Emiphakathini yentando yeningi, indlela amavoti ahunyushelwa ngayo ezihlalweni iveza umgogodla wobukhoma bezombangazwe. Isimiso sokuvota asiyona nje inqubo yobuchwepheshe; ihlelwa ngokuthi yiziphi izinqubo ezimiswayo, nokuthi injani i-passion ekhethayo ekhethayo ehlukene. Emakhulwini eminyaka, izinhlelo eziningi zezimiso ziye zasungulwa, ngayinye inezinhlobo ezihlukene phakathi kokusebenza okulula, ukulingana, nokulandisa kwendawo. Lokhu kuhlola ukuphumelela kwezimiso eziningi zokuvota ezivelele — i-Past- Post, i-Rankered, i-Propolated, i-Propolation, i-Propolationantation, ne-Mixtenter — futhi ihlola ezinye izindlela ezibonisa ukuthuthukisa. Ngokuqonda lezi zindlela, abakhi bengahlela nezinquisi.

Ukuqonda Izimiso Zokusakaza Imisindo: Indlela Yokuhlola

Ukuphumelela kwesimiso sokuvota ekuthuthukiseni ukumelelwa kwendlela ethile kungahlolwa ngamalensi amaningana. Okokuqala, ilinganisa ukuthi indawo yonke imenywa ummeleli ozinikezele. ithatha ukuthi ingxenye yengxenye yezihlalo ihambisana kanjani nengxenye yayo yevoti ethandwayo. Okwesibili, [[[FLT:]] [[FLT]] ukulinganisa indawo ezungezile [[[FLT]] uhlolo olukhethekile, [[FLT] u-FLT] uthatha izinga lokungakhokhiswa izakhamuzi ezingaveza ngalo ngaphandle kokucindezela okusemthethweni., okwesine, [[FLT]] [FLT] kanye kanye, futhi ububanzi benani elivamile, umehluko.[FT] [FT], nokwenani elikhulu lombuso wezombangazwe, ukwakheka kwezombangazwe, futhi ukwakheka kwezembubhishosho obuningi.[Foses.]

Ngaphandle kwalezi zimiso ezingaphakathi, indaba ebanzi: ubukhulu besifunda, umklamo wokuklama, imikhawulo yokubekwa kwezindawo zokuhlala, nokuba khona kwezindawo eziphezulu noma izintambo kungashintsha imiphumela ngokuphawulekayo. Izindawo ezilandelayo zingahlukanisa izimiso ezixoxwe kakhulu, zisebenzisa izibonelo zangempela zezwe kanye nokwaziswa ukuze ziveze imiphumela yazo esebenzayo ekufanekisweni.

Isiqalo-Past-the Post (FPTP)

I-Past-past-PP — eyaziwa futhi ngokuthi ubuningi obungabodwa — iyisimiso esilula kakhulu: umvoti othola amavoti amaningi esifundeni uwina isihlalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ufinyelela inani elikhulu kangakanani. FPTP isetshenziswa kukhetho lwesizwe e-United States, e-United Kingdom, eCanada, eNdiya, nasemazweni amaningi avamile. Ukukhuthazela kusuka emklamweni ocacile nasendleleni ejwayelekile yomnqobi oyedwa.

Izinzuzo Ze - FPTP

  • Ukuzinza:[ amavoter aphawula umjovo oyedwa, futhi imiphumela ifinyelelwe ngokushesha. Lomthwalo ophansi wokuqonda ukhuphuka, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezakhamuzi ezingathembisiwe kwezombangazwe.
  • Ivuna elicacile: isifunda ngasinye sinommeleli oyedwa, okwenza kube lula ngabameleli ukubona nokubeka ilungu lephalamende labo icala.
  • Imiphumela eshad:[ Ukubala kucacile, kuvumela izimemezelo zokhetho zobusuku futhi kunciphe ukungaqiniseki.
  • Ohulumeni abathatha ingxenye eyodwa: FP ithambekele ekukhiqizeni iziphathimandla zemithetho ngisho noma kungekho mbutho onqoba iningi levoti, owenza ukubusa okungagwegwesi (umz., i-UK’s Conservative Party inqobe isihlalo esingu-6,6% sevoti ngo-2019).

