Izimiso ze-Electoral ziwumgogodla oqinile wokubusa kwentando yeningi. Ziguqula amavoti awodwa ekumeleni kwezombangazwe futhi zilololonga indlela izakhamuzi ezibheka ngayo indima yazo enqubweni yezombangazwe. Umklamo wesimiso sokukhetha uthonya hhayi nje kuphela ukuthi ubani owina isikhundla kodwa futhi izinga abafuna ukuvota abazimisele ngalo ukuthatha iqhaza. Ukuqonda ubuhlobo phakathi kwezimiso ezikhethiwe nomvoti kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqinisa isibopho sentando yeningi futhi uqinisekise ukuthi ukhetho lubonisa ngempela intando yabantu.

Ukucwaninga kubonisa ngokungaguquguquki ukuthi umvoti uyaqhubeka ngisho nangemva kokulawula izici zezezomnotho ezisebenzisa imithetho ehlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, amazwe asebenzisa ukumelelwa kwe-partial (PR) avame ukubona ukujika kakhulu kunalawo asebenzisa izimiso eziyinhloko njenge-past-prede (FPTPP). Leligebhu liyaqhubeka ngisho nangemva kokulawula izici zezezomnotho, lisikisela ukuthi umklamo wenhlangano unethonya elikhulu ekuthatheni igalelo. Lesi sihloko sihlola izinhlobo eziyinhloko zezimiso zokhetho, sihlaziya ithonya lazo ekuphendukeni ngobufakazi obungokweze futhi sinikeze iziphetho ezisekelwe ekuthuthukiseni ukuvota.

Ukuqonda Izimiso Zomdlalo

Isimiso sokhetho siyimithetho enquma indlela amavoti ahlelwa ngayo, abalwa ngayo, futhi ahunyushelwe ngayo ezihlalweni ezisesihlalweni esisendlwini yomthetho noma ehhovisi eliphethe. Ukukhethwa kwesimiso kuthinta inani nohlobo lwamaqembu aphumayo, ubuhlobo phakathi kwabameleli nabameleli, kanye nethuba lokuthi abavoti bazobona abathandayo bewina. Kunemikhaya emine ebanzi yezimiso zokuvota: i-asteritarian (ubukhulu/jority), i-memental, ingxube, ingxube (i-hybrid), kanye nezimiso ze-ace. Umkhaya ngamunye unezimpawu ezivelele ezithonya ukuziphatha kovoti.

Izimiso ze-Matriyale (Isimiso sokuqala se-Past-the Post nezimiso zeRound 2)

Ezimisweni zezikhulu, ovota kakhulu esifundeni esisodwa uwina isihlalo. Indlela elula kakhulu i-fP-prede-pread (FPP), esetshenziswa e-United States, i-United Kingdom, Canada, neNdiya. Isimiso esijikelezayo esibili (i-munoff) sifuna ukuba umuntu afinyelele inani eliphelele eliphelele le-oday ezungezeni lokuqala noma ebhekene nolunye uhlangothi phakathi kwabathathi-mfunda-phambili; lokhu kusetshenziswa eFrance, eBrazil, nase-volutionsss emhlabeni wonke.

Izimiso zamakhulu zivame ukuveza amandla amabili ahlukene noma anamandla, ngokuvamile aholela kwinani elikhulu "amavoti" — amavoti aphonswe abazohlolwa abangawini abangayinqobi. Lokhu kungakhubaza abasekeli beqembu elincane ukuba bafulathele, ngoba babheka ukuvota kwabo njengokungasebenzi. Ngokwemininingwane evela kuyi International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Lea helpation (International IDEA), isilinganiso somvoti emazweni esebenzisa i-FPTP ingunothi ezimbalwa ezingaphansi kwe-PR.

Umfuziselo ongokwengxenye (PR)

Izimiso zePR ezibekwa ezihlalweni ezinezingxenye eziningi ngokwezigodi ezilingana namavoti atholwa yiqembu ngalinye. Abavoti bahlanganisa uhlu lwe-PR (i-PR noma izinhlu ezivulekile), ivoti eyodwa edluliswayo (STV), kanye nesigaba esixubeneyo (MMP), izinhlelo zePR ngokuvamile ziveza izishaya-mthetho eziningi futhi zidinga ohulumeni abahlangene. Ngenxa yokuthi cishe yonke ivoti inikela esabelweni sesihlalo seqembu, banomuzwa wokuthi ukuthatha kwabo ingxenye kunenjongo enkulu, okukhuthaza ukuphenduliswa kwezifundo ze-compat. Izifundo ze-projectals, njengalezo [200][200], iqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso ze-PR zihlangene nama-PPPPP10 aphakeme.

