Ukuhlelwa Kwesimiso Esingokomthetho: Ukubukeza Izinkantolo Nezikhalo

Isimiso somthetho siwumgogodla wanoma yimuphi umphakathi oyaliwe, unikeza uhlelo okunikezwa ngalo ubulungisa, izimpikiswano zixazululwa, futhi amalungelo omuntu ngamuntu avikelekile. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi womthetho, umfundisi, noma uyisakhamuzi esizama ukuqonda indlela isimiso esisebenza ngayo, ukuqonda isimo sezinkantolo nomqondo wokubusa kubalulekile. Lesiqondiso esinwetshiwe sihlola izingqimba zesigaba sabaphathi bezomthetho, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezinkantolo, nezimiso ezichaza ukuthi amacala azwakala kanjani. Ngokuqonda lezi sisekelo, uzuza ukuqonda indlela izinqumo ezingokomthetho ezenziwa ngayo nendlela ezilawula ngayo ukuphila kwethu.

Siyini Isimiso Esingokomthetho?

Isimiso somthetho singaphezu nje kweqoqo lemithetho; yithuluzi lokuhlela elichaza, elisebenza, futhi eliphoqelela leyomithetho. Sihlanganisa izinkantolo, abahluleli, abameli, nemithetho ehleliwe eqinisekisa ubulungisa nokungaguquguquki. Izimiso eziningi zomthetho zanamuhla ziwela kwenye yamasiko amabili ayinhloko: umthetho ovamile [[FLT:] [i-Atlanti] [i-Atlanti]] [i-United States, i-United Kingdom, nezindawo eziningi zangaphambili zaseBrithani) kanye nomthetho we- (isetshenziswa ezweni laseYurophu nasezingxenyeni ze-Asiya, e-Afrika, eNingizimu Melika]). Nakuba zombili izimiso zihlanganyela umgomo wokukhipha ubulungisa, ziyahlukana ezinkantolo nasendleleni ebusa ngayo.

Ezimisweni zomthetho ezivamile, izinqumo zokwahlulela, ikakhulukazi lezo ezivela ezinkantolo eziphakeme ziphethe ubunzima obubalulekile futhi zingabeka izimpawu ezibophayo emacaleni azayo. Lesi simiso, esaziwa ngokuthi stares decisis[ (IsiLatin se-"ukuma ngezinto ezinqunyiwe"), sidala indikimba eqinile nekwazi ukutshelwa kusengaphambili yomthetho. Ezimisweni zomthetho, izinkantolo zincike kakhulu emibhalweni nasemithethweni ebanzi, nesibonelo sokwahlulela esidlala indima yesibili. Ukuqonda lokhu kuphikisana kusiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani izakhiwo zenkantolo zihlukahlukane namazwe, nakuba iziphathi eziyinhloko zihlala zifana ngokuphawulekayo.

Ithonya Lamankantolo

Izimiso eziningi zomthetho zihlela izinkantolo zibe izikhundla ezichazwe ngokucacile. Lesi sakhiwo sivumela ukudluliswa kwezicelo futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi imibuzo engokomthetho ibukezwa emazingeni anegunya akhulayo. Umbhoshongo ovamile uhlanganisa izinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala engxenyeni ephansi, izinkantolo eziphakathi nendawo, nenkantolo ephakeme eqophelweni eliphezulu. Izinga ngalinye linemisebenzi ehlukile namandla.

Izinkantolo Zokuqulwa Kwamacala (IziNkantolo Zokuqala)

Izinkantolo zecala ziqala lapho icala liqala khona. Ngezinye izikhathi zibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo zesifunda, izinkantolo eziphakeme, noma izinkantolo zesifunda, kuye ngegunya. Kuleli zinga, inkantolo ithola ubufakazi, ihlola ofakazi futhi inqume amaqiniso alelicala. Ijaji noma ijaji (kuzimiso zomthetho ezivamile) libe selisebenzisa umthetho kulawo maqiniso ukuze lifinyelele isinqumo.