Izingozi Ze - FPTP

  • Ivoti ezikhishwe: Amavoti aphonswe abalahlekelwayo — ngisho namavoti asele abawinile ngaphesheya komnyango — awenzi igalelo lokumelela. Kukhetho lukahulumeni waseCanada ngo 2015, amavoti angaphezu kwa 50% “ayenziwa" ngalomqondo, ngokwe-Fair Vote Canada.
  • Imiphumela e-PTP e-Propotione: Izindawo eziqondiswe ngokwesimiso sezwe futhi ijezisa labo abasekela ngokusakaza. Ngokwesibonelo, kukhetho oluvamile lwe-UK, i-Scotland National Party yawina izihlalo 56 nge-4,7% yevoti yesizwe, kuyilapho i-Liberal Democrat iwina izihlalo ezingu-8 kuphela nge-7% yevoti.
  • Umthetho owenziweyo: Umfundi angawina ngo 30-40% wevoti uma abaphikisi behlukanisa ingxenye esele, okuholela ekubuzeni ngokomthetho wedemokrasi. Unyulo luka 2000 lukamongameli wase-US luyindaba edumile: i-Al Gore yawina ivoti ethandwayo kodwa yalahlekelwa yi-Electoral College — ngokwayo isimiso se-FPTP-.
  • ukuvota okungalawuleki: Imishini ivame ukulahla umthandi wayo ukuze ivimbele umdlelwano ongathandeki, inqanda ukukhetha kwangempela futhi inciphise ukuhlukahluka kwemibono epalamende.
  • Umncintiswano ofingqiwe:[ Izihlalo eziphephile zikhuthaza izinzuzo zokusikela kanye nokuphuma okuphansi, njengoba abavoti bezwa ukuthi ibhola labo “alibali.”

Naphezu kwamaphutha ayo, i-FPTP iyaqhubeka ngoba iziqu zizuza esimweni, futhi ukunxusa okulula kwesimiso ukuba abantu baqaphele ezinye izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi. Nokho, ukwanda kokunganeliseki “ngamavoti agunyaziwe” kanye nokukhuthaza ukuguqula amazwe amaningana eFPTP.

Ukukhetha Okuqinile Okungasetshenziswa (RCV)

I-Rankered Choice Voling — ebizwa nangokuvota okusheshayo ezifundeni ezinezingxenye ezizimele — ivumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe izigaba ngokulandelana. Uma kungekho mvoti othola amavoti angu-39 okuqala, umvoti omncinyane omncinyane osuqeshiwe, othatha amavoti ambalwa kakhulu akhishwayo, futhi amabhola abo athathwa ngokulandelana komfundi olandelayo owenziwe ibhola ngalinye. Lenqubo iphinda iphindeke kuze kube yilapho omunye umbheki oweqa uklo olungu-50%. RCV usetshenziswa kukhetho lwesizwe e-Australia (Indlu yabamelelistres), i-Ireland (ukhetho oluphambili), futhi emadolobheni amaningi ase-US anjengeNew York City, iSan Francisco, neMinneapolis.

Izinzuzo Ze - RCV

  • Ukunqoba i-Majority: RCV iqinisekisa ukuthi umbhalisa okhethiwe usekelwa kakhulu, ugwema “umnqobi wobubanzi” nenkinga yokhetho lwe-FPTP. Ku-2018 Maine gubernonator, Democrator Janet Mills wawina ngo 55% ngemva kwe-RCV, ngisho noma ayeno-50 kuphela.9% ngenkomba yokugcina.
  • i Reucies ihlukana ngokuvota: Iqembu elinamapulatifomu afanayo lingancintisana ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuthi lizonika umphikisi ukhetho ngemibono ehlukile. Lokhu kukhuthaza izimpikiswano ezifuna ukuvota kakhulu nezinamandla.
  • Iziprota ezikhuthazayo: Ngoba abazobhapathizwa badinga amavoti omzuzwana nowesithathu, bavame ukukhanga abasekeli babanye abazobhapathizwa, ukunciphisa ukuhlasela okungekuhle. Ukuhlola kwase-Australia kubonisa ukuthi imikhankaso ye-RCV ithambekele ekugxileni ekuncipheni udaka kanye nokuhluka kwenqubo.
  • Ukuvota okukhulu kakhulu: Abavolo bangahlela abazobhapathizwa ngokwethembeka ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngokuthi “ukulahla” kwabo; umxhasi weGreen Partior angabala u-1 wesibili no-Democratic personal anglette propain.

