomculo sithinta ngokuqondile ukuthi abavoti bangasekela yini amaqembu amaningi noma imigqa yemigqa yeqembu.

I - altationt AltawationFormula

Uma amavoti esebaliwe, uhlelo lwezibalo lunquma ukuthi zingaki izihlalo ezithathwa yiqembu ngalinye. Izindlela ezivamile zihlanganisa indlela ye-D’Hondt (esetshenziswa emazweni amaningi aseYurophu), indlela yeSainte-Laguë (esetshenziswa eNew Zealand nakwamanye amazwe aseScandinavia), kanye ne-Hare readquation. I-gasmenti ngalinye linemibono ehlukene: I-D’Hondt ithanda izigaba ezinkulu, kanti iSainte-Laguë iyi-eparce.

Izinhlobo zezimiso ze-Electoral: Ekuhlaziyweni kwe-Depth

Isihloko sokuqala sabala izimiso ezihlanganisa izingxenye, ezihlanganisayo nezixubene.

Izimiso Ezinkulu

Izimiso zezikhundla zabaphathi zakhiwe ngokwesimiso sokuthi ovota noma umncintiswano othola ukuphumelela okukhulu. Zivame ukusetshenziswa emazweni anesiko likahulumeni oyingxenye eyodwa futhi zihlobene eduze nesibonelo saseWestminster.

Isiqalo-Past-The Post (FPTP)

I-FPTP iyisimiso esilula kakhulu sokuphatha i-kapitali. Umbhalisa onenani eliphakeme kakhulu lamavoti esifundeni esisodwa uwina isihlalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi unabo yini abaningi. Lesi simiso sivame ukuveza ukuxhumana okunamandla phakathi kwama-accompants nommeleli wawo, kodwa futhi kungaholela ekuphumeleni okukhulu kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2015 ukhetho lwe-UK oluphezulu, i-Conservative Party yawina 37% wevota kodwa yabamba 51% wezihlalo, kuyilapho i-UK Indevision Par yamukela i-12,6% yevoti yesihlalo kodwa isihlalo esisodwa kuphela. Le “win’sner’s proceright" iyisikhombisi se FTPP. Abagxeki abaphikisayo ukuthi i-PP izizwa i-part-votation-sssssss.

Uhlelo lwezintambo ezimbili (i-Roft)

Isetshenziswa eFrance, eBrazil, futhi nokhetho oluningi lukamongameli, isimiso esingunxantathu sidinga ukuba umbhalisa afinyelele inani eliphelele (ngaphezu kuka-50%) ukuze aphumelele emzuzwaneni wokuqala. Uma kungekho mjikelezo wesibili uphakathi kwabathathi-mgomo ababili abaphezulu noma ngaphezulu. Lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuthi umnqobi ophumelele ekugcineni usekelwa kakhulu, kodwa kungabiza kakhulu futhi kungavimba ukuphuma emzuzwaneni wesibili uma uvoti benomuzwa wokuthi i-mgomo wabo abathandayo akasasebenzi.

Okunye okungasetshenziswayo

Kuvota okuhlukile, abavoti abavoti basebenzisa izigaba zabo ngokuthanda. Uma kungekho mvoti othola ingxenye enkulu yamavoti okuqala athathelwe indawo, othatha indawo yokugcina ususwa, futhi amavoti abo adluliselwa kwenye indlela. Lenqubo iyaqhubeka kuze kube yilapho ozovota efinyelela iningi. I-Australia isebenzisa lesi simiso endlini yayo ephansi. Ikhuthaza abazocela ukudlulisa isibheno futhi inciphise isidingo sokuvota okusemthethweni. Ezinye izikhundla ze-onta eUnited States, njenge-Maine ne-Alaska, ziye zamukela ukuvota okusemthethweni kokuvota kokhetho abathile.

Izimiso Zokumelela

Izinhlelo zepropotigal zihloselwe ukulingana nesilinganiso sezihlalo ezitholwa yiqembu elitholayo. Izimiso zePR zivamile ezwekazini leYurophu, iLatin America, kanye nemibuso emisha yentando yeningi.

Uhlu lweqembu PR

Ezimisweni zoluhlu lweqembu, abavoti bevotelwa, futhi izihlalo zamukela izihlalo ezilingana nesabelo sabo. Amadili abese egcwalisa lezo zihlalo ohlwini olunezigaba. Kukhona izigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko: ezivaliweyo (lapho iqembu linquma uhlelo) futhi livule uhlu (lapho abavoti bangabonisa khona okuthandwa yisintu ngabanye abazocela). Izinhlu ezivaliweyo zinikeza abaholi beqembu ukulawula ngokwengeziwe, kuyilapho zinikeza ithonya eliqondile phezu kwalabo abavotiwe. Izindlela zeqembu zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwaba izihlalo ezivamile. Izindawo ezinjenge-Israelrael ne-Netherlands zisebenzisa isifunda esisodwa esinenomnyango ophansi kakhulu, eziphumela ezindaweni ezihlukene kakhulu, ezinjenge-Spain, kanye ne-Portugal, izifunda ezinciphisa izinga lesifunda kodwa ezilondoloza izinga lesifunda.

