Lapho izakhamuzi zihola ekuhloleni, imithetho ehumushela amavoti azo ezihlalweni emkhandlwini noma ephalamendeni cishe zonke izici zikahulumeni olandelayo. Ukukhetha phakathi iPropotionation (PR) ne [[FLT]] [izihlalo] zonke [WTA) [[FLT] [iziyizici zonke] — ngezinye izikhathi ezibizwa ngokuthi ezokuqala-indawo ezingaphambili ze-pakethi — zinquma ukuthi izinhlangano eziningi zithini, ukuthi igatsha lesikhulu esiphethe sinjani, futhi zizizwa kanjani. Nakuba izinqubo zombili ziye zasetshenziswa amakhulu eminyaka, imiphumela yazo yangempela iphikiswa njalo ososayensi bezombangazwe, abaguquli, abaguquli, nabakhiqinisi bezimiso. Ukuqonda lezi zimiso azikho ukuphumelela nje; noma yiziphi izifundo eziwusizo kunoma yiziphi ezibusa noma ezibusa noma ezibusa ngokhetho.

Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuqhathaniswa okubanzi kwe-PR neWTA, okuhlanganisa omakhenikha, ukuthutha kwentengiselwano, nemiphumela eyabonwa emazweni aye amukela indlela ngayinye. Ekupheleni, uzohlonyiselwa ukuhlola ukuthi isiphi isimiso esingase sisebenzise kangcono izindinganiso zomphakathi onikeziwe noma ikhono lokwakha uhulumeni ophethe, onesigaba esisodwa.

Kufanekiselani Okushiwoyo?

Phakathi, iPropogational amemoration ingumkhaya wezimiso ze-votorota eziklanyelwe ukwabela izihlalo esigqeni somthetho-mthetho ngokwesilinganiso esiqinile kunesabelo samavoti atholwa yilungu ngalinye noma ocela ukubhapathizwa. Ngokwesibonelo, uma iqembu liwina amaphesenti angu-30 evoti yesizwe, kungalindele amaphesenti angaba ngu-30 ezihlalo. Umgomo ocacile uwukuqinisekisa ukuthi indikimba yemithetho iveza izinhlobonhlobo zezombangazwe zabavoti ngokuseduze ngangokunokwenzeka.

Izimiso zePR zisetshenziswa emazweni angaphezu kuka-80, kuhlanganise nengxenye enkulu yeYurophu, i-Latin America, nezingxenye ze-Afrika ne-Asia. Imithetho eqondile iyahlukahluka kakhulu, kodwa eziningi zezinqubo zinezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko: uhlu lwePR kanye nevoti eyodwa ethunyelwayo (STV).

Umboniso wohlu

Ohlwini lwesimiso sePR, abavoti bakhetha umbuthano kunokukhetha umuntu ngamunye ozovota (nakuba ezinye izinhlobo zivumela ukuvota kulowo ozobhapathizwa phakathi kohlu lweqembu). Imikhosi inezinketho ezilandelanayo ezilandelanayo; ngemva kokuba izivoti zibaliwe, izihlalo zinikezwa isigaba ngasinye ngokwendlela ye-odords, esekelwe esabelweni sovoti beqembu. Uhlelo oluhlelwayo lungasekelwe endleleni enkulu kakhulu esele noma indlela yohlobo lwe-diviso enjenge-D’Hondt noma i-Saint-Laguë. Indlela ye-D’Hondt i-Laguë ivumela izigaba ezinkulu kakhulu, kanti uSaint-Laguë ayithathi hlangothi.

Amazwe anjenge i-Sweden, iNorway, neSpain asebenzisa uhlu lwePR nezifunda ezinezingxenye eziningi. ESweden, iRiksdag inamalungu angu-39 akhethwe ku 29 contituences, futhi iqembu kumelwe linqamule umnyango wezwe ka-4% ukuze lithole izihlalo. Lomnyango uvimbela amaqembu amancane kakhulu aphikisayo ukuba angene ephalamende kuyilapho esavumela ukuma kweminye imiklamo.

Umsindo owodwa odluliswayo (STV)

STV inguhlobo lwe-PR oluncitshiwe. Abavoters banezigaba ezifunwayo ngokulandelana kwentando, futhi izihlalo zigcwaliswa ngokwesilinganiso. Abawedlulayo bakhethwa; amavoti asele adluliselwa kulowo ozokhetha olandelayo, futhi le nqubo iyaqhubeka kuze kugcwaliswe zonke izihlalo. Lesi simiso sinikeza abavoti ukulawula kakhulu ukuthi abantu bakhethwa kuphi, kunokuba kukhethwe nje izigaba.

