Ingqungquthela: I - Enjini Yokubusa KwaseMelika

I-Congress, igatsha lomthetho likahulumeni wase-United States, livame ukubonakala njengenhlangano ekude esebenza eWashington, D.C., igwebu. Nokho, izinqumo zayo zansuku zonke zilawula isisekelo esiyisisekelo sokuphila kwaseMelika. Ekukhokha intela egodlweyo na izinga lomoya umuntu aphefumula kuzo izindinganiso zokuphepha zemoto nezindleko zezidakamizwa ezigunyaziwe, izenzo zeSishaya-Mkhandlu zihlala njalo, uma ngezinye izikhathi zingabonakali, ukuba khona. Ukuqonda indlela leligatsha elisebenza ngayo akusona isikhungo sezemfundo esigcinelwe abafundi bezesayensi yezombangazwe; liyithuluzi eliwusizo lokuqondisa umhlaba, ukwenza izinqumo ezihlakaniphile, nokusebenzisa amalungelo omuntu njengesakhamuzi. Lesiqondiso siphula izimiso, izinqubo, nethonya langempela lenhlangano, ukuhlanganisa ulwazi ngolwazi, ukuhlanganisa abafundi abafunda ulwazi nendlela abasebenza ngayo.

Isisekelo Sokwakhiwa: Kungani Kunezingxenye Ezimbili?

Isakhiwo seKhongolo siyimiphumela eqondile yeNgqungquthela Enkulu yokuhlehla ngo-1787, isivumelwano esibalulekile phakathi kwe-Constitution eyavala ukwahlukana phakathi kwezifundazwe ezinkulu nezincane. Kunokuba kube indikimba eyodwa yomthetho, amaFramens adale i-badaral[ [i-kakhulu] (izintambo ezimbili)) umthetho: iNdlu yendlu yabameleli neNkathilethi. Lokhu kwakungekona ukuhlehla okulula kokumelela; kwakuyimklamo wenhloso yokwakha isimiso se-cheke nesilinganiso * in * igatsha lomthetho ngokwalo. Igumbi ngalinye lanikezwa amandla ahlukene, izintambo zehhovisi, ne-contitues ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uyoba umthetho ungaba nezindlela eziningi.

Indlu yabameleli: Indlu yabantu

Indlu yabameleli iklanyelwe ukuba ibe yigumbi eliseduze kakhulu nabantu. Amalungu ayo angu-435 abelwa phakathi kwezifunda ezisekelwe ezakhamuzini, ilungu ngalinye limele isifunda esithile sombuso. Lesimiso sibukezwa njalo eminyakeni eyishumi ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu kwesizwe, inqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi ukuthatheka . Ngenxa yokuthi amalungu endlu akhonza izisho ezithatha iminyaka emibili kuphela, kumelwe alalele njalo izimo ezishintshashintshayo nezidingo zomphakathi wendawo. Lokhu kuyenza indlu isabele kakhulu esabelweni esabelweni esiphambili kodwa futhi ithambekele kakhulu ekuhlanekeni kwezombangazwe ngokushesha.

Indlu inemibuso eminingana ekhethekile egcizelela indima yayo njengommeleli oqondile wesizwe. Zonke izikweleti zokutshala inzuzo (intela) kumelwe zivele eNdlu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indlu inamandla okuphela afundisayo[, esebenza njengelungu elikhulu lejaji lokuletha amacala kuziphathimandla zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise noMongameli. Indlu isebenza neKomiti enamandla yeMithetho elawula imibandela yemithetho eminingi, ivumela iqembu elikhulu ukuba liqhubekisele phambili ngokufanelekile. Lendawo ezungezile ehleliwe kahle, nakuba iphumelela kakhulu, ilinganisela ikhono lamalungu amancane lokunikeza izikhalo zezikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise noMongameli. Indlu isebenza ngemithetho egunya elikhulu elilawulayo noma ukuthatha inqubo.

ISigele: ISaucer Epholile

ISigele sathathwa njengegunya lenhloso nelokuzinzisa. Isifunda ngasinye, kungakhathaliseki inani labantu, sikhetha amaSenator amabili, aphumela emalungwini ayikhulu. Ngezisho ezineminyaka eyisithupha kuphela nengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zomzimba elungele ukukhethwa nganoma isiphi isikhathi, iSigele sivikelekile ezifinyelelweni zomphakathi ezisheshayo. Abasunguli abanjengoGeorge Washington bachaza iSigele ngokuthi "isiduli esishushu" lapho ithina elishisayo lomthetho odluliswayo lingase lipholiseke.