Izingozi Ze - RCV

  • Ubunkimbinkimbi obuyi-Ballot: Abavoti abaningi bangadida abanye, okuholela emazingeni aphakeme amabhola (umz., aphezulu abathathi-nxaxheba ababili njenge “5”. Kumazwe amaningi e-RCV, imikhankaso yemfundo yamavoti iyadingeka ukuze kuncishiswe lokhu.
  • Ukuhlanganisa okuthatha isikhathi eside: Ukubala imizumbulu eminingi kuyacotha futhi kuyangabibonakali kakhulu; imiphumela ingathatha izinsuku ukuqeda, njengoba kuboniswa engxenyeni enkulu ye-meya engu-2021. Lokhu kulibaziseka kungaqeda ukwethembana komphakathi uma kungaphumelelanga ngokucace kakhulu.
  • I-Prothelisation for “arnonotity”: Ezimweni ezingavamile, ukunqoba komfundi kungashintshwa uma ethola amavoti okuqala. Nakuba kungenzeka ngokwezibalo, ubufakazi obungokwezibalo bubonisa ukuthi “ukuhluleka kobukhona" akuvamile kukhetho lwangempela.
  • Isivumelwano sokusetshenziswa: Imishini yokuvota nesoftware okusha kumele kuthengwe noma kuthuthukiswe, futhi izikhulu zokhetho zidinga ukuqeqeshwa. Ezigabeni ze-overses ezinemali elinganiselwe, lokhu kungaba yisithiyo esibalulekile.

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, i-RCV iye yathola amandla e-United States njengenguquko enciphisa ukwaneliseka futhi ithuthukisa ukwaneliseka kwabavoti. Ukucwaninga okuvela eFairVote kubonisa ukuthi i-RCV yandisa ukuchaza abesifazane nedlanzana, njengoba abazohlolwa abahlukahlukene bezimisele ngokwengeziwe ukugijima lapho bengabhekeni “nosongo”.

Umfuziselo ongokwengxenye (PR)

Izinqubo ze-Propotional mediation zijongene nokwabela izihlalo kusishaya-mthetho esilingana ngqo nevoti etholwa yiqembu ngalinye ngokwesizwe noma ngokwesifunda. Kukhona ukuhluka okuningi, kuhlanganise uluhlu lwe-PR [osetshenziswa kwa-Israel, eNetherlands, nase-South Africa] kanye [i- kanye kanye nokuvota (STV) okusetshenziswa ezifundeni eziningi e-Ireland nase-Melitha. Ohlwini oluhlanzekile lwe-PR, u-Flav, ukhetha iqembu, futhi uthola izihlalo ngokwesilinganiso sesabelo sevoti. [ave 3] R2] ihlelwe ukuba i-ceddiction.

