Ukulingana kuyisimiso esiyisisekelo esihlela izimiso zomthetho nezakhiwo zezenhlalo emhlabeni wonke. Asisona nje isici esicatshangelwayo kodwa siwuphawu olusebenzayo lobulungisa, isithunzi somuntu, nokubusa kwentando yeningi. Izimiso ezingokomthetho eziklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa inhloso yokulingana ukuze kuqedwe ubandlululo, amathuba amade, futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi bonke abantu bangahlanganyela ngokugcwele emphakathini. Nokho, ukuhunyushwa kokulingana kombhalo ongokomthetho ukuze baphile ngokoqobo kuyinkimbinkimbi, kugcwele ukubhekana nokungezwani kwezenhlalo, kwezombangazwe, namasiko. Lesi sihloko sihlola izimiso ezingokomthetho ezihlobisa ukulingana, zihlola incazelo yazo ezenhlalo, futhi sicabangela izinselele ezingapheliyo okumelwe zinqotshwe ukuze kwakhiwe izwe eliphelele ngempela.

Ukuqonda Ukulingana: Ubuciko Nendlela Engokoqobo Yokuphila

Ukuze kuhlaziywe izimiso zomthetho kanye nezici zezenhlalo, umuntu kumelwe aqale aqonde ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukulingana. Emgceni wayo, ukulingana kuyisimo sokulingana ngesikhundla, amalungelo, namathuba. Kodwa lencazelo ifihla izimpikiswano ezijulile zefilosofi. Imibono emibili eyinhloko ibusa izinkulumo ezingokomthetho nezezombangazwe: ukulingana okungokomthetho nokulingana okungalingani okungalingani.

Ukulingana okungalinganiyo kuvumelana nokuthi wonke umuntu kufanele aphathwe ngendlela efanayo ngaphansi komthetho, kungakhathaliseki isizinda sakhe. Lendlela ihlanganiswe emithethweni emelene nobandlululo enqabela ukuphathwa okuhlukile okusekelwe ngokohlanga, ubulili, inkolo, noma ezinye izici ezivikelweyo. Nokho abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukulingana okungokomthetho kungaqhubekisela phambili izinga elikhona ngenxa yokungalingani ngenxa yokungaboni okungokomlando. Ukuphatha umuntu ohloniphekile nomuntu owenziwe ngokwezingalingani kungaveza umphumela olungile.

Isilinganiso sokulingana siqhubekela phambili. Iyaqaphela ukuthi ukufinyelela ukulingana kweqiniso ngokuvamile kudinga ukwelashwa okuhlukene ekusingatheni imigoqo yezimiso. Izimiso zokusebenza eziqinile, izindawo zokuhlala ezifanele zokukhubazeka, nezinhlelo zezomnotho ezihloselweyo ziyizibonelo zokulingana okungalinganiyo okungaqondakali. Lendlela ivumelana nomqondo wendlela elinganayo. [[FLT]]]] [1]

Ukulingana kusebenza nasezindaweni eziningi:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukulingana kwemithetho [[QOM]: Isivikelo esilinganayo semithetho nokufinyelela ekulungeni.
  • Ukulingana [: ukuma okulinganayo ebuhlotsheni bomphakathi, ngaphandle kwesigaba, isigaba, noma isikhundla.
  • Ukulingana kwezomnotho: Ukwabiwa kahle kwemithombo namathuba, ukunciphisa izikhala zengcebo ezeqisayo.
  • ukulingana okungalinganiyo: Amalungelo alinganayo okuhlanganyela ekubuseni, ekuvoteni, nasesikhundleni.

Lezizilinganiso zihlobene. Ngaphandle kokulingana kwezombangazwe, izinguquko ezingokomthetho zingashintshwa; ngaphandle kokulingana kwezomnotho, ukulingana kwezenhlalo akunakwenzeka. Ukuhlanganiswa kwalemibuso kuyisici esiyinhloko ekulinganiseni komthetho wanamuhla.

