Imishini eshinyene eshintshwayo: Ingaphakathi elijulile ekuHlakulweni kokuHlakanipha

Uvota olunezikhundla eziqinile (RCV) luye lwavela njengenye yezinguquko ezinamandla neziphikiswana kakhulu e-United States. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi inciphiso yezindawo ezifakelwayo, ezithathelwe izifunda ezingaphezulu kwezingu-50, kuhlanganise nezifundazwe ezimbili (iMaine ne-Alaska) namadolobha amakhulu anjenge New York ne-San Francisco, i-RCV ishintsha ngokuyisisekelo indlela ibekwa ngayo futhi ibalwe ngayo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi inciphisa i-Placecation, iqeda imiphumela yokuphanga, futhi abanqobi banesiqiniseko sokuthi isekela kakhulu. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi iyadida, ibiza ukusebenzisa, futhi ingaveza imiphumela engalindelekile nengakholeki. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okuqinile kwempikiswano ngokumelene ne-RCV, ukuveza ukubukeka ngokuningi kokuhlola, ubufakazi, nokunye nokunye ukuguqula kwale zombangazwe.

Indlela Umjikelezo Owenziwe Ngamalahle

Phakathi nendawo, i-RCV ivumela abavoti ukuba bafake izigaba ezibambisene nabavoti ngokwezimo ezifunwayo. Kuye ngegunya, abavoti bangahlela umbhalisa oyedwa noma bonke abavoti ku-collet. Inqubo yokubala, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi i-sud - traffy, yenza indingingiza. Uma umfundi ethola amaphesenti angaphezu kwangu-50 amavoti okuqala, bawina ngokuqondile. Uma kungekho muntu ofinyelela kulomnyango, umvoti wevoti yokuqala eqeshiwe. UVoter okhethwe yileyo othathwe ngokushesha kumavoti abo wesibili. Le nqubo iphinda kuze kube yilapho umdlali ethola iningi.

Lendlela iqeda isidingo sokhetho oluhlukile, olubizayo. Izinguqulo eziningi ze-RCV, ezibizwa ngokuthi ivoti eyodwa edluliswayo (STV), zisetshenziswa emadolobheni anjengeCambridge, iMassachusetts, kanye nokhetho lwesizwe emazweni anjenge-Ireland neMalta. Kulezi zimiso, umgomo uwukumelela okulinganayo, lapho abazuzayo kumelwe bafinyelele khona emnyango ophansi obizwa ngokuthi "Droopquation". Nokho, umqondo oyinhloko, uhlala unjalo: ukuveza umphumela obonisa izintando ezithandwa yi-votarorate ngokuthembeka kakhulu kunaleyo evoti nje elula.

Izimpikiswano Ezihambisana Nokushiswa Kwezinga Eliphansi

Abasekeli be-RCV baphikisa ngokuthi isimiso sokuvota ngobuningi siphukile kakhulu. Ngokwesilinganiso "phakathi nokhetho", umvoti angawina ngamaphesenti angu-30 evoti, ashiye amaphesenti angu-70 abavoti nommeleli abaphikisayo. I-RCV inikeza izinzuzo eziningana zokwakha.

Ukuqeda Umphumela Obangelwa Ukushisa

Enye yezimpikiswano ezinamandla kakhulu ze-RCV ukuthi ivumela abavoti ukuba basekele ukukhetha kwabo kokuqala okuqotho ngaphandle kokwesaba ukusiza ekukhetheni umfundaze abamthandayo kakhulu. Esimisweni sobuningi, othatha isigaba sesithathu anga "yingi" ukukhetha kwengxenye enkulu esondelene kakhulu nabo. RCV uxazulula lokhu ngokuvumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe izintando zabo; uma ukukhetha kwabo kokuqala kungenakuwina, ukuvota kwabo kushintshela okwesibili. Lokhu akuqinisekisi ukuthi umuntu wesithathu uphumelele, kodwa kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuvota kwengxenye yesithathu ayiyona impofu efanelekile.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukuya Ezindaweni Ezandayo Nomphakathi

Ngoba abafuna ukuvota abazolwa abadinga nje kuphela amavoti okuqala kodwa futhi nokwesithathu okuthandwayo ukuze banqobe, banxuswa ukuba bafake isiphambano esibanzi esiyingxenye ye-voti. Lesi sisusa sokwakha singanciphisa umkhankaso ophambene. Ukuhlasela umphikisi ngokhahlo kakhulu kungasusa lowo osekela abaphikisi bakhe, ovota bakhe besabili odingayo ukuze uwine emzuzwaneni wokugcina. Ukucwaninga emadolobheni anjengeSan Francisco neMineapolis kusikisela ukuthi imikhankaso kamasipala esebenza ngaphansi kwe-RCV ayilungile futhi igxile kakhulu ezimpikiswaneni zenkambiso kunalabo abasekela abangaphansi kwemithetho engaphansi kobuningi.