Amagunya eNdlu yeSigele ahlukene ngokulinganayo. Inikeza imvume nemvume ekumiseni umongameli okuyinhloko, kuhlanganise nonobhala beKhabhinethi, abahluleli be-compate, namanxusa. ISigele kumelwe sivume izivumelwano ngokuvota okubili-mitha. Futhi sisebenza njengejaji ekuhlolweni okungagunyazi. Isiko leSigele sengxoxo sempikiswano engapheli linikeza amandla aphawulekayo. I-sentenator eyodwa ingabeka "isibambi" emthetho, futhi i-externet ingafaka i-projectedstionss futhi i-flister] engcono kakhulu ye-octives enziwayo ye-'''', ivimbela ngokuphumelelayo ukuvota ngaphandle kokuba amavoti angu-61 [FFFFF:5] [FFFFFFF] [FFFoct5] [ition] inqubo yesivumelwano sezombangazwe esikhulu sezombangazwe sanamuhla esivamile sezombangazwe, kodwa esivamile, futhi i

I - Labyrinth Engokomthetho: Indlela Ibhuloho Eliba Ngayo Umthetho

Umfanekiso wesiteshi esijwayelekile we "Indlela U Bill Aba ngayo umthetho" ulandisa ingxenye encane nje yendaba. Uhambo lwangempela luyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi, ebekelwe imibala eminingi eveza ukuhluleka nokuthonya. Ukuqonda lezi zinyathelo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ozama ukuqonda noma ukuthonya umthetho.

Isinyathelo Sokuqala: Isingeniso Nesivundo Sekomiti

Noma iliphi ilungu le-Congress lingaqala isikweleti. Uma selenziwe, isambathiso sinikezwa ikomiti ekhethekile emile ephethe indikimba yayo. Leli isigaba esibucayi kakhulu senqubo yomthetho. Amakomiti alapho ukuphakamisa okukhulu kokukhipha izintambo kwenzeka khona. Alalela khona ukuqoqa ubufakazi obukhethekile, ukuhlola, nokuphikisana ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i- umthemo , lapho amalungu enikela khona ukuthunyelwa kwemvume futhi ekugcineni evotela ukuthi umbiko ungawuthumela yini endlini egcwele. Umthetho ungafa ngokuthula ekomitini uma isihlalo sikhetha isimiso sawo. Indikimba ihlanganisa i-Apprip, neMicromessary, (iNjelo ye-APromessary, ne-Admist, ne-Admist, ne-Empner, ne-Ermoner, no-Edition.

Isinyathelo Sesibili: Isinyathelo Esilula Nempikiswano

Uma kubikwa isikweleti esikhishwe ekomitini, sibhekisa phansi egumbini laso. Endlini, iKomiti Yemithetho ihlela izilinganiso zengxoxo, inqume ukuthi iziphi izinguquko ezizonikezwa nokuthi impikiswano izothatha isikhathi esingakanani. umthetho ovalekile awuvumeli ukubuyiselwa, kuyilapho umthetho olungisiweyo [[FLT]] uvumela kuphela ukuba ulungiswe.

ISigele silandela indlela ehlukile. Umholi weningi ufuna imvume evumelayo ukuletha isibhaka-bhuthi phansi. Uma iziphi izinto ze-senate, izitebhisi zemali. Ukunqoba lokhu, umholi omkhulu angafaka isicelo izicelo [, ezidinga amavoti angu-60 ukuze kunqanyulwe impikiswano. Lomnyango we-vote u-6 uyi-"filibuster" esimweni sawo sanamuhla, futhi kusho ukuthi izindleko eziningi eziphikisanayo zidinga ukudlula eSigeqe.

Isinyathelo 3: Ukuxazulula Ukungezwani

Ukuze umthetho ube umthetho, kumelwe udlule kokubili iNdlu kanye neSigele ngohlobo olufanayo *. Ngenxa yokuthi la magumbi amabili avame ukudlula izinguqulo ezihlukene zomthetho ofanayo, ikomiti evumelanayo [ iyahlanganiswa. Lekomiti yesikhashana ihlanganisa amalungu amadala aseNdlu neSishayamthetho aphethe imvume. Axoxa ngenguqulo ehlehliweyo, okumelwe ivunyelwe yivoti enkulu kuwo womabili amakamu ngaphandle kokuphinde alungiswe. Uma ukuhlehla kwemithetho kungaphumeleli, umbiko uyafa.

Isinyathelo Sesi - 4: Isinyathelo Sobumongameli

Inguquko yokugcina ithunyelwa kuMongameli. USTTY umbiko emthetho. Veto imvume, iphindisela emuva eSivumelwaneni ngemivimbo. Vumela umthetho wokuba ube ngumthetho [[FLT:] ngaphandle kosayinwa [izinsuku eziyishumi] uma kuneziKhomishana. Noma, uma i-Congresssions thin phakathi kwalezozinsuku eziyishumi, uMongameli angasebenzisa [[FLT] i-ocketto[[FLD:]], ukubulala kahle umongameli we-all.[FLT]

Amandla Okuthenga Nawokuphatha

Ngaphandle kokumisa imithetho, uKhongolo-khampani luphethe amathuluzi amabili anamandla kakhulu: amandla esikhwama semali namandla okwengamela.

