Umqondo wokumelelwa ngokufanelekile ezimisweni zokuvota uyisisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi. Iqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amazwi azwakalayo futhi isimiso sezombangazwe siveza ukuhlukahluka kwenani labantu. Ngaphandle kokumelelwa kahle, izingozi zokhetho eziqhubekisela phambili ukungalingani nokuhlela yonke imiphakathi. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ukubaluleka kokumelelwa ngokulunga, ithonya laso emphakathini, kanye nezimiso ezihlukahlukene ezihloselwe ukufinyelela lokho. Sizohlola futhi ukuhlola ukuhlola ukuhlola izinselele zangempela zezwe, izinselele eziphikelelayo, kanye nokwanda kwemiklamo ehlela ikusasa lokhetho.

Ukuqonda Umfanekiso Ofanele

Ukumelelwa okuhle kusho ukuthi isimiso sokhetho sivumela wonke amaqembu phakathi kwabantu ukuba abe nethuba elilinganayo lokuthonya inqubo yezombangazwe. Lomqondo usekelwe emqondweni wokuthi ivoti yesakhamuzi ngasinye kufanele iphathe isisindo esifanayo nokuthi amaqembu amancane (ingachazwa ngokohlanga, ubuzwe, isimo sezenhlalo, noma isimo sezezomnotho). Uma wenza kanjalo, ukumelela okulungile kudlulela ngalé kokumane nje ukuguqula i-colot; kuhilela indlela amavota ahunyushelwa ngayo ezihlalweni nendlela abakhi bomthetho ababhekwa ngayo njengabakhethi.

Ukubaluleka Kokufanekisela Okulungile

Ukumelela okulungile kunendima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukuzwana nokulingana kwezombangazwe. Uma inani labantu elihlukene limelelwa kahle, kuholela:

  • Ukuthembisana okukhulisweyo: Abantu bathambekele kakhulu ekuhlanganyeleni kokhetho lapho bezwa ukuthi banesithakazelo esimelelwe. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi ngokuvamile ukuvela ezimisweni ezilinganiswayo kuphakeme kunezimiso ezizuziwe. Ngokwesibonelo, I-IDEA yezwe lonke [ ibonisa ukuthi amazwe asebenzisa i-memode yesilinganiso afaka njalo isikhombi se-vota esiphezulu.
  • Inqubo engcono imiphumela: imibono eguquguqukayo iholela ezimisweni ezibanzi neziphumelelayo. Uma abamisi-mthetho bebonisa umphakathi, baletha ulwazi nobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisa umthetho. Ukuhlolwa kwa 2020 okwakhishwa e Joyal of Politics[ yathola ukuthi izishayamthetho ezinezigqizo ezinkulu ezichazayo ziveza izimiso ezingcono ezisingatha izidingo zamaqembu angaphansi kwe-akanye.
  • Ukubambisana okungokomphakathi: Ummeleli wobuqotho uveza umuzwa wokuba phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene. Lapho izakhamuzi zizibona zisembusweni, ukuthembela ezinhlanganweni kuyakhula, ukunciphisa ukuhlukana kwezombangazwe nokuhlukana kwezenhlalo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukumelelwa ngendlela elungile kuyasiza ekuvikeleni ekucindezeleni kweningi. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi amazwi amancane anethuba eliqotho lokuzwakala, izimiso zokukhetha zingaqapha izimiso ebezingawushaya indiva noma zilimaze abantu abasengozini.

Izinhlobo Zezimiso Zokusakaza Izindiza

Kunezinqubo ezihlukahlukene zokuvota eziklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa ukumelelwa okuhle. isimiso ngasinye sinamandla ahlukile nobuthakathaka, sithonya indlela amavoti ahunyushelwa ngayo emandleni ezombangazwe. Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kubalulekile ekuhloleni izihlongozo zokukhetha.

1. Eyokuqala-Past-The- Post (FPTP)

Isimiso se-Past-Pest-The Post singesinye sezimiso ezivamile zokukhetha, ezisetshenziswa emazweni anjenge-United Kingdom, i-United States, i-Canada, ne-Ndiya. Kulesi simiso, izwe lihlukaniswa ngokwezigodi ezinezigaba eyodwa, futhi isibhedlela esinezivoti eziningi siyaphumelela, ngisho noma zingafinyeleli inani elikhulu kakhulu.