STV isetshenziselwa ipalamende lesizwe layo (Dáil Éireann), eMalta, futhi nokhetho oluthile lwasendaweni eScotland nase-New Zealand. Okunye kwamandla ayo ukuthi inciphisa “i-"ayivoti" — amabhola akhankaselwe abafuna ukukhethwa — kodwa inqubo yokubala iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunobuningi obuvamile. Ukucwaninga i-Electoral Reformation Society[ kubonisa ukuthi i-STV ivame ukuveza imiphumela elingana kakhulu kuyilapho igcina ukuxhumana okuqinile phakathi kwabameleli babo nabameleli babo.

Ezinye Izici Ezihlukahlukene

Izihlalo ezixutshwe-MEnter Propotional zifanelwe ukubizwa ngoba zihlanganisa iPR nezifunda ezinezingxenye ezimbili. Izifunda zifaka amabhola amabili: enye ye-ummeleli wendawo kanye nenye ye-parti. Izihlalo zohlu zisetshenziselwa ukulungisa noma yikuphi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwe-costation. IJalimane, i-New Zealand, neScotland zisebenzisa i-MMP. Nakuba ezinye izingcaciso zichaza ukuthi i-MMP iyi-protectionations, ihlelwe ngokwesilinganiso somphumela wayo.

Iyini Impumelelo Yonke Iphakamisi?

I-wer-Onke, eyaziwa njenge-past yokuqala-ngaphambili (FPTP) noma ubuningi, inqubo elula nedala kakhulu esasetshenziswa kakhulu. Esifundeni ngasinye, ovota kakhulu uzuza isihlalo — ngisho noma leso sikhala sincane kakhulu. Kuphela umnqobi oyedwa esifundeni ovunyelwe; wonke amanye amavoti alahlwa ngokuphumelelayo ukuze amelele leso sifunda.

Lesimiso sisetshenziswa eUnited Kingdom (indlu yama-Commons), i-United States (ngendlu yabameleli nezishaya - mthetho eziningi zikahulumeni), iCanada, iNdiya, namanye amazwe amaningi anefa leBrithani. Ubude bayo bobude bubangelwa kakhulu ubulula bayo nokuthambekela kwayo ekuvezeni ohulumeni abanezigaba ezizinzileyo.

Izici eziyinhloko

  • Izigodi eziyizingxenye eyodwa: Indawo ngayinye ikhetha ummeleli oyedwa.
  • Umthetho wokuzihlukanisa: Ukunqoba kudinga ukuvota okukodwa kuphela kunomgijimi, hhayi ingxenye enkulu (50%+1).
  • Ukuvota okungalawuleki: Izincwadi ngokuvamile kumelwe zilahle ukukhetha kwazo kwangempela ukuze zigweme “ukuvota” kumfundi ongenathuba, okuholela esenzeni esaziwa ngokuthi uMthetho kaDuverger — ukuthambekela kwezimiso zobuningi ukuze kukhiqizwe umncintiswano onezingxenye ezimbili.
  • Inkokhelo: [ Iqembu eliwinayo livame ukwamukela izihlalo eziningi kakhulu kunezindawo zalo zokuvota ezifaniswayo. Kukhetho lwaseCanada lwango-2019, iLiberal Party yawina 33% yevoti ethandwayo kodwa yathola 47% yezihlalo, inika uhulumeni omkhulu.

Ukuhlaziya Okuqhathanisayo: PR vs WTA

Ukukhetha phakathi kwe-PR ne-WTA kuhilela ukudayisa okujulile okuthinta ukumelelwa, ukubusa, nokuziphatha kovoti. Asikho isimiso esiphelele; ngasinye singcono kakhulu kwezinye izilinganiso kuyilapho sishiyeka kwezinye.

Ukumelela Nokuhlobisa

I-PR iphakeme kakhulu ekuhumusheni amavoti ngezihlalo ngokulinganayo. Amaqembu amancane — anjengeziluhlaza, abahlali, noma amaqembu amancane esizwe — awina njalo izihlalo ngaphansi kwe-PR, kanti acishe akhishwe ngaphansi kwe-WTA. I-Green Party yaseJalimane inezihlalo ezihlalweni eBundestag amashumi amaningi eminyaka, kuyilapho i-Green Party yase-United States ingakaze izuze isihlalo esiseSishayaneni. Ngaphansi kwe-WTA, iqembu elithola i-15% yevoti yesizwe ngendlela evamile esabaleleka ngayo izihlalo ze-eroot; ngaphansi kwe-PR, ingawina cishe amashumi amashumi amashumi amahlanu ezihlalweni.