Ukuhlola Impi Enkulu

Abanqobi kukhetho lwe-RCV baqinisekiswa ukuba basekele iningi labavoti abahlanganyela engxenyeni yokugcina yokubala. Lokhu kunikeza izikhulu igunya elinamandla. Phakathi nonyaka ka-2018, ummeleli Jared Golden of Maine waba yisigelekeqe sokuqala emlandweni ukuba azuze isihlalo ngaphandle kwenkokhelo enkulu yamavoti. Nokho, emkhawulweni wokugcina, wawela umnyango ongamaphesenti angu-50. Lokhu kuhluke kakhulu kubabusi abakhethwe ngamaphesenti angu-40 evoti noma amalungu ebhodini lesikole abakhethwe ngamaphesenti angu-30. Umthetho omkhulu unikeza izikhulu ezikhethiwe ilungelo elisemthethweni nenkululeko yokubusa ngaphandle kokubekelwa inseleleka njalo yinkoliso efisa ukuba omunye umuntu awine.

Ukulondoloza Imali Yomkhokhi Wentela

I-RCV iqeda isidingo sokuhlelwa kokhetho oluyinhloko noluvamile. Izwe elinjenge Georgia, iLouisiana, neMississippi livame ukuthatha ukhetho olubizayo emasontweni ngemva kovota bokuqala. Ngokuhlanganisa ukhetho oluvamile nonyulo olusheshayo, i-RCV ingalondoloza izigidi zamaRandi ezibizayo eziya emalini zokuphatha. I-San Francisco yabala ukuthi iminyaka yayo yokuqala ye-RCV yasindisa idolobha ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-10 uma kuqhathaniswa nezindleko zokuhamba ngokhetho oluzimele. Ngokuhlanganisa izikhulu ezinkulu nokhetho oluvamile, lemali egciniwe inganciphisa izindleko zokuqala zokusetshenziswa kwe-RCV.

Izimpikiswano Ezimelene Nogesi Ophehlwa Ngekhekhe

Naphezu kokuthandwa kwayo okukhulayo, i - RCV ibhekene nokugxekwa okunamandla okuvela kochwepheshe bezombangazwe, abaqondisi bokhetho, nabavoti.

Ukudideka Kwezimbali Nephutha Lebhola

Ukugxekwa okuvame kakhulu kwe-RCV ukuthi kunzima ngabavoti ukuyiqonda. Kuyi-2021 ye-meya ye-New York City, cishe amaphesenti angu-15 amabhola akwaneliswa emzuzwaneni wokuqala ngenxa "yokugada" noma ukugxuma emncintiswaneni. Nakuba amaningi ala maphutha kamuva athiwa abangelwa umklamo odidayo, isenzakalo sagcizelela inselele yokusebenzisa isimiso sokuvota esiyinkimbinkimbi endaweni ephansi ye-information. Abavoter abajwayelene "uthwesi oyedwa" bangase balwe ngenqubo ephezulu, iholele ekulahleni inciphe. Lokhu kwenza isakhiwo sibe yisithiyo ngenxa yemfundo encane noma ekhokhelwayo engekho kwezombangazwe, abangase babone ukuthi abavoti babo bakhushuliwe ngaphandle kwezinga ezingaphezulu.

Ukuyinkimbinkimbi Nokulibala Kwezisebenzi

Ukubala amabhola okhetho lwe-RCV kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunasebuningini obungokwesiko. Izikhulu zokhetho azinakumane zisebenzise isigaxa somshini futhi zimeme umnqobi. Ukubala, ngokuvamile kuhilela ukuhlola amabhola, ukusebenzisa i-software yokuhlanganisa, nokuqhuba ama-state, kungathatha izinsuku noma amasonto. Imiphumela yokugcina yama-2021 ye-New York City yayingaziwa cishe inyanga, kwakha inkathi yokungaqiniseki nokuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokwethembeka kwesimiso. I-software esetshenziswayo ekulungiseni idinga ukuvuselelwa njalo kanye nokuhlelwa kwe-cV, okungacindezela imithombo yamahhovisi amancane okuvota ezisebenzi zezobuchwepheshe ezilinganiselwe.