  • Ukumelelwa kwe-propotione: Iqembu elincane lingase lilwele ukuthola izihlalo, ngisho noma lithola ingxenye ebalulekile yevoti yesizwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokhetho lwango-2019 lwe-Australianadian, iGreen Party yawina 6.5% yevoti ethandwayo kodwa 3 kuphela kwezihlalo ezingamashumi amathathu (0.9%).
  • Avoti akhishwe: Abalahlekelwayo abanikeli emphumeleni esifundeni sabo. Ezihlalweni ezilondekile, amavoti amaningi alahliwe ngokuphumelelayo. Ukhetho lukamongameli wase-U.S. lwabona izigidi zamavoti ezifundazwe ezingathinteki kakhulu ezinomphumela we-Electoral College.
  • ukuvota okusemthethweni:[ Izikhulu zezincwadi zivame ukuzizwa ziphoqelekile ukuba zivotele umuntu ongamthandi kakhulu ukuze zivimbele ongathandwa kakhulu, zihlanekezele okuthandwayo.

2. Ukumelelwa kwenkulumo (PR)

Inhloso yokumelelwa kwe-Propotional ihlela izihlalo kumphathi-ndlu womthetho ngokwenamavoti atholwa yilungu ngalinye. Lesi simiso singathatha izindlela ezihlukahlukene, njenge:

  • Uhlu PR:[ Izinsuku zinikeza uhlu lwabazovota, futhi izihlalo zabelwa ngokwengxenye yamavoti afunyenweyo. Amavoter angakhetha phakathi kwezinhlu ezivaliweyo (lapho umkhandlu unquma uhlelo) noma ukuvula uhlu (lapho abavoti bangabonisa khona okuthandayo phakathi kwabavoti). Udwebo lwePR lusetshenziswa e-Israel, eBrazil, nasemazweni amaningi aseYurophu.
  • I Vote edluliswayo eyodwa (STV): Abavotayo abathatha izigaba ezifundeni eziningi. Amavote ayasakazwa kuze kube yilapho zonke izihlalo zigcwalisiwe, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi zilingana kanti futhi zivumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe phakathi kwabazodwa eqenjini elifanayo. STV isetshenziswa e-Ireland, eMalta, nakukhetho oluthile lwendawo eScotland naseNew Zealand.

Izimiso zePR ngokuvamile ziveza amaphalamende amelele kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, okhethweni lwaseSweden lwama 2022, iziqephu eziyishumi zawina izihlalo, ziveza imibono eminingi yezombangazwe. Nokho, i-PR ingaholela ezindlini zomthetho ezihlukene-hlukene nohulumeni abahlangene, okungase kungaguquguquki kakhulu kwezinye izimo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi i-PR inganikeza ithonya elingafanele nakumaqembu amancane ashisekela ukushisekela izinto.

3. Izimiso Zobuhlanya Ezixutshwe Nezinhlayiya

Izimiso ze-electoral ezixubene zihlanganisa ama-elementi e-FPTP ne-PR. Amavoter ngokuvamile anamavoti amabili: enye kunomvoti esifundeni sakubo kanti enye i-parti. Lesi simiso sizama ukulinganisela ukumelelwa kwendawo nokulingana kwayo yonke. Kukhona izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko:

  • [[NTL:0] Isetshenziswa eJalimane, e-New Zealand, nase Scotland (ngephalamende layo), i-MMP ivala ngokuqondile ukuhlukana ngokuhlanganisa izihlalo zohlu ukuze ilungise ingqikithi yeqembu. Lokhu kuveza ukuhlangana okuseduze phakathi kwesabelo sevoti nesihlalo.
  • [[[NT:0] I-Parallel (noma i-Midber Majoritarian) Isetshenziswa eJapane nase-South Korea, izimiso ezihambelanayo zisebenzisa i-FPTP ne-PR ngaphandle kwenkokhelo. Lokhu ngokuvamile kuholela emiphumeleni elinganiselwe kune-MMP.

Izimiso ezixubile zinganikeza amathonya angcono kakhulu kuwo womabili lamazwe, kodwa futhi ziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe kubavoti futhi zidinga umklamo wokunakekela ukuze zigweme izingozi ezingokwemishini.

