Izimiso zokuqamba zakha umgogodla wokubusa kwentando yeningi, ukuguqula izinhlelo ezihlanganyelwayo. Indlela amavota abalwa ngayo nezihlalo ezibelweyo ingahlela hhayi umphumela wokhetho kuphela kodwa futhi nezimiso zezombangazwe ezibanzi(izimiso zeqembu lokuvota, ukuziphatha, nokufaneleka kukahulumeni. Kuzakhamuzi, ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kuyithuluzi elisebenzayo lokuhileleka ngokuphumelela kakhulu ngenqubo yokukhetha nokuhlola iziphakamiso zenguquko. Lesiqondiso sinikeza ukubheka ngokubheka ngokujula izimiso ezinkulu zokuvota namuhla, amandla nobuthakathaka bazo, nezibonelo zangempela zendlela abasebenza ngayo.

Iyini Isimiso Sokuthutha Izintuli?

Isimiso sokuvota (umz., ukukhetha oyedwa, abacela ukuphumelela) futhi okubhekiselwa kukho njengesimiso sokuvota. Isethi yemithetho enquma indlela amavota aphonswa ngayo, abalwa ngayo, futhi ehunyushelwa ezihlalweni noma emahhovisi. Ichaza konke okusukela efomethini le-bolot (umz., ukukhetha umbhalisa oyedwa, abathatha isigaba esisodwa) enqubeni yokuzibiza ngabawini abaphumelelayo. Ukukhetha kwesimiso kungaba nemiphumela enzima: kungakhuthaza noma kunqande uhulumeni abahlangene, ukuvuza noma ukujezisa amaqembu amancane, futhi kuthinte ukumelelwa kwemikhakhathi yezindikimba ezikhethiwe. Akukho simiso sobuthengiselwano; ukuthutha okuphakathi kwabazuzisi, ukulingana, ukulandisa.

Izimiso ze-Electoral zihlukaniswa ngokwezilinganiso ezimbili: ubukhulu be- be-dicigion (inani labameleli abakhethwe esifundeni ngasinye) kanye ne- uhlelo lokhetho [ (amavoti ashintshwa abe izihlalo). Lezizici ezihlangene zinquma ukuthi isimiso sikhetha umthetho oyinhloko noma i-galelo.

Izinhlobo Ezinkulu Zezimiso Zokusakaza Izindiza

Nakuba kunezinhlobo eziningi ezihlukile, izimiso eziningi zokuvota zingena emikhayeni emincane ebanzi.

Uhlelo lwe-Platurality Voting (Okuqala-Past-the Post)

Isimiso sobuningi, esidume ngokuthi uqobo lwaso lokuqala-kwenzile (FPTP), singenye yezindlela zokhetho olulula kakhulu. Abavoter bakhetha ozothatha oyedwa ekusebenziseni kwabo, futhi ozovota kakhulu uphumelele . noma bethola inzuzo engcono kakhulu, uma beyiqonda kalula, imiphumela yaziwayo ngokushesha, futhi iveza ukuqina kohulumeni abahlukene.

Nokho, i-FPTP inezithiyo ezinkulu. Ivame ukuholela kumphumela ongalinganiyo [, lapho iqembu lingawina khona izihlalo eziningi ezinezigqibo eziningi kuphela ngokwesizwe. Futhi ithanda ukuvota [amavoti] [_amavoti] okulahlekelwa abazothatha izicathulo noma amavoti anciphileyo abawinayo abanalothi abathola isihlalo sokuhlala. Lokhu kunganqanda ukujika nokuthatha izithuba ezimbili zengxenye, njengamaqembu amancane ukuwina ngisho nangezihlalo ezithandwa kakhulu., futhi i-FPPT ingaveza [FFFFF:]

Izimiso Zokuthutha Izindiza Ezinkulu

Izimiso ezinkulu zidinga umbheki-guquli ozovikela abangaphezu kwe 50% bevoti ukuze anqobe. Uma kungekho mzungezo ofinyelela kulomnyango emzuzwini wokuqala, umjikelezo wesibili noma uchoko olunhlobo [ lubanjwa phakathi kwe-applications eziphezulu. I-Variers ihlanganisa:

  • Isixokelelwano seRound System esibili (TRS): esisetshenziswa kukhetho lomongameli eFrance nakwamanye amazwe amaningi. Uma kungekho mdwebi owina iningi emzuzwaneni wokuqala, ababili abaphezulu bancintisana ngomjikelezo wesibili.
  • I-instant Voing (IRV): Futhi ibizwa ngokuthi ukuvota okunezigaba (RCV), lesi simiso sifinyelela imvume enkulu kukhetho olulodwa. Abameleli abathatha isigaba ngokulandelana. Uma kungekho nomfundi onenani elikhulu lamavoti okuqala, umvoti wokugcina ususiwe, futhi amavoti abo adluliselwa ezinkonzweni ezilandelayo ezikhona. Inqubo iphinde iphinde idlulele emhlabeni omkhulu. I-IRV isetshenziswa eHoofeni yase-Australia yabameleli kanye nasehhotelani likamasipala ezindaweni eziningi. U.S.

Izimiso ezinkulu ziqinisekisa ukuthi owinayo usekelwa kabanzi, ugwema isimo lapho umbhalisa ezuza khona ngobuningi obuphansi. Nokho, izimiso ezimbili ezijikelezayo zingabiza futhi zingahlupheka ngokuthatha umphandle ophansi emzuzwini wesibili. I-IRV iqeda isidingo sokuzikhulula okuhlukile kodwa kungaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kubavoti nakubaphathi bokhetho.

Umfuziselo ongokwengxenye (PR)

Ummeleli we-propotionel uhloselwe ukubeka izihlalo esihlalweni esimini somthetho ngokulingana namavoti atholwa yilungu ngalinye. Lo mkhaya wezimiso uklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isabelo sezihlalo seqembu elithile sihambisana cishe nengxenye yalo yevoti ethandwayo. I-PR isetshenziswa ezindaweni eziningi zentando yeningi, kuhlanganise neningi laseYurophu nase-Latin America. Izinhlobo eziningi eziyinhloko zikhona:

  • Party-List PR:[ amavota ohlwini lweqembu (ngezinye izikhathi avala, lapho umbambi unquma khona uhlelo; ngezinye izikhathi uvula, lapho abavoti bangathonya khona uhlelo lwe-profile). Ama-setts abelwa ukusebenzisa indlela enjenge[[FLT:] [[FLT:]] inxenye ye-pariti [[FLT], [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] isilinganiso , noma [[FLT] uSaint:6] Lawreëë]. Umbarlkt uveza imiphumela ehlukene kakhulu kodwa ungaholela ekuhlukani kwezimiso ezihlukene futhi uthobe phakathi kwabameleli.
  • Ivote edluliswayo eyodwa (STV): Abavotayo abanezigaba eziningi. Amavoti afinyelela isilinganiso samavoti afuna ukukhethwa, futhi amavoti asele ayadluliselwa. i-STV ihlanganisa imiphumela elinganayo nokuvota okukhona, ivumela abavoti ukukhetha phakathi kwabavoti beqembu elifanayo. Isetshenziswa e-Ireland nase-Melita.
  • I-Mixed-Mber Proportonal (MMP): Isimiso esixubene nezigodi ezinezingxenye eyodwa nohlu lweqembu lesizwe noma lwesifunda ukuze kutholakale ukulingana. AmaVoter avota kabili: eyodwa ingeyombhaliso wesifunda nenye yeqembu. Izihlalo zeqembu zisetshenziselwa “phezulu” ukuze ukwabiwa kwezifunda kubonise isabelo seqembu. I-MMP isetshenziswa eJalimane, eNew Zealand, nakwezinye izindawo. Inikeza kokubili ukumelelwa kwendawo kanye nokulingana kodwa ingaba yinkimbinkimbi futhi iveze amahlelo amabili e-MP.