Izinzuzo Ze - PR

  • I-partical ephezulu: PR iveza izishaya-mthetho ezibonisa ngokuseduze izintando zokhetho lwe-votorate. Ngokwesibonelo, okhethweni lwaseJalimane olungu-2021, isigaxa se-Bundestag esilinganayo saqinisekisa ukuthi i-SPD’ 25.7% ihlanganyela ekukhipheni 25.7% yezihlalo — okucishe kube ukulingana okuphelele.
  • Abameleli abakhulu bamaqembu amancane namancane: izinhlanga, izinhlanga, kanye nemibono emincane ingawina izihlalo ngaphandle kokudinga ukugxiliswa kwezwe. ENew Zealand, i-Māori Party ibophele izihlalo ngaphansi kwe-PR cishe okunganzima ngaphansi kwe-FPTP.
  • Izakhamuzi eziboshelwe ukuvota: zizwa amavoti azo “amazwe” ngoba ngisho neqembu elincane lingawina izihlalo, likhuthazwe. Ukuhlola kokuqhathanisa kubonisa ukuthi amazwe ane-PR ane-paverstauter ephezulu kunamazwe e-FPTP — ngokuvamile ngo-5-10 ngamaphesenti.
  • FUUMFUR wachitha amavoti:[ Ngaphansi kwePR, cishe yonke imivoti inikela ekuhlalweni ngokwenani. Umnyango ophumelelayo uphansi (ngokuvamile 0.5-10% ezifundeni ezinkulu), okusho ukuthi bambalwa kakhulu abavoti abashiywe ngaphandle kokumelelwa.

Izingozi Ze - PR

  • Ukuntengantenga kombuso womthetho: PR ayivamile ukuveza inxenye eyodwa, iphoqelela izingxoxo ezihlangeneyo ezingaholela ekuhlelekeni, emakhabetheni amafushane, noma ekubuseni kwezikhulu ezihlangene. Izinguquko zikahulumeni kahulumeni ka-Italy (ongaphezu kuka-60 kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II) zivame ukuvezwa njengensumansumane, nakuba izinguquko zanamuhla ziye zaqinisa ukuzinza.
  • Ummeleli wendawo: Ohlwini oluvaliwe PR, abavoti abanakukhetha abazothatha izisulu; ukulawula amaqembu angena ephalamende, kwenze ukuxhumana phakathi kwama-active nabameleli. Ukuvula u-PR (njengoba eFinland) kunciphisa lokhu kodwa kwenezela ubunkimbinkimbi.
  • Ukuhlanganisa: Kwezinye izimo, iPR ingavumela amaqembu angenangqondo athole indawo yephalamende (isib., i-Reuve-Nazi National Democratic Party of Germany), nakuba imithetho yemikhawulo ivimbela izinhlangano ezincane.
  • Izibalo zomngxuma:[ Ezifundeni ezinkulu ezinezigigaba eziningi, ibhola elingaba likhulu kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-collet ase-Dashi avame ukudweba izinkolo eziningi emakhasini amaningi, abavoti abangase badide.

Izimiso ze-propotical zinezici eziningi ezinambithekayo, ngasinye esilinganiselayo sihambisana nokulandisa. Emazweni abeka isilinganiso esilungile ngaphezu kwezibopho zezwe, i-PR ihlala iyi-godrop.

I - member Proportigal (MMP) exutshiwe

I-Member Propogacal ixuba izigodi ezinezingxenye eyodwa (FPTP-style) neqoqo elilandelanayo. Ivoters zafaka amabhola amabili: elinye lomfundi wendawo (engxenyeni eyodwa) nelombuthano (osohlwini lwesizwe noma lwesifunda). Ingqikithi yezihlalo ezabelwe iqembu ngalinye inqunywa yisabelo seqembu lazo, futhi “amalungu adweba amaqembu” anezelwa ukunyusa abathunywa bazo beqembu ngalinye.

Izinzuzo Ze - MMP

  • Imelelo e-' Wonke umvoti unommeleli wendawo (kusuka ekuvoti yesigodi) kuyilapho iphalamende lonke lihlala lilingana. Lokhu kuxazulula ukungezwani phakathi kwendawo nokulingana okungekho ngezinye izikhathi phakathi kwezimiso zePR ezihlanzekile.
  • walahla amavoti alahlwayo: amavoti eqembu ahlukaniswa ngokwesizwe (noma ngokwesifunda), ngakho ngisho nabavoti abavoti abavotelwe abalahlekelwa yizikhundla zeqembu labo lonke. Kukhetho lwaseNew Zealand lwama 2020, amavoti angaphezu kwa 95% eqembu abalelwa ekuhlalweni.
  • Ihlanganisa imifelandawonye eqinile: ngoba i-MMP idinga ukwakheka okuhlangene, amaqembu kumelwe axoxe ngenkambiso yesiphambano, ngokuvamile eholela ekulawuleni okusesilinganisweni. “imifelandawo emikhulu” phakathi kwengxenye yesobunxele neyokudla phakathi kweqembu eliphetheyo ifaka isiqinisekiso sale ngxenye enamandla.
  • Ukungaguquguquki: MMP ingahlelwa ngesilinganiso esihlukene sesifunda, imikhawulo (umz., 5% eJalimane nase-New Zealand), futhi izikhombo zohlu ukuze kulinganiswe ukumelelwa kwendawo nohlelo.