Izimiso Zokuxutshwa Kwemisebe

Izimiso ezixubene zihlanganisa izingxenye zesigaba esiphakathi nesigaba sokumelelwa. Ezimisweni ezixubeneyo ze-kapitali (MMMM), abavoti bavota kabili: omunye we-FPTP yesifunda (kakhulu i-FPTP) nolunye lwezihlalo zesifunda, futhi izihlalo nezihlalo zesigodi zizimele. Ezimisweni zesifunda ezixubeneyo (MMP), ezisetshenziswa eJalimane, e-New Zealand, nase-South Korea, uhlu lwezivotayo zomvotelo ngenxa yokususa izenzakalo zesifunda, ukuqinisekisa ukulingana kwezindawo zonke. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi izinqubo ze-MMP ziveza amazinga ahlukene eduze kakhulu nezimiso ze-PR, kuyilapho izimiso ze-MMM ziveza amazinga aphakathi. Ukuhlolwa ngu-2018 ngo-[FFML:0]

Ranked-Choice Voing (RCV)

Uvota oluceliwe (okubizwa nangokuthi ukuvota okusheshayo noma ukuvota okuthandwayo) kuvumela abavoti ukuba bahlele abamele ukuvota. Uma kungekho mvoti othola ingxenye enkulu yamavoti okuqala athandwayo, umvoti wokugcina wasuswa, futhi amavoti abo asuswe ekukhetheni okulandelayo. Lenqubo iyaqhubeka kuze kube yilapho umvoti efinyelela inani elikhulu. RCV isetshenziswa endlini ephansi ye-Australia, umongameli we-URRland, u-FFO, futhi ukuvota okumbalwa. A. [uhlelo olumbalwa] amadolobha (umz., San Francisco, New York City). Ngokunciphisa "isikhala" futhi ukuvumela ukusekela okungadlaliyo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ibhola, RVC kungandisa ukwaneliseka nokuguqula i-FFFout. [2]

Imishini Eyisihluthulelo Ihlobanisa Izimiso Ze - ectoral Ne - Voter Turnout

Abacwaningi baye bathola izindlela eziningana zokuvota ezichaza ukuthi kungani ezinye izimiso zemishini ziveza inguquko ephakeme kunezinye.

Ithonya Elimangalisayo Nobuciko Obuqondakalayo

Incazelo exhaswe kakhulu iwukuthi izimiso zePR zandisa ukuvuleka ngenxa yokuthi abavoti baqaphela ukuvota kwabo njengokungalawuleki kakhulu. Emjahweni wesigodi we-FPTP, abavoti abaningi baphonsa amabhola abavoti abalahlekile, okuholela kumanani aphezulu "amavoti athandwayo" — ngokuvamile 40-50% yengqikithi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abasekeli beqembu elilahlekelwa yizikhungo noma abavoti abancane bangaveleka kabi futhi bayeke ukuvota. Ezimisweni ze-PR, ngisho namaqembu a 5% evoti angawina izihlalo, ngakho uvoti omshini uyakwazi ukuxhumana ngqo phakathi kokukhetha nokumelela kwabo. I-Emppiradiacted ubufakazi obuvela eqedweni lezindawo zomphakathi ezibanzi ezibanzi zibonisa ukuthi ukwanda kwe 10% ekuvotiweni okuncishiwe kuhlangene kwesilinganiso sengxenye engu - 1-122.

Ukuncintisana Nezifunda Zomngcele

Ukuncintisana kuphakeme emijahweni encintisanayo lapho abavoti bekholelwa ukuthi amavoti abo ngabanye angenza umehluko. Ezimisweni ze-FPTP, izigodi eziningi "izihlalo ezilondekile" ezibuswa yiqembu elilodwa, okuholela ekuncintisaneni okuphansi nasekungakhathalelini kovoti. Izimiso zePR ngokuvamile zidala izigodi eziningi ezincintisanayo, futhi ukufakwa kwezinhlu zeqembu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nabavoti ezifundeni eziphephile bangathinta isabelo sokuvota kwesizwe. Nokho, ezinye izimiso zePR ezinezifunda ezinkulu kakhulu zinganciphisa ngokuyindida umuzwa wokuxhumana phakathi ko-Rhoviose nabameleli, ukuvala inzuzo.