Inqubo Yohlelo Lokusebenzisa Imali: Ukukhetha Izinto Eziza Kuqala

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza inqubo yentela nemali. Inqubo yendlela yokuhlela imali iyindlela uKhomishane oyisebenzisa ngayo iqala isizwe emaRandini. Le nqubo ihlanganisa izinyathelo ezimbalwa eziyisihluthulelo. UMongameli unikeza isicelo semali yokusetshenziswa kwemali. UKhomishane udlulisa imvume yokunquma , ehlela izindleko zokukhokha imali nemali. Khona - ke, i-Appropriations Committee ihlukanisa lemali phakathi kwezindleko eziyishumi nambili zaminyaka yonke [[FLT:], ezixhasa izivumelwano zikahulumeni ezikhokhwayo zokuvikela inzuzo emtholazweni wezwe.

Uma iSishaya - mthetho sihluleka ukudlulisa lezizindleko ngesikhathi, uhulumeni ubhekene ne- shtud. Ukugwema lokhu, uKhongolo luvame ukudlula luqinisa isinqumo (CRR), okuyimali kahulumeni wamanje othatha isilinganiso esifushane. uphahla lwesikweletu [, isilinganiso esihlukile kodwa esihlobene, isilinganiso esingokomthetho semali uhulumeni ongayikhokha izikweletu zakhe ezikhona. Ukuphakamisa izikweletu zamanje kusuke kusiba izikwelezezempi ezinkulu.

Ukuqinisekiswa Nokuphenywa

Igunya leSigele lokugunyaza liyi-seshelo esikhulu egatsheni eliphethe. Unyaka ngamunye, iSigele siqinisekisa izinkulungwane zababelwe umongameli, kusukela kumajaji enkantolo yesifunda kahulumeni kuya konobhala beKhabhinethi. Lenqubo ihlanganisa ukuphenya okuphelele kweKomiti yeSigele (kuba abahluleli) noma ikomiti esebenzayo (yezikhulu), elandelwa yivoti egcwele yeSigele.

Congress i-Authority i-ending eqhubekayo yezinhlangano zikahulumeni, izinhlelo, nezimiso. AmaKomiti alalela izikhulu, amabhukwana amapeyinti, futhi aphenyela ukungcola okungase kusetshenziswe, ukukhohlisa, noma ukuxhaphaza. I-Governtation Accounting Office (GAO)[FLT], , inkampani ezimele, engenangxenye esebenzela i-Congresssion, ihlola indlela imali yomkhokhi wentela esetshenziswa ngayo futhi inikeza imibiko ngokusebenza kwezinhlelo zikahulumeni. Lo msebenzi ugcina ukulandisa komthetho ugciniwe kubameleli abakhethiwe babantu abakhethiwe.

Ingqungquthela Ekuphileni Kwakho Kwansuku Zonke

Ukuhlobana phakathi kwesenzo somhlangano nokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu ngamunye kuqondile kakhulu kunokuba abaningi beqaphela.

  • Umsebenzi ne-Wages: imisa iholo elilinganiselwe likahulumeni, ilawula ukuphepha emsebenzini nge-Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), futhi iphoqelela imithetho elwa nokuphazamiseka kwemithetho nge-Uncility Obcessition Commission (EOC). I-National Labortion Relations Board (NLRB), elawula ukhetho lwenhlangano kanye nokuhlela, nayo iyindalo yeSishaya-Mnyango.
  • Ukuvikela nenhleko: I-Food and Drug Administration (FDA), eqinisekisa ukuphepha kokudla nezidakamizwa, ixhaswe yiSishaya-mthetho. Izikhungo zolawulo lwezifo nomthetho (CDC) zivikela impilo yomphakathi. Izinhlelo ezinjengeMedicare, Medicaid, ne-Affordhable Care Act (ACA) ziyimikhiqizo eqondile yemithetho ye-computer commentation.
  • Izimali :[[FLT :1] Intela yezeMbali yeNguquko (IRS) iqoqa intela esekelwe emithethweni yentela ebhalwe yiKhomishane. I-Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) ilawula izimakethe zamasheya. I-Consumer Finicial Protection Bureaunior (CFPB), eyakhiwa yi-Dodd-Frank Act, ivikela abathengi ekubolengiseni imali nokukhwaba.
  • I-Infractive and Community: Izimali zemigwaqo emikhulu, amabhuloho, izithuthi zomphakathi, izikhumulo zezindiza, nezimiso zamanzi zigeleza ngezindleko ze-approps. I-Federal Commissions (FCC) ilawula ukungena kwe-imoya ne-Internet.