Umsindo owodwa odluliswayo (STV)

I-STV iyisimiso sokuvota esithandwayo esisetshenziswa ezifundeni eziningi. Abavoti banezigaba ezilandelana. Abavoti abafinyelela isigaba samavoti bakhethwa, futhi amavoti asele adluliselwa kubabesele. i-STV iveza imiphumela elinganayo kakhulu kuyilapho ivumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe phakathi kwabavoti abavela eqenjini elifanayo noma emaqenjini ahlukene. Isetshenziswa e-Ireland, eMalta, nase-Australian Camplage. I-STV ivame ukukhuthaza ukuncintisana nesigaba futhi inikeza abavoti abakhethayo abaningi, kodwa inqubo yokubala iyinkimbinkimbi futhi ayibonakali kakhulu kuvotekile.

Izimiso Ezixubile

Izimiso ze-electoral ezixubene zihlanganisa izici zomfanekiso oyinhloko nophawu olulinganayo, okuhloselwe ukulinganisela amandla azo zombili. Izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zixubene nezingxenye (MMP) kanye nezixubeneyo (MMM).

I - member Proportigal (MMP) exutshiwe

E-MMP, abavoti bavotela amavoti amabili: omunye uvotelwa umbhalisa esifundeni sakubo (ngokuvamile unqunywe yi-FPTP) futhi omunye unqunywe yiqembu elithile. Izihlalo zohlu zabelwa ukukhokhela noma yiziphi izihlalo ezibangelwa yizihlalo zesigodi, beqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izihlalo zendlu yomthetho zihambisana neqembu ngalinye leqembu leqembu. IJalimane, iNew Zealand, neScotland zisebenzisa i-MMP. Nokho, lesimiso siveza imiphumela elinganayo uma silondoloza ukumelelwa kwendawo. Nokho, singaholela “izihlalo zokuhlala ezindabeni zesifunda eziningi uma iqembu liwina izihlalo zesifunda kunesabelo salo salo, futhi lingadinga iphalamende enkulu ukuze lihlalise izihlalo zokuhlala.

I-Member Majorian (MMM) exutshiwe

Ku-MMM (okubizwa nangokuthi ukuvota okuhambisanayo), izihlalo ezimbili zisebenza ngokuzimele. Izihlalo zesigodi ziklonyelwa i-FPTP, futhi izihlalo zohlu zinikezwa ngokwesilinganiso, kodwa izihlalo zohlu azilungile nganoma yikuphi ukuguquguquka kwemiphumela yesifunda. Lokhu kuvame ukuphumela emiphumeleni elinganiselwe kakhulu kune-MMP. i-Japane, i-South Korea (kuze kufike ku-2020), futhi i-Mexico isebenzisa izihlalo ze-MMM. Isimiso singabonisa umusa ezinhlangothini ezinkulu ngenxa yokuthi i-ficerve yesifunda iyazinika impompo, kuyilapho isavumela amaqembu amancane ukuba awine izihlalo ezithile.

Ukuqhathanisa Izimiso Zezokuhwebelana: Imishini Yezohwebo Nemiphumela

Asikho isimiso sokhetho esiphelele. Ngasinye sihlanganisa ukudayisa phakathi kwezindinganiso ezinjengokumelela, ukuzinza, ukulandisa, nokulula. Isihloko sokuqala saphawula ukuthi izimiso zezikhulu zivame ukuholela kohulumeni abaqinile kodwa zilinganise amaqembu amancane, kuyilapho i-PR ikhuthaza ukuhlukahluka kodwa ingaveza ukuhlukana. Sinweba kulokhu ngezilinganiso ezengeziwe.

Ukuqina Kukahulumeni Nokwakha Ubumbano

Izimiso zamakhulu zithambekele ekukhiqizeni ohulumeni abaningi abayingxenye eyodwa, abangakhipha umthetho ngokushesha futhi banikezwe isibopho sokulandisa ngabavoti. Ngokuphambene, izimiso ze-PR ngokuvamile zidinga ohulumeni abahlangene, abangazinzile uma amaqembu ebambisana kodwa futhi bengaholela ekuvulekeni uma ukuhlukana kwemibono kujulile. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Italy, yaba nezinguquko zikahulumeni ezivamile ngaphansi kwe-PR, eziholela ezinguqulweni ezasungula isimiso esixubile. Nokho, amazwe amaningi e-PR, njengase-Jalimane namazwe ase-Nordic, ajabulela ukubusa okuqinile okulawulwa ngemithetho emisiwe yokuhlehla.