4. Iranked-Choice Voing (RCV) ne-Alternative Votings Systems

Ngalé kwezigaba ezintathu ezibanzi, ezinye izimiso zizimisele ukuthuthukisa ukumelelwa. Ukuvota okubizwa ngokuthi i-ranked-choice (okwaziwa nangokuthi ukuvota okusheshayo) kuvumela abavoti ukuba bafake izigaba ngokulandelana. Uma kungekho mvoti othola amavoti okuqala, ogcinayo uqediwe uqediwe futhi amavoti abo ancishiwe ekukhetheni okulandelayo. Le nqubo iyaqhubeka kuze kube yilapho oyedwa ofundayo eneningi. RCV isetshenziswa e-Australia (ngendlu yabameleli abameleli) futhi emadolobheni amaningana ase-U. anjengeSan Francisco neDolobhe laseNew York. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuthi i-RCVs inciphisa imiphumela enziphono, ikhuthaza imikhanka (kufuna ivoti yesibili), futhi abawini abawini basekela kakhulu.

Izinselele Zokumelela Okufanele

Naphezu kokubaluleka kokubukiswa ngendlela elungile, izinselele eziningana ziyaqhubeka zitholakala ekukufinyeleleni. Ezinye zalezi zinselele zigxile kakhulu ezinhlotsheni zezombangazwe, kuyilapho ezinye zibangelwa ukungalingani kwezenhlalo nezomnotho.

  • Ukusetshenziswa kwemingcele yesifunda sokhetho kunganciphisa amandla okuvota kwamaqembu athile. E-United States, womabili amaqembu amakhulu aye asebenzisa ukukhuthaza inzuzo, ngokuvamile epakisha amavoti ambalwa ezifundeni ezimbalwa noma ezihlukanisayo ezizweni eziningi ukuze anciphise ithonya lawo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yanquma ukuthi i-gerrymandering ingumbuzo wezombangazwe ongenakufinyelelwa izinkantolo zikahulumeni, ishiyela inguquko ezizweni.
  • Ukucindezelwa kwamavoter: Amaqhinga achitha imiphakathi ethile − njengemithetho ye-ID evimbelayo, inciphisile ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, nokukhishwa kwemidwebo yamavoti (umbhalo olungile). Lemikhuba ithinta ngokungenakulinganiswa, ukufika okuphansi, nokuvota okuncane.
  • Imingcele yezezomnotho: Ukungalingani kwezomnotho kungathinta umvoti nokwethembisana. Abantu abahola kancane ngokuvamile abakwazi ukuthatha isikhathi esincane emsebenzini, ukuntuleka kwezokuhamba, noma ukubhekana nemingcele yolimi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlukaniswa kwezezimali ngokwezomnotho kunganikeza ithonya elingenakulinganiswa kwabavoti nenqubo.
  • Imikhawulo eqinile: Kwezinye izimiso zePR, amaqembu kumelwe afinyelele isilinganiso esincane kakhulu sevoti ukuze athole izihlalo. Nakuba amabhuloho evimbela ukuhlukana, angakhipha futhi imicimbi esemthethweni yedlanzana. Ngokwesibonelo, umnyango we-Turkia owe-10% uye wagxekwa ngokuphikiswa kokumelelwa kwe-Kurdish amaqembu.
  • Izimiso ezisebenzisa izingxenye zesifunda esisodwa zidlula izifunda ezinkulu kakhulu esifundeni ngasinye, ngokuvamile ziphumela "kwenakekeli abaningi" lapho umbuthano uwina khona izihlalo eziningi ngengxenye engaphansi kwevoti ethandwayo.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Emfanekisweni Ofanele

Ukuhlola indaba kunganikeza ukuqonda ngendlela izimiso zokuvota ezihluke ngayo. Nazi izibonelo ezine eziphawulekayo ezivela emhlabeni wonke:

Inguquko ye-Electoral yaseNew Zealand

Ngo-1993, ngemva kwengxoxo ende yomphakathi nama-astendem amabili, i-New Zealand yamukela isimiso se-Mixmed Atmat Proportonal (MMP) sokuthatha indawo ye-FPPP. Ushintsho lwaphumela epalamente eyengeziwe. Amaqembu amancane njenge-Greens ne-New Zealand kuQala athola izihlalo, aphoqelela amaqembu amakhulu ukuba axoxe ngemifelandawo. Ngenxa yalokho, inqubo yaba khona ngokuvumelana kakhulu, futhi uhulumeni manje ubonisa umehluko omkhulu wemibono. IKhomisha yomphathi wezemidlalo yaseNew Zealand inikeza izici eziningi zomlando zenguquko.