Lapho uMkhandlu uhluleka ukwenza noma ukudlulisela umthetho oklanywe kabi, imiphumela iba khona kuzo kanye lezi zici.

Incwadi Yakho Yokudlala: Ukuhlanganyela Nezishaya - mthetho Ngokuphumelelayo

Ngenhlanhla, isakhiwo esifanayo esenza uMkhandlu ube yisakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi sinikeza nezakhamuzi amaphuzu amaningi okungena ukuze zizwa amazwi azo.

Yazi Abameleli Bakho

Isinyathelo sokuqala sokuphumelela ekuthembiseni isithembiso sokuthembisana ukwazi ukuthi ubani omelelwa nguwe. Izakhamuzi zonke zine-Aretator eyodwa eNdlu nezohlobo ezimbili. Amahhovisi azo asebenza ngokusiza abameleli. Ukuwathola kulula: vakashela .Gov noma USUSA. gov[[FLT:] futhi ungene ekhopini ye-zip. Buka amarekhodi ezindaweni ezinjenge [[FLT:]

Yenza Izwi Lakho Lizweke

Amahhovisi anaka ukuxhumana okuhlangene. Indlela ephumelela kakhulu ucingo noma i-imeyili noma incwadi. Ukuthembela emshinini wokuthumela imiyalezo emikhankasweni emikhulu akunathonya elitheni. Ukuya emihlanganweni yasemahholo edolobha lapho ilungu le-Congress lisekhaya kuyizindlela ezicashe kakhulu zokubuza umbuzo bese uthola impendulo yasobala.

  • [ Ukushaya ucingo: kushesha futhi kuphumelele ekusebenziseni ubuqili kumavoti azayo. Umphathi wenkampani umisa indawo yocingo.
  • Izinhlamvu ezizihambelayo/Iposi: Zingcono kakhulu ekuchazeni isigxobo somuntu siqu kumagazini oyinkimbinkimbi. Indaba eyodwa, ebhalwe kahle ingathonya kakhulu kunezinhlamvu zefomethi ezingamakhulu.
  • Emihlanganweni ye-Person:[ izisebenzi zesifunda zingahlela imihlangano yabakhi. Lena indlela enamandla yokwakha ubuhlobo.

Landela Imali

Ukuqonda ithonya lemali kwezombangazwe kubalulekile. Iminikelo yenkampano ayithengi amavoti, kodwa ithenga ukungenela. Izinhlangano ezinjenge i-openserets.org iminikelo yomkhankaso nezindleko zokunxusa, ivumela abavoti ukubona ukuthi yiziphi izimboni nezithakazelo ezixhasayo ezikhethwe. Lokhu kuyithuluzi elinamandla lokulandisa.

Hlala Unolwazi Futhi Ujabule

Umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu wesakhamuzi esibuthweni lentando yeningi eliyinxusayo ukuhlala sazi futhi sivote. Ukubuka ukuqulwa kwecala ku-C[FLT, ukufunda ukuhlanganiswa kwezindaba zendawo ngezenzo zommeleli, nokuhlola amaqiniso ezindawo eziqondisayo kunikeza ukwaziswa okudingekayo ukuze kwenziwe ukwahlulela okuzwakalayo ebhokisini le-colot. Ukhetho oluyinhloko luvame ukulandela kakhulu kunokhetho oluvamile ngoba lunquma ukuthi kukhethwe ngaluphi uhlobo. Ukuthumela isibonakaliso esinikezwa yi-votator.

Isiphetho

UKhongolo luyinhlangano eyinkimbinkimbi, ngezinye izikhathi ekhungathekisayo, kodwa ekugcineni ebaluleke kakhulu. Umklamo wayo wangamabomu, osekelwe ekuyekeni nasekulinganiseni nasekulinganiseni, udala isimiso sokubusa esihamba kancane esakhelwe ukuzinza. Nakuba lejubane lingaba libi nangqondo, yahlelwa ngamabomu ukuvikela ubushiqela nokwenza izinqumo ngokuphamazela. Ngokuqonda indima zendlu negebe, indlela eyinkimbinkimbi yemali, namandla amakhulu okuqondisa nemali, izakhamuzi zinganyakazisa ngaphezu kokugxeka nokuhlanganyela kwesimiso sazo siqu. Ukuhlanganyela ngentshiseko yinjini eyenza i-democricial isebenza, iqinisekisa ukuthi i-Canterrence ifeza izithakazelo zabantu nsuku zonke.