Izizwe ezincane nezincane ezingokohlanga nazo ziye zazuza kuyi - PR. eNdiya, isimiso se - FPTP siye sagxekwa ngokusekela izinkolo ezincane emazweni athile, kuyilapho izimiso ze - PR njengalezo eziseNingizimu Afrika (ezisetshenziselwa umhlangano wazo wesizwe) ziye zasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi amaqembu ahlukahlukene alelizwe ezinhlanga nezilimi anezwi.

Ukulondeka Kukahulumeni

I-WTA inenzuzo ecacile uma kuziwa ekwakheni ohulumeni abanzileyo, abanengxenye eyodwa. Ngenxa yokuthi amaqembu amabili abusa ngaphansi kobuningi, omunye ngokuvamile uwina izihlalo eziningi ngisho noma kunama-40-45% kuphela evoti. Lowo hulumeni angakhipha umthetho ngaphandle kokuhlangana nabantu abahlangene. Ezimisweni ze-PR, imifelandawo ivamile. Nakuba imifelandawo ingehlelekile — njengaseJalimane noma eNetherlands — futhi ingantekentsa. I-Italy izwana nohulumeni abangu-61 phakathi kuka-1962 no-2020 ngaphansi kwesimiso sokulinganisa isilinganiso esikhulu, nakuba izinguquko zamuva nje ziletha ukuzinzisa.

Nokho, impikiswano yokuzinza iyazisusa zombili izindlela. Ohulumeni abazimele bangazinza, kodwa futhi bangangasabeli ezigabeni ezinkulu zomphakathi. Iqembu eliwina iningi elino 48% wamavoti libusa njengokungathi ligunyaziwe ku-100% yabantu. Amabutho e-PR angazivumelanisa, okungaholela ezimisweni ezigunyaza ukuvumelana okukhulu ngisho noma inqubo iphazamisa kakhulu.

Ukuhlanganyela Nokubuya

Ucwaningo lusikisela ukuthi umvoti uvame ukuphakama ezimisweni zePR, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabasekeli beqembu elincane. EWTA, abavoti abaningi banomuzwa wokuthi amabhola abo awakhathazeki uma behlala esihlalweni esiphephile lapho elinye iqembu liwina khona. Ngaphansi kwe-PR, wonke amanani aphezulu engqikithi yeqembu, anyusa umuzwa wesakhamuzi wokuphumelela. Ngokwe- i-data evela ku-International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Intelligation[, i-ayela ekuvota emazweni ePR ingu 72%, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-65% emazweni amaningi, ilawula ezinye izici.

Ukulandisa Kwabameleli

I-WTA inikeza ukuhlobana okuqinile kwendawo: isifunda ngasinye sinenxusa elilodwa elibonakalayo elingabekwa icala ngezindaba zendawo. Izimiso zePR zivame ukululaza lobu budlelwane ngoba abazohlolwa bakhethwa ezinhlwini zeqembu kunokuba bakhethwe endaweni ethile. I-STV ne-MMP zingalingana kokubili ukumelelwa nokulandisa, kodwa uhlu lwePR lubonakala lubuthakathaka kakhulu kulendaba. AmaVoter angase angazi ukuthi ubani “owawo owelaphayo”, ikakhulukazi ezifundeni ezinkulu.

Ubunkimbinkimbi Nezindleko

IWTA ilula ngokungenakuphikwa kubavoti nabaphathi bokhetho. Abavoti bakhetha amagama, futhi bakhetha enye, futhi baphumelele nge-vota ephezulu. Izimiso ze-PR zivame ukudinga izifunda ezinkulu (isigaba se-multi), ukubala okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, nemfundo eyengeziwe kubavoti. Udwebo lwePR lufuna abavoti baqonde ukuthi izinhlu zisebenza kanjani; i-STV idinga indawo ephezulu. Nokho, uma abavoti bejwayelene, ubunkimbinkimbinkimbi buyinkimbinkimbi. Izindleko zokusebenzisa i-PR coptation zingaba ngaphezulu ngenxa yamaphephandaba amabhola amakhulu, kodwa ezinye izindleko zinciphe kakhulu, kodwa ezinye ziphikisana nezinzuzo zommelelo wommelelo okhetho.