Izindleko Zokusetshenziswa Kwayo

Ukushintshela ku-RCV kudinga ukutshala i-RCV ebanzi emkhakheni wemfundo kuphela. Nakuba abaxhasi bemayela bephikisa ngokuthi iRCV ilondoloza imali esikhathini eside ilawulwa ngokususa, abaphikisi baphikisa ukuthi izindleko zokuqala ziyavimbela, ikakhulukazi imingcele yemithetho elinganiselwe. Izindleko zokubuyisela imishini yokuvota zibiza uhulumeni ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-RCV kuphela.

Izinselele Ezihlakaniphile Nezesijeziso

Abanye abavoti bathola umthwalo wokuhlakanipha wohlu olude lwababezobhapathizwa ukhungathekisa. Emijahweni enabathathi-mncintiswano abayishumi noma ngaphezulu, abavoti bangase bazizwe becindezelwa ukuba bacwaninge izazi zezombangazwe abangazange bezwe ngazo, okuholela "ekukhandlekeni kwebhola elinamandla" lapho abavoti bevele bayeka khona ukuthatha isikhundla ngemva kokukhetha kwabo okumbalwa. Lokhu kungadala inzuzo kubavoti abalandela ngokuthembeka kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-RCV ingakhuthaza ukuvota okuyinkimbinkimbi. U Voters angalingeka ukuba abe "bury" umlandeli onamandla ngokubalula, noma ukuba baphakamise ama-"clone" abafanele baqaphele amathuba okuwina kwabo okuthandwa kwabo. Lemiphumele phambili. Lokhu kuziphatha kungaguqula imiphumela yokukhetha njengoba nje imiphumela yempango eguqula ukhetho.

Ubufakazi Obuvela Ezinhlamvwini Ezingokoqobo Zezwe

Ukuhlola indlela i - RCV eye yasetshenziswa ngayo kunikeza umbono ocacile wamandla nobuthakathaka bayo.

IMaine: Inqola YaseStatewide

IMaine yaba yisifundazwe sokuqala e-U.S. ukuba sisebenzise i-RCV kukhetho lukahulumeni ngokulandela isinyathelo sokuvota 2016. Lenqubo yayiphikisana ngokomthetho, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseMaine ikhipha umbono oveza ukuthi i-RCV yaphula umthetho kahulumeni. Ukulungisa okulandelayo komthetho-sisekelo kwaxazulula izingxabano. Naphezu kwalokhu kulibala, isimiso se-Maine'RCV siveze imiphumela exubile. Isuse imiphumela yempambano kwimincinti yomncintiswano, kodwa iye yaholela ekubeni i-vote izikhathi eziningi, futhi yenza i-Maine ibe nesifunda sokugcina isizwe ukuba sibize ukhetho lwaso. Naphezu kwalokho kulibala, ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi i-Mainevvote isekela isimiso futhi ithoko.

I - Alaska: I - Phezulu - Four Prime ne - RCV

I-Alaska isebenzisa isimiso esiyingqayizivele esihlanganisa u-nopartisan u-4 ophezulu nokhetho lwe-RCV jikelele. Ukhetho olukhethekile lwama-2022 lwesihlalo esikhulu se-Alaska lwanikeza ucwaningo oluvelele lwendaba. I-RCV jikelele yaveza ukhetho olusesilinganisweni lweDemocrat, Mary Peltola, ngaphezu kwama-2, kuhlanganise nowayenguMphathi-Rhoma uSara Palin. Abaxhasi besimiso bale miphumela njengobufakazi bokuthi i-RCV iveza abaphathi abambalwa nabameleli kakhulu endaweni ebanzi. Abagxeki bephikisa ngokuthi isimiso sasiklanyelwe ukudambisa amandla okuvota. Indaba yase-Alaska ihlala iyingxenye enkulu yobufakazi enkulumo yesizwe e-RCV.