Inani Lokhetho Lwezikole Nezihambi

Izimiso ze-PR zivame ukwenza izimiso eziningi, zinikeze abavoti izinhlobonhlobo zemibono ekhethwe kakhulu. Uma abavoti bengakhetha iqembu elivumelana eduze nemibono yabo, bashukumiseleka kakhulu ukuba bahlanganyele. Ngokuphambene, i-FPTP ijoyina abantu abavotayo ukuba bakhethe phakathi kwemiphakathi emibili emikhulu, ngokuvamile ishiya imibono yamaqembu amancane ingakholeki. Lokhu kuntuleka kokukhetha kuyisiqinisekiso esinamandla sokuthatha indawo ephansi, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabasebasha nabengeziwe abavoti bemibono.

Ukubhalisa Ngezincwadi Nemithwalo Engaphansi Kombuso

Izimiso ze-Electoral azisona kuphela isici esithinta ukuvuleka. Izimfuneko zokubhalisa, imithetho yokuhlukanisa, amahora okuhlola, nokukhetha ukuvota. Nakuba lezi zihlukile ohlotsheni lwesimiso sokuvota, ngokuvamile zisebenzelana naso. Ngokwesibonelo, amazwe anezimiso zePR (umz., Sweden) athambekele ekubeni nemingcele ephansi yokulawula, njengokubhalisa nokuvota okuzenzekelayo, kuyilapho amazwe anjenge-FPTPPPP ebeka imithwalo ephezulu kuvota, ecwebisayo. Ilawula izici ezinjalo, umphumela ozimele wesimiso sokhetho uhlala ubalulekile.

Ukuhlaziywa Komoya Okuqhathanisayo Ngaphesheya Kwezimiso

Indikimba eqinile yokucwaninga okuqhathanisa isenza sikwazi ukuhlukanisa umehluko phakathi kwezimiso zokukhetha. Ukusebenzisa ukwaziswa okuvela [ku- IDIE'S Voter Turnaut Memorial[, singahlola isilinganiso sokuthatha igebe kukhetho lwesizwe phakathi namashumi amabili eminyaka adlule.

Phakathi kwe-PR emisiwe, amazwe asebenzisa izimiso ze-PR (umz., i-Sweden, iDenmark, i-Norway, iNetherlands, iBelgium ngokuvota okuphoqelelwe) njalo abika umbiko ongaphezu kuka-75%. EBelgium, lapho ukuvota kuyimfuneko khona nesimiso iPR, avame ukuphuma ngaphezu kuka-85%. Ngokungafani, amazwe e-FPTPP anjenge-United States, Canada, ne-United Kingdom isilinganiso cishe 60/65% kukhetho lwawo lwawo. i-United States, kanye nesimiso sayo se-FPTPPPP ihlangene nokubhalisa ngokuzithandela, ngokuvamile ibona unyulo lukamongameli lujika u-5% nangaphansi kwe-40%.

Izimiso ezixubile zehlela phakathi. Isimiso se-MMP saseJalimane siveza inguquko ecishe ibe 70-80%, kanti isimiso se-MMM saseJapane siye sabona ukuvuleka kohlu lwe-50-60%. Ukushintshwa kwe-New Zealand ukusuka ku-FPTP kuya ku-MMP ngo-1996 kunikeza ukuhlola okungokwemvelo okuqinisekisa umphumela we-causal: i-pout yanyuka cishe ngamaphesenti amathathu ngokushesha ngemva kwenguquko futhi yahlala iphakeme kakhulu emijikelezweni elandelayo.

Izimiso ze-rankedice njenge-Australia (ezinokuvota okuphoqelelwe) ziveza ukuvota okukhulu, kodwa ukuvota okuphoqelelwe kudida ukuhlaziywa. Ezimisweni ze-RCV zokuzithandela, njengokhetho lukamasipala eSan Francisco noma eMinneapolis, ukuhlola kubonisa ukwanda okulinganiselwe kwamaphesenti angu-1-3 amaphuzu ahlobene nokhetho lwe-FPTP, ikakhulukazi emijahweni engekho ngxenye.