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Engokomthetho Ekhuthaza Ukulingana

Izinqubo zomthetho zokulingana zikhona ezilinganisweni zesizwe, zesifunda, nezezizwe zonke, zihlanganisa imithetho-mthetho, imithetho, izivumelwano, nezinqumo zokwahlulela.

Imithetho Yesizwe

Izizwe emhlabeni wonke ziye zamisa umthetho wokulwa nobandlululo nokulingana okuthuthukisiwe.

  • United States: UMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1949 wenqabela ubandlululo ngesisekelo sohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma umsuka wezwe. Isihloko VII sikhuluma ngokukhetha umsebenzi; Isihloko VI sihlanganisa izinhlelo ezixhaswa nguhulumeni. Imithetho elandelayo enjenge-Melika enomthetho wokukhubazeka (1990) kanye ne-Fair Howater Act yandisa isivikelo.
  • I-United Kingdom: UMthetho we-Manity 2010 uhlanganisa futhi uqinise imithetho yangaphambili elwa nokuhlukana. Ivikela ekuphathweni ngokungafanele okusekelwe ezicini eziyisishiyagalolunye ezivikelwe(igeji, ukukhubazeka, ubulili, ukumiswa kabusha kwabobulili, umshado nokuhlangana komphakathi, ukukhulelwa nokubeletha, uhlanga, inkolo noma inkolelo, ubulili, kanye nokusabela kobulili.
  • Canada: I-Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982) iqinisekisa amalungelo okulingana ngaphansi kwesigaba 15, esiqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu uyalingana ngaphambi nangaphansi komthetho ngaphandle kokucwaswa. Izimiso zamalungelo abantu zezifunda zinikeza izinqubo ezengeziwe zokulungisa.
  • Indiya: UMthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya (1950) unqabela ubandlululo olusekelwe enkolweni, ezinhlangani, ezigabani, ebulilini, noma endaweni yokuzalelwa (i-Article 15) futhi uqinisekisa ukulingana kwethuba emsebenzini womphakathi (i-Article 16). Uhulumeni futhi usebenzisa isabelo (isenzo esiqinile) ukusingatha ukucwasa okungokomlando okusekelwe ekucalukeni kwesigaba.
  • I-Afrika yaseNingizimu: I-Post-apartheid, Ukukhuthaza Ukulingana nokuvimbela uMthetho wokuHlanganisa (2000) iveza ithonya elungelweni lomthetho-sisekelo lokulingana. Ihlasela ngokukhethekile ubuhlanga, ubulili, nezinye izinhlobo zobandlululo.

Izivumelwano Zamazwe Ngamazwe

Umthetho wezwe lonke unikeza uhlelo lwendawo yonke. Izivumelwano eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Isimemezelo esingavumelaniyo samalungelo abantu (UDHR, 1948)]: ISiphakamiso 1 sithi, “Bonke abantu bazalwa bekhululekile futhi belingana ngesithunzi namalungelo.” Nakuba bengabophanga ngokomthetho, iUDHR iye yathonya imithetho-mthetho-sisekelo yesizwe nezivumelwano ezilandelayo.
  • Isivumelwano sezizwe zonke samalungelo omphakathi nawobupolitiki (ICCPR, 1966): ISiphakamiso 26 siqinisekisa ukulingana phambi komthetho nesivikelo esilinganayo ngaphandle kokucwaswa.
  • Isivumelwano sezizwe zonke sobuzwe esiphathelene nezomnotho, iSocial and Cultural Rights (ICESCR, 1966): Ifuna amazwe ukuqinisekisa amalungelo alinganayo emfundo, impilo, umsebenzi, nesilinganiso esanele sokuphila.
  • Ukususa zonke izinhlobo zobandlululo lwezinhlanga (CERD, 1965): iObligens isho ukuqeda ubandlululo lobuhlanga kuzo zonke izinhlobo zalo.
  • Ukususa zonke izinhlobo zobandlululo kubesifazane (CEDAW, 1979): Ngokuvamile kuchazwa njengesivumelwano sezizwe zonke samalungelo abesifazane, ikhuluma ngobandlululo kwezombangazwe, kwezomnotho, kwezenhlalo, nakwezenhlalo.
  • Ukususa Amalungelo Abantu abakhubazekile (CRPD, 2006): kususa iparadigm kusukela kwezokwelapha kuya kwezenhlala-khona zokukhubazeka, igcizelela ukufakwa nokutholakala.