Ukumelelwa Kwabesifazane Nabancane

Izimiso zeproportion ngokuvamile ziveza amaphalamende ahlukene kakhulu ngokobulili, ubuzwe, kanye nomqondo. Izifunda-miningi zivumela amaqembu ukuba avumele abesifazane noma abashayeli abambalwa ngaphandle kokubeka engozini yokulahlekelwa isihlalo eqenjini eliphethe. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi amazwe asebenzisa iPR athambekele ekubeni nophawu oluphezulu kakhulu lwabesifazane epalamente. Ngokwesibonelo, iRwanda, esebenzisa isimiso soluhlu oluvaliwe sePR esinezihlalo ezigciniwe, inesilinganiso esiphakeme kakhulu sabesifazane ephalameni. Ngokuphambene, izimiso zezikhulu zezindawo zingadala imingcele yokumelelwa kwabambalwa, ikakhulukazi uma izifunda zidwebengenwe amandla okuvota amancane. [[FLT:] [FLD] [FLD:] Abesifazane [FLD] .

Ukuzinikela Nokuhlanganyela

I-Votersup ithonywa yizici eziningi, kodwa isimiso somklamo wokhetho sifeza indima. Ucwaningo lusikisela ukuthi izimiso ze-PR zithambekele ekuphendukeleni kakhulu ngoba abavoti banomuzwa wokuthi amavoti azo angathiya umphumela, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziphephile lapho i-FPTPcovota ingase ihlale khona ekhaya. Nokho, ubuhlobo abuqondile; ukuvota okuphoqelelwe (njengase-Australia) kanye nokusondela kokhetho kuyizici eziyinhloko. Izimiso eziphambili zingaveza ukuvuleka okukhulu uma izinhlanga zincintisana, kodwa izihlalo eziningi zinqunywa ngemingcele emikhulu, i-vota, inciphisa izisusa.

Ukuhlola Izifo Emklamweni Wesimiso Se - Electoral

Njengoba sixoxa kakhulu ngocwaningo olufushane oluthathwe esihlokweni sokuqala, sinikeza ukuhlaziywa okujulile kwendlela izimiso zokukhetha ezisebenza ngayo emazweni amaningana.

I-United States: I-Past-the Post nemiphumela yayo

I-United States isebenzisa i-FPTP ukuze ikhethele iNdlu yabameli, kanye nesimiso sokuwina esithatha sonke e-Electoral College ukwenzela ukhetho lomongameli. Lesi simiso siye safaka isigaba sesigaba sesithathu esihlukene ngokulandelana, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu kumaqembu amathathu ukuba athole izihlalo. Ukhetho lukamongameli 2016 lwabona abathathi be-Greenland nase-Libertarian bazuza ngaphezu kwa 5% yevoti ethandwayo kodwa kungekho mavoti. Enkabeni yezindlu, i-gerrymandering kanye nokugcwala kwe-votiovsssss, isho ukuthi izifunda eziningi aziqhubi, ziholela ekubopheleleni izivumelwano eziphezulu zokuvota ezikhundleni. Imizamo yokungenisa i-vota ezingeni ezisemini ezithandwayo kwamanye amazwe nakwamanye amazwe (iGene).

IJalimane: I - mombeber Proportigation njengendlela Yokuhlehla

Isimiso sokhetho saseJalimane sivame ukuvezwa njengesibonelo sendlela yokuhlanganisa ukumelelwa kwendawo nokulingana. Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, ama-Almend aphikelela esimisweni esizovimbela ukubuya kukahulumeni we-demorital, futhi i-MMP yavela njengesehlisa phakathi kwe-FPTPP esemthethweni yaseBrithani nePR efunwa yi-Social Democrates. IziNguqulo zamuva zikhuluma ngenkinga yezihlalo ezimbili, futhi ukwabiwa kwezihlalo eBundestag kuklanywe ukuba kube nesilinganiso. Umnyango 5% ugcinele amaqembu angenamthetho alwayo, nakuba i-AfD ihlangene ne-Allemagline (AD) idlula ngo-201717, futhi manje iphethe izihlalo. Izinguquko zamuva ziye zakhuluma ngenkinga yezihlalo ze-hangrand ngokuhlanganisa izihlalo. Isimiso saseJalimane siye saveza ukuhlanganiswa kohulumeni (i-CDCC) eholile noma ukwaneliseka komphakathi.