Ukuhlola Icala Ngemininingwane

ESweden: Ukufanekisela Okuyi - Proportal Nokuhlanganyela Kwe - covic

I-Sweden isebenzisa isimiso soluhlu oluvaliweyo lwe-PR esinama-contitueccies angu-29 anezingxenye eziningi. Umnyango wokuwina izihlalo ungu-4%. Umnyango owehlayo kukhetho lwe-Swedish epalalamente uye wadlula njalo ngamaphesenti angu-80% kusukela phakathi kwekhulu lama-20, ukufinyelela ku-87% ngo-2014 futhi uhlale ngaphezu kuka-89% kukhetho lwamuva kakhulu lwama-202222. Izici eziningana zinikela kulo hlelo oluphezulu: i-PR isiqinisekiso somkeli ezenzekelayo, ukubhalisa kwe-vota ezindaweni zonke, amabhola athunyelwa kubo bonke abavoti ababhalisiweyo, futhi usuku lokhetho iholide yomphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlangano eziningi (amaqembu asibhozo manje asephalame ephala i-palder, andisa wonke umqondo. Umbiko we-Sweden wokwethemba nokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe, i-operalder, i-operalder.

I-United States: I-Past-the Post kanye ne-Coraorium Barriers

I-United States isebenzisa i-FPTP yakho kokubili iNdlu yoMmeli (izifunda ezinezigaba ezizimele) kanye ne-Electoral College ye-presidential comtivior. Lesi simiso, sihlangene nokubhaliswa kwevoti ehloniphekile nemithetho evimbelayo, siveza ukuchezukiswa okuncane. Kukhetho lukamongameli lwama 202020, ukubuya kufinyelela ku 66%, ophakeme kakhulu emashumini eminyaka kodwa kusengaphansi kwe-PR yesilinganiso. I-milyter iyaqhubeka ngezansi ngezansi kwe-PT. I-metermovement ingaphansi kwe-50%, ngo-2022 ibona ama- 46%. Izizathu ezingaphezulu ngaphandle kwesimiso sokhetho — kuhlanganise nokuvota, imigqa ede, nokuvota okulinganiselwe kwezinye izindawo — ukuncitshiswa kwe-flunt. Inani eliphakeme lezindawo eziphambili zomphikiswayohloko: ngo-20%, izinhlanga zezindawo eziphikisanayodwa kuphela ezingongongongongongongongongongongongongongongongongongongongongoye zezombangazwe.

Australia: I - Ranked-Choice Ukusebenza Ngesibopho

I-Australia isebenzisa enye ivoti (i-instant-runoff) yayo i-Ndlu yabameleli ne-STV. Ngokusho okukhulu, ukuvota kuyaphoqelelwa ezingeni likahulumeni, futhi kukhokhelwa imali ehlawulisiwe. Ukuvota kuhlala kungaphezu kuka-90% kamashumi eminyaka, ngisho nangemva kokuphoqelelwa kwenani elikhulu. Nakuba ukuvota kungumshayeli ophoqelelwe, isimiso se-RCV ngokwaso sinciphisa ukuchitha amavoti nemiphumela empangala, okungandisa ukwaneliseka ngisho naphakathi kwalabo abangeke bakhethele. Izifundo ze-Comparaligistssssss lapho ukuvota okuphoqelelwe ukuba kususwe khona (umz., eNingizimu ye-1930) kubonisa ukuthi ukuvota okuye kwabekwa kodwa kusekuhle kakhulu kunasemazweni e-FTPPP, kusikisela ukuthi i-RC ngokwayo inikeza unyuko olusesilinganisweni.

IJalimane: Inqubo Exutshiwe Ye - momber njengendlela Elinganiselayo

Isimiso se-MMP saseJalimane sihlanganisa izigodi eziyingxenye eyodwa nesinxephezelo esilinganayo. Abavota baphonsa ibhola elilodwa kunyuko lwe-projekthi yendawo (vota yokuqala) nenye yohlu lweqembu (leyosibili). Ivoti yesibili inquma indawo ebekwayo, iqinisekisa ukuthi i-PTP i-liture. i-Jalimane ifeza njalo impumelelo engaphezu kuka-70%, ngenombolo engu-76.6% kukhetho lukahulumeni lwa 2021. Isimiso se-MMP sinikeza kokubili ummeleli wendawo nomphumela olinganayo, ihlanganisa ukulandisa okucatshangelwayo kwe-FPTPTPP kanye nobubanzi bePR. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi inqubo yokuvota inciphisa inani lemali echithwayo cishe ku-zerozi, njengoba iqembu ngalinye linikela ukuvota kokugcina, uma umvoti wesifunda ulahlekelwa ngisho nohlangothi lwesifunda.

Iziqondiso Zokwanda Kwesikhala

Ngokusekelwe ebufakazini obubukeziwe, abenzi bemithetho abafuna ukwandisa umvoti bangacabangela izinguquko zezigaba ezimbili: izinguquko esimisweni sokhetho ngokwaso nezinguquko zokulawula ezihlangene. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi noma iziphi izinguquko kumelwe zivumelane nempucuko yezwe yezombangazwe ne-moslement.