Lezi zivumelwano zenza izibopho ezibophayo zezifundazwe zokusayina, kodwa izimiso zokuphoqelela zihlala zibuthakathaka. Isimemezelo esingavumelaniyo samalungelo abantu kanye ICCR ishiye amabhukwana ezisekelo ayaqhubeka efaka umthetho wesizwe.

Izincazelo Zokwahlulela

Izinkantolo zinendima ebalulekile ekulolongeni umthetho olinganayo. Izincazelo zazo zingandisa noma zilinganise izinga lesivikelo. Amacala abonisa amandla okuhlola ukwahlulela:

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954): INkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. yathi ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kwaphula i-Expand Protected Claus Expandment of the 1450th Reformation. Lesi sinqumo sayiqeda “imfundiso ehlukene kodwa elinganayo” futhi savuselela umbutho wamalungelo omphakathi.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): INkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. yaqaphela umshado ofanayo-oxxwex njengelungelo lomthetho-sisekelo ngaphansi kwe-Curreate Programme ne-Uncil Provice Claus elinganayo, ilinganisa ngokomthetho ne LGBTQ+ imibhangqwana.
  • R v. Unobhala weZwe lomsebenzi nophawu (206): INkantolo ePhakeme ye-UK yahlola ukuthi iyabasiza yini izikepisi ezithinteka ngokungenakulinganiswa zabesifazane, isebenzisa ukuhlolwa okuncane kokulingana ukuze ihlole ukungaqondi.
  • Andrews v. Law Society of British Columbia (1989)]: INkantolo ePhakeme yaseCanada yanikeza incazelo enkulu yesiqephu 15, ichaza ukucwasana ngokuthi ukubekwa kwemithwalo noma ukuphikwa kwezinzuzo ezisekelwe ezikweni elibaliwe noma ezisekelwe ezisekelweni ezicacisiwe. Lendaba yabeka iqophelo lokuqaphela kamuva indlela yobulili njengesisekelo esivikelekile.
  • M v H (1999): INkantolo ePhakeme yaseCanada yayithi ukukhipha abangane abafanayo bobulili abahlukene ekusekeleni amalungelo ombuso aphula amalungelo okulingana, kuholela ezinguquko zemithetho.
  • Navtej Singh Johar v.Union of India (2018)]: INkantolo ePhakeme yaseNdiya encishiswe ubudlelwane obufanayo obubodwa nobezonakele, igadla iGawula 377 loMthetho weSigebengu waseNdiya njengokwephulwa kwamalungelo ayisisekelo ekulinganani nasesithunzini.

Lamacala abonisa ukuthi izinkantolo zingaba kanjani izisekelo zokushintsha kwezenhlalo. Nokho izinqumo zokwahlulela ziphumelela kakhulu ngendlela efuna ngayo ukusetshenziswa kwazo. Izehlulelo zezezombangazwe zivame ukulandela imithetho yezimpawu zezwe, njengoba ibona eU.S. ngemva Brown[ kanye no[FLT]Obergefell.

Izicelo Zokulingana Kwezenhlalo

Izinqubo ezingokomthetho azisebenzi ngaphandle; zisebenzelana nezimiso zezenhlalo, izimo zezomnotho, nezindinganiso zamasiko.