Izinkantolo zecala zisingatha zombili [[QUT:0] icala [[QURT:1] kanye nezindaba. Emacala obugebengu, uhulumeni umangalela umuntu ngecala lokwephula umthetho. Ezinkantolo zomphakathi, iqembu elilodwa (ummangalelwa) limangalela omunye (ummangalelwa) ukuze lixazulule impikiswano ngemali, impahla, noma amalungelo. Izinkantolo zifeza nemisebenzi ebalulekile yokuphatha, njengokuhlola nokusingatha izinqumo zenkantolo.

Izici eziyinhloko zezinkantolo zamacala zihlanganisa:

  • Bane- umbuso wokuqala [ `igunya lokuzwa indaba ngokokuqala ngqá.
  • Ziyindawo eyinhloko yokuthola iqiniso nokufakaza.
  • Izinqumo zabo zingadluliswa enkantolo ephakeme.

Ezinkantolo eziqulwayo, kuvame ukuba khona ukuhlukana okukhethekile. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-astere amaningi amakhulu anezinkantolo ezihlukene ezihlukene, amancane asho izinkantolo[, kanye izinkantolo ezigxekiwe. Le ngxenye ivumela isimiso somthetho ukuphatha imiqulu ephezulu yezindlela ezithile zecala ngokunempumelelo.

2. Izinkantolo Ezingenela Icala

Izinkantolo eziqulwayo, ezaziwa futhi njengezinkantolo zokuqulwa kwamacala noma ukuhlukaniswa, aziphathi icala. Kunalokho, zibukeza ukuqulwa kwezinkantolo ukuze zinqume ukuthi amaphutha angokomthetho ayenzeka yini okungenzeka athinta umphumela. Abahluleli bahlola umbhalo ogciniwe wokuqulwa kwecala(imibhalo ebhalwe phansi, ubufakazi, nezimpikiswano ezingokomthetho) kunokuzwa ubufakazi obusha noma ukubiza ofakazi.

Izinkantolo eziphakanyiswayo zigxila [ ekufuneni imibuzo yomthetho kunokuba kube nemibuzo eyiqiniso. Ngokwesibonelo, uma uma ijaji lecala livumela ubufakazi obungaqondakali, noma uma iziyalezo zejaji zingawunaki umthetho, inkantolo engasiguqula noma ilungise isinqumo senkantolo equlwayo. Kwezinye izimo, inkantolo yenkantolo yezomthetho ingayala ukuba kuqulwe icala elisha. I-intermediaste appelllate itholanamest ehlelweni eziningi zikahulumeni nohulumeni, inikeza i-enselele ezinqumweni zenkantolo zokuqulwa.

Izici ezibalulekile zokubukeza i - alleta zihlanganisa:

  • Amacala ngokuvamile azwakala [[QL:0]panel yabahluleli[ (onke-ke kathathu), hhayi umahluleli oyedwa.
  • Omagazini benkantolo babhala izikhombanteli [ zichaza ukucabanga kwazo, okungasebenza njengesibonelo emacaleni azayo.
  • Ukudlulisa izicelo eziningi kuyi - offset quemperate enkantolo ikhetha ukuthi yimaphi amacala okuwazwa — nangamanye aqinisekiswa ngomthetho.

3. Izinkantolo Eziphakeme (Izinkantolo Zokugcina)

Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu iyigunya lokwahlulela eliphakeme kakhulu phakathi kwesimiso. Ezimisweni zikahulumeni njenge-United States, iNkantolo Ephakeme ihlala phezu kwakho kokubili inkantolo ephansi neyombuso (nakuba umbuso ngamunye unenkantolo yawo ephakeme, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme ingumsekeli wokugcina wemibuzo yomthetho-mthetho). Izinqumo zenkantolo ephakeme zibopha futhi zibopha kuzo zonke izinkantolo ezingaphansi ezingaphansi kwegunya layo. Ingabuswa kuphela ngesinqumo sawo esiphakeme kamuva noma ngenguquko yomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho.