Ukushintsha Kwesimiso Esivamile

Ukusebenzisa isimiso sokuveza isilinganiso sohlelo, noma okungenani isifekethiso esixubene nesigaba, sinomsekeli onamandla kakhulu wokuphakamisa i-FPTP. Emazweni lapho i-FPTP igxile kakhulu khona, izinguquko eziguquguqukayo njengokushintshela ekuvotelweni okuhlelwa ngokwesilinganiso (njengoba amadolobha amaningi ase-U.S. namazwe ayenze) kunganciphisa ukuvota okulahlwayo nokwaneliseka komvoti. Okunye ukukhetha ukusungula isimiso sesifunda esinezihloko eziningi phakathi kwesakhiwo esiyinhloko (umz., ngokusebenzisa ivoti elinganiselwe) ukuthuthukisa ukulingana ngaphandle kokushiya izifunda ezinhlangothini eyodwa.

Izinguquko Zezobuphathi Nezomthetho

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ihlelwe kanjani i-vota, ukwenza ukubhalisa kwabavoti kube lula kakhulu kungokunye kokungenela okuphumelela kakhulu. Ukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo, njengoba kwenziwa eSweden, eJalimane, nakweminye imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi, kwandisa ukunemba kwevoti futhi kunciphisa imingcele yokuhlanganyela. Ukubhalisa ngosuku olufanayo, ukuvota, ukuvota okunwetshiwe kwakuqala, nokwenza ukhetho lweholide noma impelasonto konke kuye kwaboniswa ukuze kuveze ukuvuselelwa. Lezi zinguquko zibaluleke kakhulu emazweni anjenge-United States, lapho imithwalo yokuphatha ithinta khona ukuvota okuphansi nokuvota okuncane, okuqhubekayo ukuncishiswa kokuvota kusemuva kwesimiso esiphansi kakade.

Imfundo Nesivumelwano Semfundo Yesibalo

Isimiso sobuvoti sodwa asilutho uma izakhamuzi zingaqondi ukuthi amavoti azo aguqulela kanjani ekumeleni. Izinhlelo zemfundo zomphakathi ezichaza abahleli besimiso sokukhetha, ubulungisa baso, nokubaluleka kokuvota kungakha isiko lokuhlanganyela. Emazweni anezimiso zePR, imikhankaso yokwaziswa ngokuvamile iqokomisa ukuthi ivoti ngayinye inegalelo esabelweni sesihlalo seqembu, iqinisa umuzwa wokuphumelela. Izinhlelo zomphakathi zisekelwe ekuthatheni ngaphandle kwezakhono, ikakhulukazi lezo ezihlasela intsha nezokuvota okokuqala, zibonisa imiphumela ehloniphekile kodwa enenjongo.

Isiphetho

Izimiso ze-Electoral zingaphezulu kakhulu kunemithetho yobuchwepheshe; zibumba isimo sengqondo nesakhiwe sokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi. Ubufakazi obuqoqiwe bucacisa ukuthi izimiso zokuhlukanisa, izimiso ezixubile, kanye nokuvota okunezigaba ezihlukene konke kuveza ukuvota okuphezulu kunokuqala kwe-past. Izimiso ezikulobu buhlobo zihlanganisa ukuncitshiswa kwenani eliphakathi kwe-odoli, ukuncishiswa kwamavoti, ukukhetha okukhulu, nokusetshenziswa okuqokonyiswa kakhulu phakathi kwabavoti. Izifundo zecala ezivela eSweden, e-United States, e-Australia, neJalimane zibonisa indlela lezi zindlela ezishukumisayo ezisebenza ngayo.

Kumazwe afuna ukubhekana nokuguqulwa kwezimiso zokhetho oluphansi, kufanele kubhekwe njengokumiswa kwemithetho njengokubhaliswa okuzenzekelayo nokuvunyelwa kakhulu kokuvota. Alikho ikhambi elisebenza kuwo wonke umongo, kodwa ukwaziswa okulokhu kukhomba njalo ezimisweni eziningi ezihlanganisayo nezilandelanayo njengesisekelo sesimiso sentando yeningi esinempilo, esikhokhelweyo. Ngokuqonda ithonya lomklamo wesimiso sokukhetha, abenzi bezimiso nabasekeli bangathatha izinyathelo eziqinile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iphimbo lesakhamuzi ngasinye linethuba eliqotho lokuzwakala ebhokisini le-colot.