2. Uhlelo lwaseJalimane oluxutshwe

IJalimane isebenzisa isimiso sokuhlanganisa izingxenye ezixubile ze-Bundestag yayo. Ivoters zivotela amavoti amabili: elinye lomvoti wendawo (FPTP) neloluhlu lweqembu (PR). Ivoti yePR inquma isakhiwo sonke sepalamende, nezihlalo ezihlobanisa noma yikuphi ukuhlukana kwemibono ethathwe kuyivoti yokuqala. Le simiso siye savumela isimiso sengxenye ehlukene esihlanganisa iDemocrates, i-Social Democrates, i-Greentes, i-Free Democrats, ne-Of Lekhohlo, siqinisekisa ukuthi noma iziphi izimo zezombangazwe ezihlukahlukene zimelelwe. Inkantolo ye-Provision ye-German ibeke izinselele eziningana esimisweni, ukuhlanganisa isibopho sayo.

3. I Vote eyodwa edluliswayo yase-Ireland (STV)

I-Ireland iye yasebenzisa i-STV kusukela ekusungulweni kwezwe ngo-1922. Abavoters baneziqu eziningi ezifundeni (ngokuvamile 3 kuya kwezihlalo ezinhlanu). Lokhu kuvumela kokubili ukulingana nokuncintisana kwe-intrapartey. Ukhetho lwase-Ireland lwaziwa ngamazinga aphezulu otshani abakhankanti bemikhankaso nenkonzo enamandla. STV iveze ohulumeni ababumbene abaqinile futhi iye yadunyiswa ngokubonisa ngokunembile okuthandwa yivota. [ Iproject ye-ACE inikeza ukwaziswa okuhambisanayo ngendlela engcono i-STV eqhathaniswa ngayo nezinye izimiso.

4. Umzamo waseCanada wokuthola imishini ehlukile

I-Canada ithole ama-parendum amaningana esifundazwe awenziwe ngenguquko yeze-electonal, ikakhulukazi eBritish Columbia (2005, 2009) nase-Ontario (2007). E-BC, ukushintshela esimisweni esidluliswayo sobuBote sisodwa kwanikezwa imvume engu 57,7% ngo-2005 kodwa yahluleka ukudlula kusuka kumngcele ofunekayo wama-60%. Inkulumo mpikiswano yaqokomisa ukulangazelela ushintsho kodwa futhi nobunzima bokufinyelela ukuvumelana ngenye indlela. I-Canada iyisibonelo esivelele sezwe lapho i-FPTPPP iqhubeka khona naphezu kokukhula kwezingcingo zenguquko.

Ikusasa Lokufanekiselwa Okulungile

Njengoba imiphakathi ishintsha, ingxoxo ehambisana nokumelelwa kahle iyaqhubeka. Ubuchwepheshe obuhlanganisa ukuhlanganiswa nokushintsha kwenani labantu kungathonya izimiso zokuvota esikhathini esizayo. Ukucatshangelwa okuyinhloko kwesikhathi esizayo kuhlanganisa:

Ekugcineni, ikusasa lokumelelwa ngokulunga lisekulinganiseni ukulawulwa. Asikho isimiso esiphelele, kodwa ingxoxo nokuhlola okuqhubekayo kungaholela ekuthuthukisweni okuthuthukisayo okuqinisa ukubusa ngentando yeningi.

Isiphetho

Ukumelelwa okuhle ezimisweni zokuvota kubalulekile ekuqondiseni idemokrasi enempilo. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amazwi azwakalayo futhi aziswa, imiphakathi ingathuthukisa ukungavumelani nokungaguquguquki. Ukuqonda izimiso ezihlukahlukene zokuvota(FPTP, PR, izimiso ezixubile, kanye nezinye izindlela ezifana ne-RCV, futhi ithonya lawo ekumeleni izimpawu libalulekile kubafundisi, abafundi, nezakhamuzi ngokufanayo. Nakuba izinselele ezifana ne-gerrymannitor nokuvota zihlala, uma kuhlola kusukela eNew Zealand, e-Ireland, futhi kwezinye izindawo kubonisa ukuthi inguquko ingenzeka futhi izuzisa. Indlela engaphambili idinga ukuhlanganiswa kwasobala, umklamo wenhlangano, kanye nesibopho sokusekela isimiso sokuvota okumelwe sifuze ngokufanayo. Njengoba izakhamuzi, ukuhlala nokusekela nokumelela okuhle akuyona nje isibopho sombuso wezentando yentando yentando yezindawo.