Ukuhlola Icala: I - PR Iyaklanywa

INew Zealand: I - Shift Ephumelelayo

Perhaps the best modern example of a country deliberately switching from WTA to PR is New Zealand. In 1993, after decades of FPTP, New Zealanders voted in a referendum to adopt MMP — a mixed proportional system. The change transformed the political landscape. Where previously the National and Labour parties dominated, now several smaller parties — including the Green Party, New Zealand First, and the Māori Party — regularly hold seats and often participate in coalition governments.

I-Propotigality yathuthuka ngokuphawulekayo. Ngaphansi kwe-FPTP, ukhetho luka-1990 lwanikeza u-National 47% wezihlalo kodwa kwazihlalisa ezingu-69%. Ngaphansi kwe-MMP, ukhetho lwamashumi amabini ayizi-2020 lwanikeza i-Labour 50% yevoti ne 65 yezihlalo ezingu-201 ze-intshi, umphumela olingana kakhulu. Ukwaneliseka koVoter kwanyuka futhi: ukuhlolwa kubonisa ukuthi cishe ama-30 aseNew Zealand manje akhetha i-MMP kuya esimisweni sakudala. Ukuqina kohulumeni abahlangene kuye kwaba kuhle kakhulu, nakuba kuye kwaba nezinkathi zokuxoxa okunzima.

ESweden: Ithonya Eliqinile

ISweden isebenzisa uhlelo lwe-PR olunezingxenye ezingu-29 ezihlukene kanye nomnyango wesizwe esingu-4%. Umphumela yiphalamende (i-Riksdag) elihlala njalo amaqembu angu-8 noma angu-9. Ohulumeni cishe bangamaqoqo noma ohulumeni abambalwa abathembele ekusekeleni i-PR. Naphezu kwalokhu kuhlukana, i-Sweden iye yajabulela izizinziso zezombangazwe ezingavamile. Kusukela eMpini Yezwe II, ohulumeni bayo bebekwazi ukumisa izinguquko ezinde zesikhathi sezenhlalakahleni, imfundo, nezimiso zakwamanye amazwe. Amabutho ayazihlehlisa, amaqembu alinganiselayo futhi akha umthetho omthetho osemthethweni.

Ukuhlola Icala: I - WTA Eklanywa

I - United Kingdom: Imfundiso Yesigaba

Indlu ye-UK’s House of Commons ikhethwa yi-FPP ngo-650 eyilungu elilodwa. Okhethweni oluvamile, izigaba ezimbili ezinkulu kakhulu — iConservative ne-Labour — ziwina cishe 85-90% zezihlalo, nakuba zihlangene zizuza 70-75% kuphela zabavoti. Amaqembu amancinci anjenge-Liberal Democrates, i-Greenland, ne-Bretit Party abekwe ngaphansi-mgalelo. Isibonelo, ngo- 2015, i-UK Independent Partion (UKIP) yawina i-12% yevoti yesihlalo kuphela.

Lokhu kuphikisana kuye kwabangela ukuba kufuneke inguquko. I-apendendium ka-2011 ngokushintshela ku-Vote (isimiso esiyinhloko, hhayi i-PR) yalahlwa, kodwa iyaqhubeka. Okwamanje, ohulumeni abakhiwa ngobuningi obuvamile — njengohulumeni wama-2019 — babuse njengokungathi bagunyaziwe, ngisho noma bawina i- 43,6% kuphela yalabo abavotayo.

ECanada: Ukwehluka kwezifunda

Isimiso se-FPTP saseCanada siveza ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwezindawo. Iqembu lingabusa indawo ngengxenye encane yokuvota kwesizwe. Kukhetho luka-2021 lukahulumeni, i-Conservative Party yawina 33.7% yevoti kodwa yabopha izihlalo ezingu-9 (35.5%), kuyilapho i-Bloc Québébécois, iwina i 7.6% yezihlalo zokuvota kodwa ezingu-32 (9.5%) ngenxa yokuthi ukusekela kwayo kugxile eQuebec. I-Greenland Party yawina i-2% yezihlalo kodwa ezimbili kuphela. Lezi zibonelo zibonisa indlela i-WTA yomibili ekwazi ngayo ukuzuza amaqembu aphakeme futhi ngaphansi kwezindawo ezisekelayo. Izifunda eziningi zase-Canada ziye zazama ukusekela i-projectal commentation, kodwa azizange zamukelwa isilinganiso se-untmentation.