Izinkantolo eziphakeme zisingatha amacala ahilela imibuzo engokomthetho ewuphawu oluthiya `izihloko ezithinta ukuchazwa komthetho-mthetho, imithetho, noma amalungelo ayisisekelo. Ziqinisekisa futhi ukuvumelana komthetho, zixazulule izingxabano phakathi kwezinkantolo ezihlukahlukene. Ezimisweni eminingi, inkantolo ephakeme inelungelo lokukhetha ukuthi yiliphi izicelo zokuzwa, ngokuvamile inikeza ukubukeza amacala ambalwa kuphela.

Imisebenzi ephawulekayo yezinkantolo eziphakeme:

  • Bachaza umthetho - sisekelo futhi bashabalalise imithetho ewephulayo.
  • Zixazulula izingxabano phakathi kwezifundazwe noma phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni nemibuso.
  • Bengamela sonke isimiso sokwahlulela, bemisa imithetho engokwesiko futhi beqondisa izimiso zokwahlulela.

Ukuqonda Isiqalekiso

I-Julictdiction iyigunya okufanele inkantolo ilizwe futhi inqume icala. Iwumqondo oyisisekelo ngoba inkantolo ayinakwenza okungaphezu kwemingcele yayo. I-Julistia ivame ukudilizwa ibe yizinhlobo ezintathu ezinkulu: geographic[, [[FLT:]], [FLT]] izinto eziyinhloko [[[[FLT:]] [[FLT]] inquma ukuthi inkantolo inamandla phezu kwento eyodwa noma umuntu ngamunye.

Ukumangalelwa Kwendawo Yonke

Isimiso sezesayensi yezwe simisa indawo engokoqobo inkantolo engasebenzisa kuyo igunya layo, ngokuvamile inqunywa ukuthi kwenzekani noma kuphi.

  • Izinkantolo zendawo (izinkantolo zesifunda noma zesifundazwe) zisingatha amacala aqubuka ngaphakathi kwedolobha noma isifundazwe, njengokuphambana kwezimoto okuncane noma izingxabano ezincane zomphakathi.
  • Izinkantolo zezwe [ zinegunya emacaleni ayenzeka phakathi kwemingcele kahulumeni. Icala lecala lecala nelezakhamuzi lizwakala ezinkantolo zikahulumeni.
  • Izinkantolo zezentengiselwano emazweni anjenge-United States inemingcele elinganiselwe yendawo, ehlanganisa izwe lonke kodwa ngaphansi kokulawula komthetho kahulumeni. Zizwa amacala ahilela imithetho kahulumeni, uMthetho-sisekelo, noma izimpikiswano phakathi kwezakhamuzi zezifunda ezihlukene (isimiso sokulawula).

Indaba Emangalelwayo

Izindaba zilawulwa ngezindlela zokulawula amacala inkantolo egunyazwe ukuwalalela. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile zinikezwa ikhono lokusingatha izindawo ezithile ezingokomthetho, ezithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle nobuchwepheshe. Izigaba ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • izinkantolo eziphethe [: amacala lapho uhulumeni emangalela khona abantu ngenxa yokwephulwa komthetho wobugebengu (umz., ukweba, ukuhlasela, ukubulala).
  • Izinkantolo zeCivil: Lungisa izingxabano phakathi kwamalungu azimele, njengezivumelwano, ukulimala komuntu siqu, nokungavumelani ngempahla.
  • [[[QL:0] Izinkantolo zomkhaya: Ukusingatha izindaba zomkhaya ezihlobene nesehlukaniso, ilungelo lokuhlala nabantwana, ukutholwa, kanye nobudlova basekhaya.
  • [[[Umthetho:0] Izinkantolo ze-probate: kubheka ukuphatha kwezindawo nentando, kanye nemikhumbi eqaphayo nezindawo zokulungisa imikhumbi.
  • [[AKT: 0] Izinkantolo zeTax, izinkantolo zemali ewiswa yimali, nezinkantolo zokuphatha : Lingamela izindawo ezikhethekile zezindaba, ngokuvamile ngemithetho yazo siqu.