Izimiso Zokuxutshwa Kwemisebe

Ngalé kwe-MMP, ezinye izimiso ezixubeneyo zikhona ezihlanganisa izingxenye ze-injidi/i-majority kanye nokumelelwa kwe-partial ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa ukulingana okugcwele. Ngokwesibonelo, uvota (osetshenziswa eJapane, South Korea, naseRussia]) kunezingxenye ezimbili ezihlukene (odwa zisebenzisa i-FPTPP kanye noyedwa osebenzisa uluhlu lwe-PR , ngaphandle kokulungisa ukulingana okungalingani. Umphumela uyisilinganiso ngokwengxenye kodwa ngokuvamile uthanda amaqembu amakhulu. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa izinqubo ze-fLT [FLT]] , lapho iqembu eliphethe amavota amaningi lithola izihlalo ezingaphezulu ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi i-ocentu.

Ezinye Izimiso Eziphawulekayo

Izimiso eziningana ezivamile kufanele ziphawulwe:

  • Borda Count: Abathathi-mabala, futhi amaphuzu abelwa isikhundla ngasinye (umz., iphuzu lokuqala endaweni yokugcina, 2 kwesokugcina, njll.). Ozohlolwa ngezindawo eziningi uyazuza. Lesi simiso sithanda ukuba abathathi-hlangothi abaningi kunabasulwa kakhulu.
  • Approbaliting:[ Amavote angavotela abaningi abazobhapathizwa njengoba bevuma. Umfundi othola imvume enkulu uyaphumelela. Ukuvota kulula futhi kunciphisa ukuvota okusemthethweni, kodwa akuthathi amandla okukhetha.
  • Ukuvota: Izinga lomvovo ngamunye ngesilinganiso (umk. 0-10). Umfundi onenani eliphakeme kakhulu lezibalo eziwinayo. Lendlela ivumela abavoti ukuba baveze okuthandwayo okuxazululiwe kodwa bangachayeka ekulinganiseni okuhlelekile.

Izinzuzo Nezithiyo Zezimiso Zokusakaza Izindiza

Isimiso ngasinye sokuvota sihlanganisa ukudayiswa. Ukucubungula okulandelayo kuqokomisa izinzuzo nezimo ezikhonjiwe kakhulu nezingenanzuzo.

Izinzuzo

  • Ukukhetha nokubonisa: Izimiso ezisekelwe espell zinikeza abavoti izindlela ezicaciswe kakhulu zokuveza okuthandayo, ngokunokwenzeka zinciphisa isidingo sokuvota okuhleliwe.
  • Umfuziselo wobuFayi: Izimiso zokuveza izenzakalo ziqinisekisa ukuthi imibono yedlanzana kanye nezinga elincane zingathola izihlalo ezibonisa ukusekela kwazo, zikhuthaza ukuvaleka.
  • Inqanyulwe i Votes: Izimiso ezidlulisa amavoti noma ukusebenzisa izifunda ezinkulu (umzk., STV, MMP) ziqinisekisa ukuthi amavoti amaningi anikela ekukhetheni umvoti.
  • Ukukhokha umbango: Izimiso zesigodi ezingamalungu azimele (FPTP, ezimbili ezizungezene) zidala ukuxhumana okucacile phakathi kwabavoti nommeleli wabo wendawo, okwenza kube lula ngabavoti ukuba baphendule abantu ngabanye.
  • Ukugcinwa kwe Voter Turmout: Izimiso ezibhekwa njengezilungile (umk., PR) zingandisa ukuvuleka, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabasekeli beqembu elincane elibona ithuba elingokoqobo lokumelelwa.

Izithikamezo

  • Ukuvota: Ngaphansi kwe FPTP ne TRS, abavoti bangazizwa becindezelwa ukuba bavote umuntu ongathathi hlangothi ukuze bagweme “ukuvota kwabo ekudumeni isikhathi eside, kujivaza ukubonakaliswa kwangempela kokukhetha.
  • Ukulandelana: Izimiso eziningana (STV, MMP, ukubala kwe Borda, ukuvota) kudinga abavoti ukuba baqonde izilinganiso eziphezulu noma ezilinganiswayo, okungaba yisithiyo ekuhlanganyeleni nasekukhuzeni izindleko zokuphatha.
  • [[NTL:0] IProthential for Disance mentation: EFTP, abavoti ezifundeni eziphephile bangase bazizwe bengenalo ithonya. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezimisweni zoluhlu lweqembu ezinezinhlu ezivalekile, abavoti abakwazi ukuthonya uhlelo lwabazohlolwa, ukunciphisa ukulandisa komuntu siqu.
  • I-Goverment Statity: Izimiso ezilinganisene kakhulu zingaholela ezindaweni ezihlukene lapho ukwakhiwa kobumbano kunzima khona futhi ohulumeni bahlala isikhathi esifushane, njengoba kuboniswa kwa-Israel nase-Italy ngezinye izikhathi.