IDolobha LaseNew York: Uvivinyo Lokucindezeleka

Ukuthathwa kwe-RCV eNew York City ngo-2021 kwakuyisilinganiso esikhulu kakhulu sokusetshenziswa kwe-scion e-United States. U-June oyinhloko kumphathi-meya, owaveza abameleli abangu-13, wabonwa njengovivinyo olunzima. Ukhetho lwathatha amasonto amaningi ukuphetha, okwaholela ekukhungathekeni okukhulu komphakathi ngejubane lemiphumela. Nokho, isimiso senza ngendlela enenjongo. U-Eric Adams, wakha umfelandawo obanzi wokusekela, kanye nomthetho we-cocececletice sivimbela i-gasme ngesisekelo esincane sokuthatha isisekelo ngokuthatha isilinganiso esincane. Imiphumela yaqokomisa izinselele zobuchwepheshe nezinzuzo zentando yeningi.

I - Australia: Inkinga Ekhona

I-Australia inikeza isibonelo se-RCV esimiswe isikhathi eside kakhulu, futhi isisebenziselwe iNdlu yabameleli kusukela ngo-1918. Isimiso sigxile kakhulu, futhi umvoti uvuleke kakhulu ngenxa yokuvota ngempoqo. Nokho, okuhlangenwe nakho kwe-Australia kubonisa futhi ukuthi kungenzeka. Isimiso siye saveza amazinga aphakeme "akhudlwana" (amabhola akhipha konke okuthandwayo ngaphandle kokufinyelela emdlalweni) futhi siye sagxekwa kakhulu ngenxa yokwakha "izihlalo ezilondekile" lapho igerrymaning, kunokuba ikhethele, inquma imiphumela. Ukuthathwa kwamuva kwe-RCC eU.S. Amadolobha ngokuvamile abheka izifundo ze-Australia ngokuphathelenezemklano nemfundo, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nendlela yokuphatha ibhola eliye lakhathala futhi nokuphatha inqubo ephumelelayo.

Izinkinga Zezombangazwe Nezimiso

Impikiswano nge-RCV ayiyona nje inqubo yobuchwepheshe; ingeyobuningi bezombangazwe. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi iyindlela "yenguquko engokwemfundo" engaphula i-procession frock. Ngokuphoqa abavocayo ukuba badlulise phakathi, baphikisa ngokuthi i-RCV inganciphisa ukuhlahlela. Abaphikisi, ngokuvamile abavela eqenjini elikhulu, bakhathazekile ngokuthi i-RCV izowenza buthaka isimiso esinengxenye ezimbili futhi inike amandla anamandla anzima abathathu abathathi-parrow. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi i-RCV ingabonisa ngokunembile ukuthi isigaba sesithathu sesithathu sisekela kakhulu kunokucabanga okuvamile, okungabuyisela indawo yezombangazwe endaweni ende.

Ngokombono wesimiso, ukusetshenziswa kwe-RCV kudinga ukunakwa okucophelelayo kokuklanywa kwe-collet, imfundo, kanye nokhetho olungokomthetho olulawula i-RCV. Imibono eye yasetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo kulezindawo. Leyo eye yahluleka ukwenza kanjalo iye yabona izinkinga ezinkulu, njengamazinga aphakeme emposiso nemiphumela ethatha isikhathi eside. Impumelelo yalesi simiso ixhomeke kakhulu emasingeni abaphathi namasiko ezombangazwe ekuyisebenziseni. Abaklami abaklami ababhisi nabavoti abanele ngokwaneleyo bangaveza imiphumela engekhona neyo ukubusa ngentando yeningi kunokhetho oluvamile.

Isiphetho

Ukuvota okunenzuzo akuyona inhlamvu yesiliva yezinselele ezibhekene nokhetho lwentando yeningi. Kuhilela ukudayisa okukhulu phakathi komgomo wommeleli omkhulu kanye namaqiniso asebenzayo okuqonda kwevoti kanye negunya. Ubufakazi busikisela ukuthi uma kusetshenziswa kahle, i-RCV inganciphisa umkhankaso ophambene, isuse imiphumela ebhubhisayo, futhi iveze abanqobi ngokusekela okukhulu. Nokho, uma besetshenziswa kabi, noma ngaphandle kwemfundo eyanele yokuvota, ingaholela ekudideleni, izilinganiso eziphakeme, nokulahlekelwa kwendlela yokuqiniseka enqubweni. Njengoba amadolobha amaningi futhi ecabangela ukwamukelwa kwe-RC, izifundo ezisuka ezibusweni ezifana neMaine, i-Alaska, ne-Australia zizoba yigugu. Ikusasa lale nguquko ihlala ivulekile, kodwa liyocaca kakhulu ukuthi i-RV engxenyeni enkulu ye-C ye-mmoopera yeze-yokuhlela futhi i-modult.

Imithombo Yengcebo Eyengeziwe