Kwezinye izimiso zomthetho, inkantolo ingaba ne-arhente ye- , okusho ukuthi ingazwa cishe noma yiluphi uhlobo lwecala oluvela endaweni yayo. Kwezinye, izinkantolo zinegunya elilinganiselwe [ futhi ingezwa kuphela izinhlobo ezithile zamacala.

Ukuphangwa kokuqala

Lomehluko unquma ukuthi inkantolo ilalela icala okokuqala (igunya lokuqala) noma ihlola izinqumo ezivela enkantolo ephansi (igunya lokubusa). Izinkantolo zenkantolo zinegunya lokuqala ezindabeni eziningi. Izinkantolo zenkantolo, kuhlanganise nezinkantolo eziphakeme, ngokuyinhloko zinegunya lokulawula. Nokho, ezinye izinkantolo eziphakeme (njengeNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S.) nazo zinemingcele elinganiselwe yakuqala emacaleni athile, njengasezimpikiswaneni eziningi.

Ukuqonda lomehluko kubaluleke kakhulu ngenqubo engokomthetho: umlitha-cala kumelwe aqale ayise icala enkantolo ephethe i-costant. Uma behluleka, bangadlulisa icala enkantolo ephethe i-appellate, kodwa abakwazi ukuweqa amazinga.

Isinqumo Sakho Siqu

Nakuba kungeyona njalo ehlanganisiwe emibonweni eyisisekelo, igunya lomuntu siqu libaluleke ngokufanayo. Libhekisela emandleni enkantolo ahilelekile enkantolo. Ezimweni eziningi, inkantolo izuza igunya lomuntu siqu kummangalelwa uma ummangalelwa ehlala endaweni yenkantolo, enza ibhizinisi lapho, noma inobudlelwane obulinganiselwe nendawo. Ngaphandle kokulawula komuntu siqu, inkantolo ayinakungena ekwahluleleni okubophayo ummangalelwa.

Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile Nesinqumo Esihlukile

Izimiso zomthetho zanamuhla ziye zaqala ukuhlanganisa izinkantolo nezinqubo ezidlula isampula elingokwesiko lecala eliquliweyo. izinqubo ezihlukene zinikeza izinkantolo ezithile zezezenhlalakahle noma zomthetho, kuyilapho izinqumo zokuphikisana (ADR) zinikeza izindlela zokuxazulula izingxabano ngokushesha nangokungelutho.

Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile

Izibonelo zezinkantolo ezikhethekile zihlanganisa:

  • [ izinkantolo zezidakamizwa: Gxila ekuvuselelweni kwezenzo zezidakamizwa ezingenabudlova, ugcizelela ukuphathwa ngaphezu kokuboshwa.
  • [ Izinkantolo zezempilo ze-metal: Hlanganisa abamangalelwa nezinkonzo zempilo yengqondo futhi uqaphele intuthuko yabo.
  • [[IQUM:0] Izinkantolo ze-: ikheli lomthetho obhekene nomakad’ejeni bezempi, ngokuvamile eliwuhlanganisa nezinzuzo nokweluleka.
  • Izinkantolo zezentengiselwano: Ukusingatha izimpikiswano zebhizinisi eziyinkimbinkimbi ngezinqubo ezikhethekile nabahluleli abajwayelene nomthetho wenkampani.

Lezinkantolo zisebenza phakathi kwabaphathi besonto abakhona manje kodwa zinikeza izindlela ezivumelanayo ezinganciphisa ukuncishiswa kwenkululeko futhi zithuthukise imiphumela.