Imiphumela Eqondile Emphakathini

Lapho imithetho yokulingana isetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo, ingashintsha imiphakathi:

  • Ukuhlangana nokuvumelana: Ukunciphisa ubandlululo kunciphisa ukungezwani kwamaqembu futhi kukhuthaze ukwethembana. Ama-society anezivikelo eziqinile athambekele ekuthobeni izinga lempi enobudlova namazinga aphakeme okuthembisana komphakathi.
  • Ukubekwa kwemithetho yamaqembu ancishisiwe [: Ukuqashelwa nokuvikelwa okungokomthetho kwenza abesifazane, izinhlanga ezimbalwa, abantu abakhubazekile, neLGBTQ+ abantu ukuba bafune amalungelo abo. Lokhu kuvame ukuholela ekuthatheni iqhaza elikhulu kwezombangazwe kanye nokumelelwa phambili.
  • [[FLT: 0] Amathuba ezomnotho: Ukufinyelela imfundo, umsebenzi, nokuthenga ngesikweletu kuthuthukisa umkhiqizo futhi kunciphise ubumpofu. IBank yomhlaba[ ibhalise ukuthi ukuvala imingcele yezisebenzi ezithatha igalelo lobufana kungandisa ukukhula kweGDP ngokuphawulekayo.
  • Ukuphipha kanye nenhlalakahle: imithetho yokulwa nokungahleleki kwempilo nezindawo zokuhlala ithuthukisa imiphumela yeqembu elincane. Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho evimbela ukucwaswa kwe-LGBTQ+ iziguli zandisa ukuzimisela kwazo ukufuna ukunakekelwa.

Imiphumela Emibi Nengalindelwe

Naphezu kwalezinzuzo, ukuthatha izinyathelo zokulingana kungavusa ukwenqaba futhi kuveze imiphumela engahlosiwe:

  • I-Backlash: Amaqembu athatha ukulingana njengemidlalo yezero-sum, eholela ekuphazameni kwezombangazwe. Ukuphakama kwezinhlangano ze populist eYurophu nase North America ngokwengxenye kuye kwabangelwa ukukhathazeka okungokwesiko ngokufuduka ne LGBTQ+ amalungelo.
  • I-Tokenism: Izinhlangano zingavumelana ngokuphandle nemithetho ehlukene ngaphandle kokubheka ukwakheka. Umqashwa okhiqizwayo ungahlukaniswa futhi ungabi nathonya langempela, uqinise izibalo ezivamile.
  • Ukuvunywa nokuhlukaniswa [: Izimiso zokuthatha isinyathelo eziqinile, nakuba zihloselwe ukulungisa umonakalo ongokomlando, zingabangela ukucasuka phakathi kwalabo abanomuzwa wokuthi badluliswa ngokungafanele. Izimpikiswano zomphakathi mayelana “nobandlululo oluguquguqukayo” ngokuvamile imiphakathi ehlukanisayo.
  • Imithetho yezesivumelwano ngaphandle koshintsho lwezenhlalo: Ukudlulisa umthetho akuzishintshi izimo zengqondo ngokuzenzekelayo. Emazweni amaningi, ukulingana okungokomthetho kukhona ephepheni kuyilapho ubandlululo luqhubeka ngenxa yokugcinwa kwemithetho ebuthakathaka, ukonakala, noma ubandlululo olujulile.

Ukungafani: Ukuyinkimbinkimbi Kwezinto Eziningi

Ukuqonda okubalulekile ekuhloleni okungokomthetho okugxekayo ukuthi abantu ngabanye banezici eziningi, ezihambisanayo. Owesifazane omnyama angabhekana nakho kokubili ubuhlanga kanye nobulili ngezindlela ezihlukile kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabesifazane abamhlophe noma amadoda abamnyama. Umqondo we- wokwehlukanisa , oqanjwe isazi esingokomthetho uKimberlé Crenshaw, odalula ukulinganiselwa kwemithetho emelene nobandlululo lwesizwe esisodwa. Isibonelo, ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi okuphatha uhlanga nokwesifazane ngokwehlukana kwabesifazane abansundu. Izimo ezingokomthetho zanamuhla ziqaphela ukuhlangana kwezindawo, kodwa ukusungula kulokhu kuseyinselele. INkantolo yaseYurophu yamaLungu elwela amalungelo abantu iqaphele ukucwasahlukahluka komthetho. Imithetho yemithetho ye-UN iye yakwazi ukuhlelwa ngokwendlela ehlukene.