Izifundo zecala elingokoqobo lezwe

E - United States: Isimiso Sokukhulekela Imvelo Nemiphumela Yaso

I-United States isebenzisa ngokuyinhloko isimiso sokuvota ngokwenani elikhulu (FTP) kwiNdlu yeGawo yabameleli neyamafakela. Ukhetho lwamaPhonal usebenzisa iElectoral College, isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi esisebenza futhi ngezimiso eziningi emazweni amaningi. Isimiso seFPTPP siqinisekisile isigaba esinamandla, ngesigaba seDEmocratic and Republican sobutware bezwe. Amaqembu esithathu anjenge-Libetarian Collegeary noma ama-Greentive anqoba ngokuqaqaqa impumelelo, nakuba engathonya ngokukhipha amavota kubantu abathathela kude. Abagxeki beveza izifiso ezinkulu. Abagxeki befuna ukukhuthaza i-ult. [FFF:Gernern] [FFFFF][3] futhi bavota kuthobela phansi kwezindawo ezingcono, njengoba kuveza izinhlelo ezinkulu zenguquko zenguquko, njengoba kuveza izinhlelo ezinkulu zenguquko ze-U.

IJalimane: Iprotheyini yeMember exutshiwe

Isimiso sesifunda se- esinezingxenye ezilinganiselwe. Izihlalo zohlu lwezigaba zibhekwa kabanzi njengesibonelo esilinganisela ukumelelwa kwendawo ngokulingana. Voters zivotela amavoti amabili: eyodwa kunomvoti (isebenzisa i-FPTP) nenye ye-partime. Izihlalo zohlu lweziqu zeqembu zabelwa ukuze zonke ze-Bundestag zibonise isabelo seqembu. Le simiso siye saveza ohulumeni abanezibambi-zikhundla abaqinile, ngokuyinhloko siholela kumKristu oMbango (CD) noma i-DEdemocratic Party (SDD) eholela izinhlangano ezincane ezifana nezingabangane abancane njenge-Greenlands okanye i-Democracrac. Nokho, iholele futhi inani elikhulayo “kwezihlalini lezindawo zokuhlala futhi i-BMP, futhi yenza inkinga enkulu kakhulu eJalimane.

Australia: Ranked-Choice Voing

I-Australia isebenzisa i-runboffv ukuvota okufakiweyo] ngokhetho oluya eNdlu yabameleli. Abavoti basebenzisa izinombolo ngokukhetha, nenqubo yokususa nokukhipha i-redissure iqinisekisa ukuthi ophumeleleyo wamukela umkhankaso omkhulu. Lesimiso siye sandisa ukuvota (ukuvota okuphoqelelwe) futhi sifeza indima, kodwa ukuhlola kubonisa ukwaneliseka okukhulu ngekhono lokuhlela izikhundla. Ngokuvamile i-Australia ibona izinga eliphakeme lezenzo zokukhetha phakathi kwamaqembu, futhi isimiso siboshelwa ngokunciphisa umkhankaso ophambene kusukela abavoti-kwesi be-yesithathu. [indlela yokuvota ehlukene] Lenhlangano isebenzisa i-stelectssssss (inani elivotime) ezilinganisweni eziningi zenani elivamile, izigaba zendikimba ezihlukene, ezihlangene ezihlukene ezihlangene ezisemkhampanezeleleneyo.[2][2] Lemisebe le-effeta yomsebenzi i-octive organ .[3][3]