Enye Impikiswano

I-ADR ihlanganisa [ ukuhlanganisa kanye nokuhlanganisa. Emthonjeni wezindaba, ingxenye yesithathu engathathi hlangothi isiza abaphikisanayo ukuba bafinyelele isivumelwano sokuzithandela. Ku-arbitration, umthumeli uzwa ubufakazi futhi ukhipha isinqumo esibophayo noma esingabopheki. I-ADR ithandwa kakhulu ngoba ivame ukushesha, incishisiwe, futhi ayiyinwa kakhulu kunokuya enkantolo. Izimiso eziningi zemithetho zikhuthaza noma zifune ngisho nezinye izigidi ukuba zizame ukuqulwa ngaphambi kokuba kuqulwe icala.

Indima Yamajukuthu NabaHluleli

Kuma-gamente amaningi avamile omthetho, abahluleli bayingxenye eyinhloko yesimiso senkantolo equlwayo. Ijaji liyiqembu lezakhamuzi ezivamile ezizwa ubufakazi futhi zithole amaqiniso ecala. Ekuqulweni kwecala lobugebengu, abahluleli banquma ukuthi ummangalelwa unecala noma cha ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Ekuqulweni kwesizwe, abahluleli banquma ukuthi unecala noma isijeziso silimaza. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abahluleli baqondisa icala, ukuqulwa kwecala, ukubusa ezindabeni zomthetho, futhi bafundise amajaji ebhandeni ukuqulwa (ngaphandle komhluleli), amajaji afeza izindima zombili.

Ijaji lifeza nendima ebaluleke kakhulu ekugwebeni emacaleni obugebengu nasekuchazeni imithetho namasiko alandelanayo. Ezinkantolo ezithatha isigwebo, amajaji asebenza ezinhlabeni futhi anqume imibuzo engokomthetho ngaphandle kwejaji. Imibono yawo elotshiwe yakha umthetho wecala oqondisa izinqumo zesikhathi esizayo.

Ukubaluleka Kokukhohlisa Izandulela Nezinkanyezi

Esinye sezici ezinamandla kakhulu zezimiso zomthetho ezivamile yimfundiso yendabuko. Uma inkantolo edlulisa umthetho noma inkantolo ephakeme ikhipha isinqumo, leso sinqumo siba igunya elibophayo ezinkantolo eziphansi ezingeni elifanayo ezindabeni ezingokomthetho. Lesi simiso, esaziwa ngokuthi idecis[, siqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki, ukubikezela, nokulunga. Sivumela futhi umthetho ukuba uguquleke kancane kancane njengoba izinkantolo zisebenzisa izimiso ezikhona ezimweni ezintsha.

Nokho, izinkantolo zingagumbuqela ezazo izimo ezingavamile, ngokwesibonelo, uma isinqumo sangaphambili sinephutha noma singasafanelani nezindinganiso zomphakathi. INkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. yaziguqula izimfundiso ezihlukene [1] kodwa ezilinganayo ku Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo [1954], ebonisa ukuthi ngisho nenkantolo ephakeme ingashintsha inkambo uma ifuna ukuba ilunga lihambe.

Isiphetho

Isimiso sezomthetho (---atmosfects) kanye nezinhlalo zaso zezinkantolo, imingcele ecacile yemithetho, nokunamathela esibonelweni esimisiwe − inikeza isisekelo esiqinile sokuphatha ubulungisa. Ezinkantolo zamacala ezisingatha izimpikiswano zansuku zonke eziqondene nezinkantolo eziphezulu, ingxenye ngayinye ifeza indima ebalulekile. Kubafundi nabafundisi ngokufanayo, ukuqonda loluhlelo kuvula umnyango wokuhlola ngokujulile indlela imithetho esetshenziswa ngayo nendlela amalungelo avikelwa ngayo. Njengoba izimiso zabo ezingokomthetho ziguquka, kanjalo nezimiso eziyisisekelo zesigaba, iziqondiso, nenqubo elungile zihlala zikhona.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola ukucubungula kwezinkantolo [, isakhiwo senkantolo ye- U.S., noma incazelo ye-Cornell Information Institute ye-curetion.