INew Zealand: Kusukela kuyi - FPTP Kuya E - MMP

Ukushintsha kwe-New Zealand kusuka ku-FPP kuya ku-MMP ngo-1996 kuyisibonelo esivelele senguquko ye-votor eqhutshwa yi-MMP ethandwayo. Ngaphansi kwe-FPTPP, ngo-1978 nango 1981 kwabona ukhetho olubili lwe-Labour Party ephikisayo iwina amavoti engeziwe kunalawo eGunya Lesizwe kodwa izihlalo ezimbalwa. Ukukhungatheka komphakathi kwaholela eRoyal Commission nase-avendum ye-antenteum ngo-1993, lapho ushintsho oluguquliwe lwe-New Zealand: ohulumeni abaningi behlukene baba yivelakancane, futhi ohulumeni bebonke baba yinqaba. Ukumelelwa kwabesifazane noMāori kwanda ngokuphawulekayo. Nokho, uMMP yabangela ukugxekwa kwemifela phambili kwemifela-mfela-mfantu. U-2011 waphawula ukuthi i-votimentine-MMP.

Izimiso Zokuthutha Nokumelela Okuncane

Enye yezimpikiswano ezinkulu ezisemklamweni wezimiso zokukhetha ukuthi ingaqinisekisa kanjani ukuthi izinhlanga, ulimi, noma amahlelo amancane enkolo angakhetha abameleli bawo. Izimiso zezikhulu zingakhetha izigaba ezisakazekile ngokwezwe, kanti izimiso ze-PR zingazinikeza izwi uma zizenza izigaba zazo noma uma umnyango uphansi. Amanye amazwe athatha izinyathelo eziqondile ezinjengezihlalo ezigciniwe (umz., iPakistan yamaKristu namaHindu), imiqulu ehlukene (umz., iNew Zealand for Māori), noma izimiso ezixubile ezinezime ze-orensi (umz. i-Lebanon). Intando yesimiso sokukhetha ingasiza ukuthula ngokuhlanganisa nezingasese (umk.) ngokuzimpikiswana. Izincwadi ezisebusweni ze-Plinconcode, njengendlela ehlelekile, i-Bosbonvoce, noma i-Bosley, i-chenekie, i-conome amathuluzi abonisa indlela ekhethekile yokulungisa.

Izinguquko Nezimpikiswano Zamuva

I-Electoral program inguquko yesimiso sezokulawula idemokrasi ekhona. ECanada, izifunda-funda eziningi ziye zaba nama-astendium ekushintsheleni e-PR noma ekuvoteni okusemthethweni, nakuba kungekho nanye eye yaphumelela kuze kube manje. i-United Kingdom iye yazama ukuthatha i-Aparective Vote yokhetho lwendawo futhi iye yacabangela iPR yeNdlu yeNdlu yombuso. E-United States, izinhlangano eziningi ezifana ne-Fairvote esekela ukuvota okuphezulu njengendlela yokunciphisa ukuguqulwa kwezindawo ezingaphandle nokukhuthaza abamele ukuthatha i-PR ngokulinganisela. Okwamanje, amazwe anjenge-Hungary aye ahamba ngecala elimelene ne-kunye, amukela isimiso esixubile esisekela kakhulu iqembu elibusayo elibusayo eliphethe i-germermering. [5]

Isiphetho: Isizathu Sokuba Ukuqonda Izimiso Zobuchwepheshe Kubaluleke

Izimiso ze-Electoral azizona nje izinqubo zobuchwepheshe; zibumba isimo sezombangazwe lapho izakhamuzi zihlanganyela khona. Zithonya labo abakhethwayo, indlela ezihlelwe ngayo, indlela ezihlelwa ngayo, nokuthi abavoti bazizwa ngayo amazwi abo. Kubafundisi nabafundi, ukutadisha izimiso ze-votoral kunikeza ifasitela indlela izindinganiso eziphikisana ngayo ne-democraticism: ukulinganisela kophawu olulandelanayo. Ukuziphendulela kwabantu bendawo. Ukulinganisela, ukuvumelana nezindlela zobulula. Ubuhlakani. Izakhamuzi zingakhetha ukuthi zibhekene kanjani izinselele ezinjengokwehla kwethemba ezinswe izinhlangano, ukuphakama kwe-populism, nesidingo sokuhlanganisa amaqembu ahlukene, umklamo wezimiso zokukhetha i-democrali ihlala iyithuluzi elibucayi lokulungisa idemocratic. Ngokuqonda izindlela zokukhetha nemiphumela yazo.