Izinselele Zokufinyelela Ukulingana

Naphezu kwezakhiwo eziqinile ezingokomthetho, kusenezinselele ezinkulu.

  • Intando yezombangazwe[: Ngisho noma imithetho ikhona, ohulumeni bangase bantule isibopho sokuziphoqelela. Ukuhlelwa kwemali kulinganisa izikhokhwa, izijeziso ezidambisayo kwabaphuli, futhi bephuza ukumisa eziminyameni zamalungelo abantu konke kululaza ukusebenza.
  • Imithombo elinganayo yokugcinwa kwamanani : Izinhlangano ezilwa nobandlululo zivame ukuncishiswa futhi zingabasebenzi kakhulu. Abantu abacwaswayo bangase babhekane nezindleko ezivimbelayo ekuletheni izikhangiso. Izinhlelo zosizo olusemthethweni zivame ukunqanyulwa, ikakhulukazi ezikhathini zobuhlanya.
  • Izithiyo ezingokomthetho nezesiko: ubandlululo olugxilile "" olunemifantu, ubulili, i-homophobia, ukungenela ngokomthetho."Ukungenela kwabesifazane ngokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, u-Stereotype mayelana nezindima zabesifazane, luyaqhubeka naphezu kwemithetho elinganayo. Ukushintsha kwempucuko kuyancipha futhi kudinga imfundo eqhubekayo nezenzo.
  • Ukungavumelani nobandlululo ezinhlanganweni: Zona kanye izinhlangano ezimangalelwa ngokuqinisa ukulingana `i-police, izinkantolo, izikole, zingaba imithombo yobandlululo. Imikhuba yobandlululo, ubandlululo, nokwenqabela okungalingani ezikoleni ibhalwe kahle. Ukuguqula lezi zikhungo akudingi nje imithetho emisha kodwa ukuqeqeshwa okubanzi, ukuqondisa, nokuziphendulela.
  • Ukungalingani okungokomnotho: Ukulingana ngokomthetho akunanzuzo uma imithombo yezomnotho ingalingani kakhulu. Igebe phakathi kwabacebe kakhulu nabampofu liyaqhubeka landisa emhlabeni wonke. Ukungalingani komnotho kuphumela ekutholeni okungalinganiyo ekumeleni okungokomthetho, ithonya lezombangazwe, namathuba emfundo. Ngaphandle kokusingatha ukuhlukana kwezomnotho, ukulingana okungokomthetho kuhlala kungaphelele.
  • ukwenziwa kwe-Exchange kanye nobuchwepheshe: ubandlululo lwesiphambano, ubandlululo, nomsebenzi wesikhulumi kuveza izinselele ezintsha. Ngokwesibonelo, amathuluzi okuqasha i-AI angaphinda athathe ubandlululo olungokomlando uma eqeqeshelwe ukwaziswa okunobandlululo. Ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke kuyadingeka ekuqondiseni izinkampani zobuchwepheshe, kodwa izisekelo ezikhona ngokuvamile zingokombuso futhi ziyashesha ukuzivumelanisa.

Indima Yemfundo Ekuthuthukiseni Ukulingana

Imfundo iwumgomo onamandla wokuthuthukisa ukulingana. Ingalolonga izindinganiso, ifundise amalungelo, futhi ihlomisele abantu ngamakhono okubekela inselele ubandlululo. Amasu abalulekile ahlanganisa:

  • Ukuhlanganisa imfundo yokulingana neyokungena emfundisweni yesikole [: Ukufundisa umlando wezinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi, izimiso zomthetho omelene nobandlululo, nokubaluleka kokwahlukahlukana kukhuthaza uzwela nokucabanga okugxekayo. Amazwe anjengeSweden neCanada aye afaka imfundo yamalungelo abantu ezihlokweni.
  • Ukufaka inqubo yokufundisa ehlanganisayo: Othisha kumelwe baqeqeshelwe ukubona ubandlululo lwabo siqu nokwakha amakilasi lapho bonke abafundi bezizwa belondekile futhi bebalulekile. Ukuhlanganisa ipedagogy kuhlanganisa ukusebenzisa izinto ezihlukahlukene, ukuhlanganisa izindlela zokufunda ezihlukene, nokuxoxa nokwehlukana kwemicropane.
  • ukucabanga okugxekayo ngezindaba zomphakathi [: Abafundi kufanele bafunde ukubuza izakhiwo zamandla nokuhlaziya indlela imithetho nezimiso okuthinta ngayo amaqembu ahlukene. Ingxoxo, imishini, nemisebenzi yomphakathi ingenza imiqondo efiphele icace.
  • Ukungenela kwasekuqaleni kobuntwana: Ukunciphisa ubandlululo kuqala kusencane. Izinhlelo ezichaya abantwana kubantu abanezimo ezingafani nemisebenzi yokufunda ngokubambisana zinganciphisa ubandlululo oluphelele. Ukucwaninga kweMelikan Psychological Association kusikisela ukuthi ukuxhumana namaqembu ahlukene ngaphansi kwezimo ezilungile kunciphisa ubandlululo.

Iziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo: Imingcele Ehlanganisayo Yokulingana

Ukulwela ukulingana akupheli. Imingcele emisha idinga ukuqapha nokuqapha:

  • Ukulingana [: Ukufinyelela ku-inthanethi, ukufunda nokubhala, kanye nokuvikela ekuhlukunyezweni kwe-inthanethi kuyaqashelwa kakhulu njengezindaba zokulingana. Imithetho yokulandisa yemithetho isungulwa ukuvimbela ubandlululo nge-IAI.
  • [ Imithetho ehambelanayo: Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuthinta ngokungenakulinganiswa imiphakathi empofu nengahluzekile. Izimiso zomthetho kumelwe zivele ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izimiso zendawo ezungezile azinaphutha futhi zithintekile emiphakathini inezwi.
  • Imithetho ehlukanisayo: Ezinye izazi nabashisekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ukulingana kudinga okungaphezu kokumelana nokungavumelani", kudinga ukulungiswa. Ukubuyiselwa kobugqila, ukuxhashazwa kwamakoloni, nokwebiwa kwezwe kwandayo kuyaphikiswana emazweni anjenge-U.S., i-South Africa, ne-Caribbean.
  • umbuso wembulunga yonke: Njengoba ukungalingani kuyinkinga yomhlaba wonke, izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke njengeZizwe Ezihlangene zidinga izindlela ezinamandla kakhulu zokuthatha izifundazwe nezinhlangano zilandise. I-Sustating Development Zomgomo 10 (I-Reuncial Moyen and Athis Countries), inikeza uhlelo, kodwa intuthuko ayilingani.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlola ukulingana ngokwemithetho nokuqonda imingcele yayo engokwenhlalo kubalulekile ekwakheni umphakathi olungile. Imithetho inikeza ukulinganisela, kodwa kumelwe isekelwe yizibopho zezombangazwe, imithombo eyanele, ukushintsha kwempucuko, nesizwe esikhuthele. Nakuba intuthuko enkulu iye yenziwa kususela ekuqedweni okungokomthetho kokumiswa kwemisha eqondene nomshado. Uhambo lukude kakhulu. Ukuphikelela izinselele ezinjengokungalingani kwezomnotho, ukucwasana, ukuhlelwa kwezinhlangano, nezinsongo ezintsha zobuchwepheshe zifuna ukuqapha okuqhubekayo. Imfundo iseyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuthuthukisa izindinganiso namakhono adingekayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukulingana. Ngokuhlanganisa ushintsho olungokomthetho nemisebenzi yezenhlalo, singasondela kakhulu ezweni lapho ukulingana kungeyona isithembiso esingokomthetho kodwa esingokoqobo.