Izingozi Ze - MMP

  • Ukulandelana:[ Imishini kumelwe iqonde imincintiswano emibili ehlukene nendlela inqubo yokukhokha esebenzayo. Izikhulu zokhetho zidinga futhi ukuqeqeshwa okuphambili ukuze ziphathe izihlalo ezibala amanani amabili nokweqisa.
  • Izihlalo ezingaphezulu nezilinganisayo: Uma umcimbi uwina izihlalo zesigodi eziningi kunesabelo sawo esilinganayo, ugcina labo “izihlalo ze-arheng”, okungaphazamisa ukulingana okuqondile. IJalimane isebenzisa ezinye izihlalo zokulungisa lokhu, kodwa isishaya-mthetho singaba zikhulu kakhulu — i-Bundestag yanda yaba amalungu angu-735 ngo-2021, ukusukela ku-598.
  • [ Ukuvota okungaguquguquki kusele: Abanye abavoti basahlukanisa ngokulandelana kwendlela yabo yamathikithi, ukuvota ukuze kukhethwe iqembu elihlukile esifundeni. Uhlu ukuze kwandiswe imiphumela ehlangeneyo. Lokhu kungadidanisa umphumela ohloselwe ukulingana.
  • Izindaba zosuku oluthatha isikhathi: Kwezinye izimiso, ozothatha igalelo angawina kokubili isihlalo somfundazwe nesihlalo sohlu; ngokuvamile bathatha isihlalo somfunda-zwe futhi isihlalo sohlu sibhaliswe komunye, kodwa imithetho iyahluka, ukwenezela ikhanda le-proctest.

I-MMP ivame ukubhekwa “njengetshe elingcono kuwo womabili amazwe” futhi ithathwa ngokukhula amazwe aguqulayo (isinye, iNew Zealand ngo-1996, iPhalamende lase-Scotland ne-Welsh). Ukuxubana kwayo kunikeza ukuvumelana okusheshayo phakathi kokulandisa nobulungisa bendawo.

Isimiso Sokuthutha Esihlukile Ngalé Kwemifula Eyinhloko

Ngalé kwezinqubo ezine ezixoxwe kakhulu, izindlela ezimbalwa ezihlukene zinikeza izindlela zokuveza. ukuvota okungaguquguquki , okusetshenziswa kokhetho oluthile lukamasipala wase-U, kuvumela abavoti ukuba baphawule bonke abazovota abathola bemukelekile; isivoti esinemvume enkulu siyaphumelela. Kulula futhi kunciphisa ukuvota, kodwa akuqinisekisi ukuthi uphumelele kakhulu futhi kungaveza imiphumela lapho “isithakazeli” siwina khona. STRATER[ [Phofu] [I-incooff] [empela i- Rumoff] icela ukuvota okuzenzekelayo) ukucela izilinganiso ezingeni ezingaphezulu kakhulu ezikhona, kodwa isilinganiso esingaphezulu kakhulu sokuhamba lapho impompompo ngayinye inquma ekhona. Uma kuvuma isilinganiso esingaphezulu kwesilinganiso sika-R3, kusetshenziswa kakhulu, kodwa kunezinye isilinganiso esisetshenziswa kakhulu, isilinganiso esingaphezulu kakhulu se-FFoffsethi, uma ikhona, kodwa kusetshenziswa kakhulu.[V