Izindlela Zokwelapha Impi Nezindlela Ezihlukile

Akusona sonke isimiso sokhetho esifana kahle nePR vs WTA 2 (isimiso sokukhetha). Amazwe amaningi asebenzisa izimiso ezihlanganisa izici.

  • Izimiso zeRounds ezimbili (i- Runeff): ezisetshenziswa eFrance kukhetho lomongameli nolwephalamende. Uma kungekho mfantu owina abaningi emzuzwaneni wokuqala, ubuso obubili obuphezulu ngomzuzwana. Lokhu kuvame ukuveza abawini abaningi kodwa kusenakuphazamisa ukulingana. Akuthathwa njengePR.
  • I-Alternative Vote (AV) / I-i-i-incoff kamsinya: Abathathi-mdlali be-Voter; uma kungekho muntu othola iningi, ogcinayo uyasuswa futhi amavoti abo adluliswa. I-AV iyisimiso sobunganisi, hhayi i-acential, kodwa ithuthukisa i-FPTPP ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi umnqobi unesisekelo esikhulu. Isetshenziswa e-Australia kwiNdlu yabameleli.
  • I-MEMber Majoritarian (MMMM):[ njenge-MMP kodwa izihlalo zohlu azilibali ukuxega; zilingana. Lokhu kuvame ukuphumela emiphumeleni elinganiselwe kakhulu. IJapane ne Mexico zisebenzisa iMMM.

Izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zizama ukubamba ezinye zezinzuzo zawo womabili lamazwe — ukumelelwa kwendawo kanye nokulingana kwawo wonke umuntu noma ukubusa kweningi ngokukhetha umvoti.

Ukukhetha I - PR Ne - WTA

Isinqumo sasiphi isimiso okufanele sithathwe sixhomeke ezintweni eziza kuqala emphakathini. Uma into eyinhloko iwukuthi izindaba zokuvota zesakhamuzi ngasinye futhi i-panotio iveza i-votete, i-PR ingukhetho olunengqondo. Uma ohulumeni abaqinile, ukulandisa okucacile, kanye nonovolo olulula kungangcono.

Idemokrasi eningi iye yaguqula izimiso zayo ngenxa yamaphutha acatshangelwayo. I-PR ne-South Africa ethotshiwe; i-France isebenzisa isimiso esizingxenye ezimbili; i-UK iye yaphikisana ngenguquko amashumi eminyaka. Ukuthambekela kwemibuso emisha ebusa ngentando yeningi — njengaleyo eMpumalanga Yurophu ngemva kuka 1989 — bekubhekene ne-PR, kodwa akukho ukugunyazwa kwendawo yonke.

Kubalulekile futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi i-PR ingaklanyelwa ukunciphisa ubuthakathaka bayo: izimfuneko zomnyango (umzk., 4% noma 5%) zivimbela amaqembu amancane ahlukene ukungena ephalamende, futhi uvula noma izigaba ze-STV zilondoloza ukhetho lomvoti phakathi kwabavoti. Ngokufanayo, i-WTA ingashintshwa ngokusebenzisa izigodi eziningi kakhulu noma ihlanganiswe nge-gasmes, nakuba isondela esimisweni esihlukile ngokuphelele.

Isiphetho

I-Propotigal Memodication and Wern-Attakes-Bonke bamelela amafilosofi amabili ahlukene ngokuyisisekelo entando yeningi yentando yeningi. I-PR ihlela ukubonakaliswa okulungile kokuthandwa yivoti, ngokuvamile ngokuncishiswa kohulumeni abalula nokuzimisela. I-WTA ihlela phambili abanqobi abacacile nabanamandla, ngokuvamile ngokulahlekelwa yi-memosfects nemvume ebanzi. Akukho hlelo eliphelele; ngalinye liveza ukulahlekelwa kanye nabawini. Isimiso esingcono kakhulu nganoma yiliphi izwe elinikwe sixhomeke esikweni salo sezombangazwe, izinga lezwe, ukuhlukahlukahlukana kwezinhlanga, nomlando.

Ngokuqonda omakhenikha, izinzuzo, kanye neziphazamiso ze-PR ne-WTA, izakhamuzi nabenzi bezimiso bangahlanganyela ngokuhlakanipha okukhulu ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nenguquko ye-votor. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izwe linamathela esimisweni salo samanje noma likhetha ukushintsha, umgomo oyinhloko uhlala ufana: isakhiwo esilawulayo esisebenza kahle futhi esisemthethweni emehlweni alabo esibasebenzelayo.