ENdiya: Intando Yeningi Enkulu Kunawo Wonke Emhlabeni ngaphansi Kwe - FPTP

I-Indiya isebenzisa uhlelo lwentando yeningi olukhulu kakhulu emhlabeni. Endleleni, isimiso se-FPTP sakuqala sesimiso se-paredis ye-Lok Sabha (Indlu Yabantu). Naphezu kokucusumbula okwaziwayo kwe-FPTP, isimiso siye sahlala nesigaba esihlukene kakhulu, esinezahlukene kakhulu. Isimiso sentando yeningi sombuso wentando yeningi. Endleleni, i-FPTPPPPP iveze imishini yombuso ye-odansi eqinile ezindaweni ezihlukene zesizwe (umz., i-Baratiya Janatat ngo-2019) kodwa futhi iholela ekususeni okukhulu ukuncitshiswa kwenani le-Roffiary", izigaba zezindawo eziningi zokuvota. Izinhlangano eziningi ziyakwazi ukuzuza izihlalo ezinkulu zezihlalo. Izindawo eziphambili ezisekela inguquko ezingcono kakhulu emazweni amaqembu athuthuki, futhi avinye izimo ezingcono kakhulu.

Umphumela Wezimiso Zokusakaza Intando Yeningi

Ukukhethwa kwesimiso sokuvota kwenza okungaphezu kokunquma imiphumela yokukhetha − kuthonya impilo nobuntu be-demokrasi. Izimiso eziveza nezimeleli zomthetho womthetho zithambekele ekunyuseni ukwethemba nokwaneliseka komphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukumelelwa ngokwesilinganiso kuhlobene nokuvota okuphezulu, ukumelelwa okukhulu kwabesifazane neqembu elincane, nezimiso ezihlukene kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izimiso ezinkulu zingakha ukuqina, ohulumeni abazazisayo abadlula ngokuphumelela kwemithetho kodwa banganciphisa amaqembu athile.

Izimiso zokusakaza zithinta futhi isiko lezombangazwe. Emazweni eFPP, “izithako ze-winner-all” isimo sengqondo sikhuthaza ukuma kwezombangazwe nokubhikisha. Ezimisweni zePR, ukwakha nokuhleba kuhlale kuyindlela elandelwayo, eholela ekubusweni kwemithetho ehleliwe. Nokho, i-PR ingavumela amaqembu athathe i-transki athole indawo, njengoba kubonakala kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Ukulinganisa phakathi komklamo nokuzinza kuhlala kungukungaguquguquki okusemklamweni wesimiso sokhetho.

Izinhlangano zenguquko ezisezweni jikelele zibonisa lokhu kukhathazeka. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-Fairvote e-United States kanye ne- ye-Electoral Reformation Society [ emkhankasweni we-United Kingdom okholelwa ukuthi iyokwenza imiphumela yentando yeningi ingcono. Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela kulezindaba ngokufunda ngalezizimiso ezisetshenziswa emazweni azo siqu nangokusekela izinguquko ezihambisana nezindinganiso zazo.

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda izimiso zokuvota ezihlukene kuhlomisela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole ukulunga nokuphumelela kwezinqubo zazo zokukhetha. Kusukela ekululani kwenqubo yokuqala kuya ekulinganiseni kwe-PR yombango wesigaba kanye nokuhlelwa kokuvota okusemthethweni, isimiso ngasinye sinikeza indlela ehlukile yokuvota. Akukho hlelo oluphelele, kodwa ukuqaphela izinqubo zokuvota kuvumela abavoti ukuba benze izinqumo ezinolwazi futhi bahlanganyele ngokunenzuzo ezimpikiswayo ngenguquko. Njengoba i-democriation iprojective iqala ukuveza inguquko. Amathuluzi asetshenziswa ekubaleni nasekulinganiseni okuthandwa yizindawo ezizibusayo. Ngokuhlala benolwazi futhi beboshelwa, kungasiza ukuba izimiso zokuvota ngaphansi kwezimiso zokulunga, ukulandisa, ukulandisa nokuhlanganisa okunengxenye yenhliziyo yentando yentando yeningi.