Ngasinye salezizinto ezisetshenziswayo sihlose ukulungisa ukuswela okuthile ezimisweni ezinkulu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Vumone Voting ilula kakhulu kodwa isanciphisa imiphumela elimazayo. I-STAR Voting igwema icebo “lokufihla” elingalimaza i-RCV. STV ihlanganisa ukulingana nokukhetha okuphakathi kwe-""". Nakuba kungekho noyedwa oye wafinyelela ukutholwa okugcwele, uyaqhubeka edonsa ukukhanga inguquko yeze-inguquko enjenge- i-Centers ye-ECPM kanye [FLT:] ne-

Ukukhetha Isimiso Sokukhipha Imisindo: Izindaba Eziyisisekelo

Ukuphumelela kwanoma isiphi isimiso sokuvota kuxhomeke ekuthuthukiseni kwezwe ngokwezombangazwe eziyingqayizivele, ubukhulu bezwe, ubungako, ubuzwe, nomlando wezeziqu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-FPTP isebenza kahle ezimisweni zephalamende ezihlangene ezinezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko (umz., i-United Kingdom ngaphambi kokuvela kwezombangazwe eziningi ezihlukene kuma-2010), kodwa iyahluleka ukuveza imiphumela elinganayo njengoba inani lamaqembu ancintisanayo likhula. Izimiso ze-PR ezithiwa uhlu lwemisebenzi engcono kakhulu yePR emphakathini enamaqembu aqinile ezombangazwe nokuzimisela ukwamukela ukubusa ngokuhlangene — i-miphakathi ye-Netherlands iyimpumelelo. I-MMP inikeza imithombo evumelanayo, kodwa ukuqina kwayo kungalula uma ingachazwa kahle.

Ukuhlolwa kolwazi kwe- kwezwe lonke IDEA kanye ne-[FLT]ACE I-Ectoral Ulwazi Network[ kunikeza imininingwane eqhathanisayo yokuthi izinhlelo zemishini ezihlukene zithinta kanjani ukumelelwa. Imiphumela ebalulekile ihlanganisa: izilinganiso ezinkulu zesifunda zikhuphule ukulingana; imikhawulo ephezulu inciphisa ukuhlukana kodwa ingasusa amazwi asemthethweni; futhi izimiso zohlu oluvulekileyo zivame ukuthuthukisa ukumelelwa kwabesifazane ngezimiso zoluhlu ezivalekile.

Isiphetho: Kuhulumeni Abamelele Ngokwengeziwe

Akukho simiso sokuvota esiphelele; ngasinye sihlanganisa ukuthutha phakathi kwezindinganiso zentando yeningi ezincintisanayo. I-Past- Post inikeza ukuhlangana okulula nohulumeni onamandla othatha ingxenye eyodwa ngezindleko zamavoti alahlwayo nemiphumela yokususa. Imizamo yokukhetha yamakhambi amaningi nokuvota okunemininingwane kodwa inezela ubunkimbinkimbi nobukhulu obungaphezulu. I-Propocationation iveza ukuhlangana okukhulu phakathi kwamavoti nezihlalo kodwa idinga izibopho ezihlangene futhi inganciphisa izibophothi zesifunda. I-Myemberbert izama ukulinganisela nokumelela kwezindawo zendawo kodwa ingandisa izishaya umthetho nokuphica.

Isifundo esiyinhloko siwukuthi inguquko yezekhethelo kumelwe ivumelane nezidingo eziqondile kanye nezinhloso ze-politiki. Amazwe acabangela inguquko kufanele alinganise ukubaluleka kokumelelwa kwendawo ngokumelene nokulingana, futhi kube lula ngokumelene nokulunga. Imfundo yophawu, ukuhlelwa kwezindawo, nokuhlolwa okusobala kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi isimiso esikhethiwe siyaba ngokomthetho obala. Njengoba ukuthatha iqhaza kwentando yeningi kulokhu kusemqoka empilweni ye-ademocrali. Ingxoxo yezimiso zokuvota ihlala isendaweni engokwempilo yabamele abamele. Izakhamuzi nabenzi bezimiso kufanele baqhubeke behlola inguquko esekelwe ekwenza zonke izindaba zamavoti futhi iqinisekise ukuthi izimali ziveza ngempela intando yabantu.